ATE-205

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Dr R K Tripathi
Professor

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 1
 HEAT ENGINES
• A Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel
into thermal energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work.

• Heat Engines are classified into two broad types:

I. External combustion engines
II. Internal combustion engines.

§ In external engine the product of combustion transfer heat to a second

fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle , as in the case of steam
engine, steam turbine, closed cycle gas turbine.

§ In internal combustion engine the product of combustion are directly

the motive fluid.
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 2
External combustion engines:
The products of combustion of air and fuel transfer to a
second fluid, which is working fluid of the cycle
– Steam engine or a stream turbine plant:
where the heat or the combustion is employed to
generate steam which is used in a piston engine or a
turbine.

Internal Combustion Engine:

In an internal combustion engine the products of combustion
are directly the motive fluid.
– Petrol, gas and Diesel engines
– Jet engines and rockets are also internal combustion
engines.
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 3
 Advantages of Internal Combustion Engine over External
Combustion Engine

• Greater mechanical simplicity

• Lower ratio of weight to output due to absence of auxiliary apparatus

like boiler and condenser hence lower first cost

• Higher overall efficiency

• Lesser requirement of water for dissipation of Energy through cooling

system.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 4
 Classification of heat engines

Classifications Name of Engine Maximum uses

Size in KW
Internal 1. Gasoline or petrol 4000 Ø Road vehicles, small industrial,
Combustion Engines small marine, small aircrafts
Engines industrial, electric power
2. Gas Engine (SI) 4000 Ø Industrial, electric power
3. Diesel Engine (CI) 40,000 Ø Heavy Road Vehicles
4. Jet engines 8000 Ø Aircraft
5. Rockets Very Big Ø Missiles, space travels

External 1. Steam Engine 4000 Ø Locomotives Ships

Combustion 2. Steam Turbine 5,00,000 Ø Electric Power, Large Marine
Engines

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 5
 Engine Components and Basic Engine Nomenclature

Ø The cylinder is supported in position

by the cylindrical block at the top end
is covered by cylindrical head.

Ø In t he cyli nder, pi ston travel s in

reciprocating motion.

Ø The space enclosed between the

upper part of the cylinder and the top
of the piston during the combustion
process is called the combustion
chamber.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 6
 Engine Components and Basic Engine Nomenclature

Ø In the cylinder head are inlet valve for

taking the charge in the cylinder and
exhaust value for the discharging the
products of combustion.

Ø A spark plug near the top of the cylinder

initiates the combustion.

Ø The energy of the expanding gas is

transmitted by the piston (having piston
rings to prevent leakage) through the pin to
the connecting rod.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 7
 Engine Components and Basic Engine Nomenclature

Ø The connecting rod and the crank arm of the

crankshaft translate the reciprocating motion of
t h e p i sto n i nt o ro ta t i o n a l m o t i o n o f t h e
crankshaft.

Ø Crankcase is the main body of the engine to

which the cylinder is attached.

Ø The products of combustion leave through

exhaust port

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 8
 Engine Components and Basic Engine Nomenclature

Ø Both the exhaust and inlet valves are

operated by the valve mechanism.

Ø A camshaft is driven by the crank shaft

through timing gears.

Ø Lobed cams on the crank shaft actuate the

push rods and rocker arms for opening the
valves against the force of valve springs.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 9
Engine Components and Basic Engine Nomenclature

• In the CI engine, the fuel is injected directly into the combustion

chamber through a fuel injection nozzle with the help of fuel pump.
•
• There is no carburetor, ignition system, and spark plug in CI engines.

• A mixture of air fuel enters the cylinder through the carburetor in SI

engine via the pipe which connects the inlet part of the engine to the
air intake.

• In carburetor a throttle is provided to control the mass of mixture

entering the combustion chamber.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 10
 Standard terminology used in IC engines
1. Cylinder Bore (D): The diameter of the working cylinder.

2. Piston area (A): The area of a circle of diameter equal of the working cylinder.

3. Stroke length (L): The distance through which a working piston moves between
two successive reversals of its direction of motion.

4. Dead centre: The position of the working piston and the moving parts which are
mechanically connected to it at the moment when direction of piston motion is
reversed (at the end point of the stroke)

Ø Bottom dead center (BDC): Dead centre when the piston is nearest to the
crankshaft.

Ø Top dead centre (TDC): Dead centre when the position is farthest from the
crankshaft.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 11
 Standard terminology used in IC engines

5. Displacement Volume or Piston swept volume (Vs):

Vs = A * L

6. Clearance volume (Vc): The volume of the space on the combustion side
of the piston at the top dead centre.

7. Cylinder Volume (V): The sum of the piston swept volume and clearance
volume.
V = Vs + Vc
8. Compression ratio (CR or r): The numerical value of the cylinder volume
dived by the numerical value of the combustion space volume or
clearance volume.
CR or r = V/Vc
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 12
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 13
 IC ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
The IC engine can be classified on the basic of cycle operation in cylinder, type of
fuel, method of supply of fuel, type of ignition, etc.

1. Basic engine design: Reciprocating engine, Rotary engines

2. Working cycle: Otto cycle (Spark ignition or SI engine), Diesel cycle

(Compression ignition or CI engines).

3. Number of strokes: Four-stroke engines, Two-stroke engines (both SI and CI

engines).

4. Fuel: Gasoline (or petrol), compressed natural gases (CNG), Liquefied

petroleum gases (LPG) etc.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 14
 IC ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

5. Fuel supply and mixture preparation:

(a) Carbureted type: fuel supplied through carburetor.
(b) Injection type

6. Method of ignition: In SI engines battery ignition and magneto ignition.

7. Method of cooling: water cooled or oil cooled.

8. Cylinder arrangement: Inline, V, radial, opposed.

9. Valve and port design and location: overhead (I head), side valve (L head).

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 15
 Four Stroke Cycle -Spark Ignition Engine
Ø Work on Otto cycle or constant volume cycle.

Ø In four stroke cycle engine, the cycle operation is completed in four-strokes of the
piston or two revolutions of the crank shaft.

Ø Each stroke consists of 180 Degree, of crankshaft rotation and hence a cycle
consists of 720 Degree of crankshaft rotation.

Ø The series of operation of an ideal four stroke SI Engine are as shown in figure
(Next slide). Stroke Valve position
Suction stroke ØSuction valve open.
Exhaust valve closed.
Compression stroke ØBoth valve closed

Expansion stroke ØBoth valve closed

Exhaust stroke ØExhaust valve open

Suction valve closed
16
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 17
Ø Suction stroke:
§ Suction stroke 0-1 starts when the piston is at top dead centre and about
to move downward.
§ The inlet valve is open at this time and the exhaust valve is closed.
§ Due to suction, the charge consisting of fresh air mixed with the fuel is
drawn into the cylinder.
§ At the end of the suction stroke the inlet valve closes.

Ø Compression stroke:
§ The fresh air taken into the cylinder during suction is compressed by the
return stroke of the piston 1-2.
§ During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves closed.
§ Air compressed into the clearance volume.
§ Now the mixture is ignited with the help of spark plug.
§ Burning takes place when the piston is almost at top dead centre.
§ Burning produces a temperature rise of about 2000 Degree .

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 18
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 19
Ø Expansion or power stroke:
§ Due to high pressure the burnt gases force the piston towards bottom
dead centre, stroke 3-4.
§ Both the inlet and Exhaust valves remaining closed.
§ Thus power is obtained during this stroke
§ Both pressure and temperature decreases during expansion.

Ø Exhaust stroke:
§ At the end of the expansion stroke the exhaust valve opens, the inlet valve
remaining closed.
§ The piston is moving from bottom to top dead centre.
§ Gases are out from the cylinder, stroke4-0.
§ Exhaust valve closed during the stroke.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 20
Ø Each cylinder of a four stroke engine completes the above
four operations in two engine revolutions.

§ One revolution of the crank shaft occurs during the suction

and compression stroke.

§ Second revolution during the power and exhaust stroke.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 21
Actual valve timing of four stroke petrol engine

§ The valve timing is the regulation of the points in the cycle at

which the valves are set to open and closed.

§ A s d e s c r ib e d a b o ve in t h e c yc l e in l et a n d ex h a u st
valves ,open and close at dead centers.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 22
Intake valve timing:
§ Intake valve timing has a bearing on the actual quantity of
air sucked during the suction stroke i.e. it affects the
volumetric efficiency.

§ For both low speed and high speed engine the intake valve
opens 10⁰ before the arrival of the piston at TDC on the
exhaust stroke.

§ The valves will be fully open and the fresh air to flow into
the cylinder as soon as possible after TDC.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 23
§ When the piston reaches the BDC and starts to move in the
compression stroke, the inertia of the entering fresh charge tends to
cause it to continue to move into the cylinder. To take advantage of
this, the intake valve is closed after BDC so that maximum air is taken
in. This is called Ram effect.

§ In high speed engine the charge speed is high and consequently the
inertia is high and hence to induct maximum quantity of the charge
due to ram effect the intake valve should be closed relatively later
after BDC (up to 60⁰ after BDC).

§ For a variable speed engine the chosen intake valve setting is

compromised between the best setting for low speed and high speed.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 24
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 25
Exhaust Valve timing:
§ The exhaust valve is set to open before BDC (say about 25⁰ before
BDC in low sped engines and 55⁰ before BDC in high speed engines).

§ If the exhaust valve did not start open until BDC, the pressure in the
cylinder would be considerably above atmospheric pressure during
the first portion of the exhaust stroke. Increasing the work required
to expel the exhaust gases.

§ But opening of the exhaust valve reduces the pressure near the end
of the power stroke and thus causes some loss of useful work on
this stroke.

§ However, the overall effect of opening the valve prior to the time
the piston reaches BDC results in overall gain in output.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 26
Position Theoretical Actual
Low speed High
engine speed
engine
Inlet valve open (IVO) TDC 10° b TDC 10° b TDC
Inlet valve closes (IVC) BDC 10° a BDC 60° a BDC
Inlet valve is open for 180° 200° 250°
Exhaust valve open BDC 25° b BDC 55° b BDC
Exhaust valve closes TDC 5° a TDC 20° a TDC
Exhaust valve is open for 180° 210° 255°
Valve overlap Nil 15° 30°
spark TDC 15° b TDC 30° b TDC

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 27
Two stroke engine:
§ In a two stroke engine the cycle is complete in two stroke, i.e.
one revolution of the crank shaft.

§ In a two stroke engine suction is accomplished by air

compressed in crankcase or in the blower

§ The induction of the compressed air removes the products of

combustion through exhaust port.

§ Therefore no piston stroke are required for suction and

exhaust operations.

§ Only two piston strokes are required to complete the cycle,

one compressing the fresh air fresh air and the other for
expansion or power stroke.
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 28
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 29
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 30
Valve timing for two stroke engine:

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 31
Advantages and Disadvantages of two stroke engine:
Advantages:
§ The two st roke e ngi ne was deve l o pe d to o bta i ne d va l ve
simplifications and a greater output from the same size of engine.

§ This simplicity of the two stroke engine makes it cheaper.

§ Theoretically a two stroke engine will developed twice the power of

a comparable four stroke engine.

§ The other advantage of two stroke engine are more uniform torque
on crank shaft and complete exhaust of products of combustion.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 32
Disadvantages:

§ Used only for small engines suitable for motor cycles, scooters,
mopeds, due to its small size.

§ Both inlet and exhaust ports are open simultaneously for

some time, some part of the fresh air containing fuel escapes
with the exhaust.

§ High fuel consumption.

§ Due to high fuel consumption, the thermal efficiency is low.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 33
 Comparison of four stroke and two stroke engine:
Four stroke engine:
1. Cycle is completed in four
stroke or two revolution of
crank shaft.
2. Because of the above,
turning movement is not
uniform and hence heavier
flywheel is needed.
3. Power is less
4. Lesser cooling and
lubrication is required.
5. Contains valve and valve
mechanism.
I C Engines
Two stroke engine:
1. Cycle is completed in two
stroke or one revolution of
the crank shaft.
2. More uniform turning
movement and hence lighter
flywheel is needed.
3. Power is more for same size
of engine.
4. Greater cooling and
lubrication is required.
5. No valves only ports.
Dr R K Tripathi 34
Cont……
6. High initial cost.
7. Volumetric efficiency is more
due to greater time of
induction.
8. Thermal efficiency is higher.
9. Used where efficiency is
important
Uses:
cars, buses, trucks, tractors,
aero-planes, power generation,
etc.
I C Engines
6. Cheaper in initial cost.
7. Volumetric efficiency less due
to lesser time of induction.
8. Lower thermal efficiency than
four stroke.
9. Used where low cost,
compactness, and light weight
important.
Uses:
lawn movers, scooters, motor
cycle, mopeds etc.
Dr R K Tripathi 35
Basic types of cylinder Arrangements:
§ In-Line Engines: All cylinders are
arranged linearly and transmit
power to a single crankshaft.

§ V- Engines: An engine with two

cylinders, inclined at an angle to
each and connected with one
shaft.

§ Opposed cylinder: with two

cylinder , located at same plane
on opposite sides of the same
crankshaft.

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 36
Cont….
§ Opposed piston engine: When a
single cylinder connect two pistons,
each of which drives a separate
crankshaft.
§ Radial engine: It is an engine
having more than two cylinders in
each row equally spaced around the
crankshaft.

§ Delta type: The delta type is

essentially three opposed pistons
with three different crankshafts.
§ ‘X’ Type
§ ‘H’ Type
§ ‘U’ Type
I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 37
 Efficiencies
Engine performance is indicated by efficiencies as mentioned below:
1. Thermal Efficiency:
a) Indicated thermal efficiency (ηit ): It is ratio of energy in the indicated
horse power to the fuel energy.
ηit = (energy equivalent of the ip/s)/ (energy supplied by fuel/s)
ηit = ip/[(mf /s)QLHV ]
b) Brake thermal efficiency (η bt ): : It is ratio of energy in the brake horse
power to the fuel energy.

ηbt = (energy equivalent of the bp/s)/ (energy supplied by fuel/s)

ηbt = bp/[(mf /s)QLHV ]

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 38
 Efficiencies
2. Mechanical Efficiency (ηm ) :
It is ratio of brake power ( power delivered) to t he indicated horse power
( power provided to the piston).
ηm= b.p./i.p. = ηbt / ηit
f.p. = i.p. – b.p.

3. Volumetric Efficiency (ηv ) :

It is ratio of the charge actually induced at ambient conditions to the swept
volume of the engine. It can be calculated considering mass or volume of air.
However it is preferable to use mass basis.
ηv = Mass of charge actually inducted/ mass of charge represented by
cylinder volume at intake temp & pressure
ηv = charge aspirated per stroke reduced to intake conditions/ swept volume
= V/ Vs

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 39
 Efficiencies
4. Relative Efficiency or Efficiency ratio: It is ratio of thermal efficiency of an
actual cycle to that of the ideal cycle
ηrel = actual thermal efficiency / air standard efficiency

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 40
 Specific fuel consumption (sfc)
• Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc):
bsfc = Fuel used in kg/h/ b.p. in kW
bsfc= mf / b.p. kg /kWh

• Indicated specific fuel consumption (isfc):

isfc = Fuel used in kg/h/ i.p. in kW
isfc= mf / i.p. kg /kWh

• The units may be gram per horse power-hour or kWh

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 41
Fuel Air (F/A) or Air Fuel ( A/F) Ratio
• It is relative proportions of the fuel and air.
• F/A = mf/ ma
• A/F = ma/mf
• The term fuel air ratio is generally used instead of air fuel ratio.
• Relative fuel air Ratio:
Fr= Actual fuel air ratio/ stoichiometric air fuel ratio

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 42
 Heating value
• It is energy released per unit quantity of the fuel when the combustible is
burned and the product of combustion are cooled back to the initial
temperature on combustible mixture. Other term used for heating value is
calorific value.

• When product of combustion are cooled to 250C , practically all the water
resulting from the combustion process will be condensed. The heating
value so obtained is called higher heating value or gross heating value. The
lower or net heating value is the heat released when H2O in the product of
combustion is not condensed are remains in the vapor form

I C Engines Dr R K Tripathi 43