SP : 34(S&T)-1987

6.9.2 Casr-irr-situ Piles or Bored Piles environment of sulphatrs. etc. it may be increased
to 75 mm.
6.9.2.1 Hei~~orcemenr requirement - The
design of the remforcing cage vary depending F,igure 6.9 gives typical details of a bored cast-
upon the driving and installation conditions, the in-situ under-reamed pile foundation.
nature of the subsoil and the nature of load to be
transmitted by the shaft. that is. axial or
otherwise. The minimum area of longitudinal
reinforcement (mild steel or deformed bars)
within the pile shaft shall be 0.4 percent of the
sectional area calculated on the basis of outside
area of casing of the shaft.

The curtailment of reinforcement along the

depth of the pile. in general, depends on the type
of loading and subsoil strata. In case of piles
subject to compressive load only, the designed
quantity of reinforcement may be curtailed at
appropriate level according to the design
requirements. For piles subjected to uplift load,
lateral load and moments, separately or with
compressive loads. it may be necessary to provide
reinforcement for the full depth-of pile. In soft
clays or loose sands, or where there is likelihood
of danger to green concrete due to driving of
adjacent piles. the reinforcement should be
provided up to the full pile depth with lap welds
at joints iegardless of whether or not it is required
from uplift and lateral load considerations.
However, in all cases. the minimum reinforcement 3A SECTION OF SING1.E 3B SECTION OF MULTI
should be provided in the full length of the pile. UNI)ER-REAMEI) I’ILE UNDER-REAMED PILE.

Piles shall always be reinforced with a $W= 45” (approx). 42 = 3tP-4S” (Approx)
minimum amount of reinforcement as dowels, D, = normally 2.50
keeping the minimum bond length into the pile
FIG. 6.9 TYPICAL DETAILS OF BORED CAST in-situ
shaft and with adequate projection into the pile UNDER-REAMED PILE FOUNDATION
cap.
6.9.4 Pile Caps
Clear cover to all main reinforcement in pile
6.9.4.1 The pile cap usually supports
shaft shall be not less than 50 mm. The laterals df
column and this is positioned at the ccntre of
a reinforcing cage may be in the form of links or
gravity of the pile group, so the pile cap
spirals. The diameter and spacing of the same is
incorporates column dowel bars in exactly the
chosen to impart adequate rigidity to the same way as provided in column bases. Allowance
reinforcing cage during its handling and shall be made in length and width of the cap to
installations. The minimum diameter of the links allow for piles being slightly out of true position
or spirals shall be 6 mm and the spacing of the after being driven.
links or spirals shall be not less than I50 mm.
6.9.4.2 General consideration - The pile
6.9.3 L’nder-reamed Piles - The minimum cap alongwith the column pedestal shall be deep
area of longitudinal reinforcement in stem should enough to allow for the necessary anchorage of
be 0.4 percent. Reinforcement is to be provided in the column and pile reinforcement. Although they
full length. Transverse reinforcement shall not be are assumed to act as a simply supported beam
less than 6 mm diameter at a spacing of not more and are designed for the usual conditions of
than the s!em diam ter or 300 mm, whichever is bending moment and shear force, there is a
less. In under-re med compaction piles, a tendency to fail in bursting due to high principal
minimum number $ f four l2-mm diameter bars tension. This should be resisted bv reinforcement
shall be provided. For piles of lengths exceeding going around outer piles in the -group (usually
5 m and of 375 mm diameter, a minimum number # I2 @ 150).
of six l2-mm bars shall be provided. For piles
exceeding 400 mm diameter, a minimum number Generally adopted configuration for pile caps
of six l2-mm bars shall be provided. The circular alongwith plan arrangement of reinforcement
stirr_ups for piles of lengths exceeding 5 m and details are shown in Fig. 6.10.
diameter exceeding 375 mm shall be minimum
6.9.4.3 The clear overhang of the pile cap
8-mm diameter bars.
beyond the outermost pile in the group shall
The minimum .clear cover over the longitudinal normally be 100 to I50 mm, depending upon the
reinforcement shall be 40 mm. In aggressive pile size.

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING 77

SP : 34(s&‘r)-1907

HORIZONTAL TIES TO
RESIST BURSTINO

For 4.5.6.6 and 9 PILES

STEEL

FOR 2 PILES

FOR 7, PILES

’ MAIN STEEL

FOR 3 PILES --- NOMINAL STEEL

FIG. 6.10 GENERALLY ADOPTED CONFIG~JR.\TION FOR PILE CAPS

(ALONG n'lT11PL-~N AKR-\SG~SI~ST OF REISFORcxhlEST)

6.9.4.4 A levelling course of plain concrete 6.9.5.2 The minimum overall depth of grade
of about 80 mm thickness may be provided under beams shall be I50 mm. The reinforcement at the
.the pile caps, as required. bottom should be kept continuous and an equal
amount may be provided at top to a distance of
6.9.4.5 The clear cover for the mair, quarter span both ways from pile or footing
reinforcement for the bottom of cap shall not be
centres as the case may be. The longitudinal
less than 60 mm.
reinforcement both at top and bottom should not
6.9.4.6 The reinforcement from the pile be less than three bars of IO mm diameter (mild
should be properly tied to the pile cap. steel) and stirrups of 6 mm diameter bars spaced
at a maximum spacing of 300 mm (see Fig. 6.13).
6.9.4.7 A typical arrangement of bars in a
pile cap supporting a column between two piles is 6.9.5.3 In expansive soils, the grade beams
illustrated in Fig. 6.1 I and typical details of a pile shall be kept a minimum of 80 mm clear off the
cap resting on 3 piles is illustrated in Fig. 6.12. ground. In other soils.‘beams may rest on ground
over a levelling concrete coarse of about 80 mm
6.9.5 Grade Beams (see Fig. 6.14). ’
6.9.5.1 The grade beams supporting the 6.9.5.4 In case of exterior beams over piles
walls shall be designed taking due account of in expansive soils, a ledge projection of 75 mm
arching effect due to masonry above the beam. thickness and extending 80 mm into ground (see
The beam with masonry behaves as a deep beam Fig. 6.14), shall be provided on outer side of
due to composite action. beams.

7a HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

 SP : 34lS&T)_l987

I I
i
h
_.
HORIZ6NlAL 18% TO STARTER BAU
RESIST BURSlIN6 CLEAR OVERHANG
WSUALLY u 12 b Iso) l-d- rGENERALLY IOOTOI!

bARS REND AT STANDARD

3
SHEAR
REINR.

TOP STEEL
[IF REQUIRED1
I-

:.%I;!

BEAM

~~%END fo GET REQUIRED

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
SECTION- A A SECTION-B8

PLAN -BOTTOM STEEL

NOTE
- In a t-pile system, sufficient care should be taken to transfer bending in the transvcrsc direction.
FIG. 6.1 I TYPICAL DETAILS OF A ~-PILE CAP

HANDROOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING