Note # 1.

Meaning of Bacteria:
Bacteria are microscopic organisms, which are often
known as ‘germs’ and ‘microbes’. They are among
the simplest forms of life known, and, hence show the
characteristics of both plants and animals. Their
relationship to other living organism is very obscure.
Though they are placed in the plant kingdom, this does not
mean that they are more closely related to plants than to
animals. Their inclusion under the plant kingdom is
entirely for the sake of convenience.

For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see Introduction to viruses.

Virus

Rotavirus

Virus classification

(unranked): Virus
 Various

See text

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses
can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms,
including bacteria and archaea.[1]
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants,
and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,[2] about 5,000 virus
species have been described in detail,[3] although there are millions of types.[4]Viruses are found in
almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity.[5][6] The study
of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.

Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and exist as free-living saprobes that derive no obvious benefits from
parasitizing humans or animals. Since they are widespread in nature and are often cultured from
diseased body surfaces, it may be difficult to assess whether a fungus found during disease is a
pathogen or a transient environmental contaminant. Before a specific fungus can be confirmed as the
cause of a disease, the same fungus must be isolated from serial specimens and fungal elements
morphologically consistent with the isolate must be observed in tissues taken from the lesion. In
general, fungal infections and the diseases they cause are accidental.