SKELETAL PLAN

ON

EMBRYOLOGICAL AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED By :

Mr.SUGUMAR S NARMADA MOHANTY
ASSO.PROFESSOR M.SC NURSING 1St year

HOD, CHILD HEALTH NURSING

SUBMITTED ON:13.11.2018
LESSON PLAN

NAME OF THE COURSE: M.sc Nursing

NAME OF THE SUBJECT: Paediatric Nursing

NAME OF THE TOPIC: EMBRYOLOGICAL AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

NAME OF THE BATCH: M.sc Nursing 1ST Year

STRENGTH OF THE GROUP: 04

DATE AND TIME: 06.11.2018

VENUE: M.sc Nursing 1ST Year Class Room

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Student had few knowledge regarding.

MEDIA OF TEACHING: Blackboard, power point presentation

METHOD OF TEACHING: Lecture cum discussion

NAME OF THE STUDENT TEACHER: Narmada Mohanty

NAME OF THE EVALUATOR : Mr.Sugumar S

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the class the students will able to acquire some knowledge regarding

Embryological and fetalDevelopment.

TIME IN MIN. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTENT TEACHER’S ACTIVITY LEARNER’S ACTIVITY AV AIDS INCLUDING EVALUATION
BLACKBOARD
INTRODUCTION The teacher will The group will Power point
3 introducing the topic listening, interacting presentation
. and answering the
question
Student will able to -define MEANING OF;--- Explaining The group will Overhead projector What is embryology?
EMBRYOLOGY
5 the meaning of SPERMATOGENESIS
listening, interacting
embryology,spermatogenesis OOGENESIS and answering, the
and oogenesis question
Define fertilization FERTILIZATION Defining The group will Power point What do you mean
2 listening, interacting presentation by fertilization?
and answering the
question
Describe the steps of .STEPS OF FERTILIZATION:--- Describing The group will Power point
I.APPROXIMATION OF THEGAMETES
10 fertilization II.CAPACITATION AND CONTACT
listening, interacting presentation
III.PENETRATION OF CRONADIATA and answering the
IV.FUSION OF OOCYTE AND SPERM CELL
MEMBRANE
question
.CLEAVAGE OF ZYGOTE
.PROCESS OF IMPLANTATION
Explain the second week of SECOND WEEK OF Explaining The group will Power point
DEVELOPMENT:-----
embryonic development  DEVELOPMENT OF
listening, interacting presentation
10 TROPHOBLAST and answering the
 DEVELOPMENT OF
BILAMINAR DISC
question
 DEVELOPMENT OF
AMNION
 DEVELOPMENT OF YOLK
SAC
 DEVELOPMENT OF
EXTRAEMBRYONIC
COELOM
 DEVELOPMENT OF
CHORION
Discuss the embryonic THIRD TO EIGHT WEEK OF Discussing The group will Power point What is gastrulation
development from third DEVELOMENT listening, interacting presentation and neurulation?
 GASTRULATION
10 week to eight week  NEURULATION
and answering the
 DEVELOPMENT OF question
PLACENTA
Explain the fetal DEVELOPMENT OF FETUS lecturing The group will Power point
10 development from 3month - listening, interacting presentation
9month and answering the
question
Summarize the topic SUMMARIZATION Questioning The group will
8 Feedback listening, interacting
and answering the
question
2 Conclude the topic CONCLUSION
 EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology (from Greek wordembryon-the unborn and logy-study) is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes
(sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that
occur before birth, known as teratology.(1)

GAMETOGENESIS

SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS

SPERMATOGENESIS

Spermatogenesis is the process in which an animal produces spermatozoa from spermatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis and meiosis.

FERTILIZATION

Fertilization is the process by which male and female gametes fuse, occurs in the ampullary part of the fallopian tube. This is the widest
part of the tube and is close to ovary. The steps of fertilization are as follows: (4)

1. APPROXIMATION OF THE GAMETES(5)

2. CAPACITATION AND CONTACT.(5)

3. PENETRATION OF CORONARADIATA(4)

4. PENETRATION OF ZONA PELLUCIDA(4)

5. FUSION OF OOCYTE AND SPERM CELL MEMBRANE(4)

1. APPROXIMATION OF THE GAMETES

 MOVEMENT OF OOCYTE:

The ovum immediately after ovulation is picked up by the fimbriae of fallopian tube. Then the ovum is rapidly
transported to the ampula. Fertilization life span of the oocyte ranges from 12-24 hours. The pick up action of ovum by fimbriae is
may be by: (5)
  Muscular
 Suction
 Ciliary action
 Positive chemotaxis

 MOVEMENT OF SPERM:

Out of hundred million of sperm deposited in vagina at single ejaculation only thousands spermatozoa enters the fallopian tube
while only 300-500 reach the ovum. It takes only few minutes for the sperm to reach the fallopian tube. The tubal transport is
facilitated by: (5)

 muscular contraction
 aspiration action of the uterine tube
 a very little by their own propulsion

2. CAPACITATION AND CONTACT

Spermatozoa are not able to fertilize the ovum immediately upon arrival in female genital tract but must undergo a series of functional
changes that cause the sperm’s tail to beat even more vigourously and prepare its plasma membrane to fuse with the oocyte’s plasma
membrane. These series of changes are called:(6)

1. CAPACITATION

Capacitation has 2 effects: destabilisation of the acrosomal sperm head membrane which allows it to penetrate the outer layer of
the egg, and chemical changes in the tail that allow a greater mobility in the sperm. The changes are facilitated by the removal of
sterols (e.g. cholesterol) and non-covalently bound epididymal/seminal glycoproteins. The result is a more fluid membrane with
an increased permeability to Ca2+. An influx of Ca2+ produces increased intracellular cAMP levels and thus, an increase in
motility.(7)

2. ACROSOMAL REACTION

It occurs after binding the zonapellucida . This reaction enables the sperm to release enzymes required to penetrate the zona
pellucid layer of oocyte.(5)

3. PENETRATION OF CORONARADIATA

Complete dissolution of the cells of corona radiate occurs by the chemical action of hyaluronidase released from the acrosomal cap of
the hundreds of sperm present at the site.(5)

4. PENETRATION OF ZONA PELLUCIDA

Penetration of Zonapellucida is facilitated by the release of hyaluronidase from the acrosomal cap more than one sperm may penetrate
the zonapellucida. (5)
 5. FUSION OF OOCYTE AND SPERM CELL MEMBRANE

As soon as the sperm enters the oocyte egg responds in three ways.(4)

1.Cortical and Zona reaction

2. Resumption of 2nd meiotic division

1. CORTICAL AND ZONA REACTION

Soon after the sperm fusion , penetration of other sperms are prevented by zona reaction (hardening) and oolemma block. This
is due to release of cortical granule by exocytosis from the oocyte.(5)

2. RESUMPTION OF THE 2ND MEIOTIC DIVISION

The oocyte finishes its 2nd meiotic division immediately after entry of spermatozoon. One of the daughters cells which receives
hardly any cytoplasm, is known as the second polar body; the daughter cell is the definitive oocyte. Its chromosome(22+X)
arrange themselves in a vesicular nucleus known as the femalepronucleus.(4)

CLEVAGE OF THE ZYGOTE

After fertilization rapid mitotic cell divisions of the zygote is called cleavage take place. The first division of the the zygote bgins about
24 hours after fertilization and is completed between 6-12 hours later. Each succeeding division takes slightly less time.(6)

BLASTOMERE AND MORULA

By the end of third day there are 16 cells. The progressively smaller cells produced by cleavage are called blastomeres. Succesive
cleavage eventually produce a solid sphere of cells called the morularesembling a mulberry.(6)Morula after spending about 3 days in
the uterine tube enters the uterine cavity through the narrow ostium on the 4th day in 16 to 64 cell stage. The centrall cells of morulacalle
inner cell mass which makes the embryo proper and the peripheral cells are called outer cell mass(trophectoderm) which will form
protective and nutritive membranes of the embryo.(5)

BLASTOCYST

On 4th and 5th day while morula is inside the uterine cavity it is covered by uterine mucus. The uterine fluid then passes inside the
morula through the canaliculi of zonapellucida which separates the cells of the morula making a space filled with fluid; this space is
called blastocele, so the whole structre is called blastocyst. Due to enlargement of the blastocyst zonapellucida become stretched,
thinned and gradually disappears. Lysis of zona and escape of embryo is called zona hatching.(5)

IMPLANTATIONAbout 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst loosely attaches to the endometrium in a process called implantation.
Following implantation the endometrium is known as decidua. Different region of decidua named based on their positions relative to the
site of the implantated blastocyst. The names are:-(6)
 1. Decidua Basalis
2. Decidua Capsularis
3. Decidua Parietalis

SECOND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT

 DEVELOPMENT OF TROPHOBLAST

About 8 days after fertilization the trophoblast develops into two layers in the region of contact between blastocyst and
endometrium.(6)

1. Cytotrophoblast an inner layer of mononucleated cells

2. Syncitotrophoblast, an outer multinucleated cells without distict cell boundries

 DEVELOPMENGT OF BILAMINAR DISC

Like those of the trophoblast, cells of the inner cell mass also differentiate into two layers: hypoblast and epiblast. Cells
of the hypoblast and epiblast together form a flat disc reffered to as the bilaminar embryonic disc. In addition a small
cavity appears within the epiblast and eventually enlarges to form the amniotic cavity.

 DEVELOPMENT OF AMNION

As the aminiotic fluid enlarges a thin protective membrane called amnion develops from the epiblast. The amnion forms the roof
of the amniotic cavity and the epiblast forms the floor. Initially the amnion overlies only the bilaminardisc .However as the
embryo grows the amnion eventually sourrounds the entire embryo creating the amniotic cavity that becomes filled with
amniotic fluid. Most amniotic fluid is initially derived from filtrate of maternal blood. Later, the fetus contributes to the fluid by
excreating urine into the amniotic cavity

 DEVELOPMENT OF YOLK SAC

Also on the 8th day after fertilization cells at the edge of the hypoblast migarate and cover the inner surface of the blastocyst
wall. The migrating columnar cell become squamus and they form a thin membrane reffered to as the exocoelomic membrane.
Together with the hypoblast the exocoelomic membrane forms the wall of the yolk sac, formerly called the blstocystcavity . As a
result the bilaminar disc is now positioned between the amniotic cavity and yolk sac.
  DEVLOPMENT OF EXTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM

About the 12th day of fertilization the extra embryonic mesoderm develops. These mesodermal cells are derived from the yolk
sac and form a connective tissue layer around the amnion and yolk sac. Soon a number of large cavities develop in the
extraembryonicmesoderm which then fuse to form a single, larger cavity called extra embryonic coelom.

 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHORION

The extraembryonic mesoderm together with the two layers of the trophoblast form the chorion. The chorion surrounds the
embryo and later fetus. Eventually it become the principal embryonic part of the placenta the structre for exchange of materials
between mother and fetus . The inner layer of the chorion eventually fuses with the amnion. With the development of the chorion
the extraembryonic coelom is now reffered to as the chorionic cavity. By the end of the second week of development the
bilaminar embryonic disc becomes connected to the trophobl;ast by band of extraembryonic mesoderm called the connecting
stalk. The connecting stalk is the future umbilical cord.

THIRD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT

During third week the three primary germ layers are established and lay the groundwork for organ developmentin weeks four
through eight.

 GASTRULATION

Occurs 15 days after fertilization.Gastrulation means the formation of gut (Greek, gastrula = belly), but has now a more broad
sense to to describe the formation of the trilaminarembryo.Thebilaminar disc of embryo consists of epiblast and hypoblast
transform into trilaminar disc consists of ectoderm,endoderm,mesoderm .The first evidience of gastrulation is the formation of
primitive streak, a faint groove on the dorsal surface of the epiblast the elongates from the posterior to the anterior part of the
embryo. The primitive streak clearly establishes the head and tail ends of the embryo as well as its right and left sides. At the
head end of the primitive streak a small group of epiblastic cells forms a round structure called the primitive node.Following
formation of the primitive streak, cells of the epiblast move inward below the primitive streak and detach from the epiblast in a
process called invagination.Once the cells have invaginated some of them displace the hypoblast forming endoderm. Other cells
remain between epiblast and newly formed endoderm to form mesoderm.About 16 days after fertilization mesodermal cells from
the primitive node migrate toward the head end of the embryo and form a hollow tube of cells in the midline called the
notochordal process. By days 22-24 the notochordal process becomes a solid cylinder of cells called the notochord.The
notochord includes certain mesodermal cells to develop in to the vertebral bodies. It also forms the nucleus pulposus of the
intervertebral disc.

 NEURULATION

In addition to inducing mesodermal cells to develop into vertebral bodies, notochord also induces ectodermal cells over it to
form neural plate. By the end of the third week, the lateral edges of the neural plate become more elevated and form the neural
fold. The depressed mid region is called the neural groove. Generally neural folds approaches each other and fuse, thus
converting the neural plate into a neural plate. This occurs first near the middle of the embryo and then progresses toward the
 head and tail ends. Neural tube cells then develop into the brain and spinal cord. The process by which the neural plate, neural
folds and neural tube form is called neurulation.

 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHORIONIC VILLI AND PLACENTA

By the end of the second week of development, chorionic villi begin to develop. These fingerlike projections consist of chorion.
By the end of the third week, blood capillaries develop in the chorionic villi. Blood vessels in the chorionic villi connect to
embryonic heart by way of the umbilical arteries and umbilical vein. As a result maternal and fetal blood vessels do not join, and
the blood of the mother’s intervilous spaces, the spaces between chorionic villi. Waste products such as carbon dioxide in the
opposite direction.By the beginning of the 12th week the placenta has two distinct parts:

1. The fetal portion formed by chorionic villi of the chorion

2. The maternal portion formed by the deciduasbasalis of the endometrium

Stages ofFetal Development:

Month 3

Your baby's arms, hands, fingers, feet, and toes are fully formed. Your baby can open and close its fists and mouth. Fingernails and
toenails are beginning to develop and the external ears are formed. The mouth has 20 buds that will become baby teeth. Your baby's
reproductive organs also develop, but the baby's gender is difficult to distinguish on ultrasound.By the end of the third month, your baby
is fully formed. All the organs and extremities are present and will continue to mature in order to become functional. The circulatory and
urinary systems are working and the liver produces bile. You can hear the babys heart beat for first time by doptone.At the end of the
third month, your baby is about 4 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce.

.Month 4 --Your baby's heartbeat may now be audible through an instrument called a Doppler . The fingers and toes are well-defined.
Eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, nails, and hair are formed. Teeth and bones become denser. Your baby can even suck his or her thumb,
yawn, stretch, and make faces.The nervous system is starting to function. The reproductive organs and genitalia are now fully
developed, and your doctor can see on ultrasound if you are having a boy or a girl.By the end of the fourth month, your baby is about 6
inches long and weighs about 4-5 ounces.

Month 5
You may begin to feel your baby move, since he or she is developing muscles and exercising them. This first movement is called
quickening.Hair begins to grow on baby's head. Your baby's shoulders, back, and temples are covered by a soft fine hair called lanugo.
This hair protects your baby and is usually shed at the end of the baby's first week of life.The baby's skin is covered with a whitish

coating called vernixcaseosa. This "cheesy" substance is thought to protect baby's skin from the long exposure to the amniotic fluid.
This coating is shed just before birth.By the end of the fifth month, your baby is about 10 inches long and weighs from 1/2 to 1 pound.

Month 6

Your baby's skin is reddish in color, wrinkled, and veins are visible through the baby's translucent skin. Baby's finger and toe prints are
visible. The eyelids begin to part and the eyes open.Baby responds to sounds by moving or increasing the pulse. You may notice jerking
motions if baby hiccups.By the end of the sixth month, your baby is about 12 inches long and weighs about 2 pounds.

Month 7

Your baby will continue to mature and develop reserves of body fat. Your baby's hearing is fully developed. He or she changes position
frequently and responds to stimuli, including sound, pain, and light. The amniotic fluid begins to diminish.At the end of the seventh
month, your baby is about 14 inches long and weighs from 2 to 4 pounds.

Month 8

Your baby will continue to mature and develop reserves of body fat. You may notice that your baby is kicking more. Baby's brain is
developing rapidly at this time, and your baby can see and hear. Most internal systems are well developed, but the lungs may still be
immature.Your baby is about 18 inches long and weighs as much as 5 pounds.

Month 9
Your baby continues to grow and mature: the lungs are nearly fully developed.Your baby's reflexes are coordinated so he or she can
blink, close the eyes, turn the head, grasp firmly, and respond to sounds, light, and touch. Baby is definitely ready to enter the world.
Baby moves less due to tight space, baby's position changes to prepare Itself forlabor and delivery. The baby drops down in your pelvis.
Usually, the baby's head is down toward the birth canal..Your baby is about 18 to 20 inches long and weighs about 7 pounds.

SUMMARIZATION

CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion we have understood that fetal development is a process of conceiving a baby and developing baby in to
mother’s womb.fetal development period is classified into 3 stages,0-2weeks is the germinal period,3-8weeks is embryonic period and
lastly from the 9week until birth is known as fetal stage or fetal period.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Dutta D.C,THE TEXT BOOK OF OBSTETRICS.Eighthedition,Jaypee brothers medical publishers.page no.17-27

 DassAnusuya,TEXT BOOK OF OBSTETRICS.Secondedition,Jaypee brothers publishers(p)ltd.page-
 Babycenter. Fetal development week by week Accessed 9/11/2014.
 WomensHealth.gov. Stages of pregnancy Accessed 9/11/2014.