8-BSB - Selection & Applications of Valves

Selection & Application of Valves ……………………………………………………………… . . . . . Baljit S.
Bagga
Selection & Application of Valves

1: Introduction to Valves
2: Control Valves
3: Quick Opening Valves
4: Other Valves
5: Maintenance
6: Valve Selection Guidelines
7. Valve Types & Applications
Selection & Application of Valves 1

Selection & Application of Valves ……………………………………………………………… . . . . . Baljit S. Bagga

Introduction to Valves
Valves are the most common control device in any piping or fluid
handling system. To have a useful piping system, valves must be
used. Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. State importance of valves in maintaining piping network
2. Name the nine major types of valves.
3. State the four functional applications of valves.
4. Name the four major types of control valve
5. State the two types of quick opening valves
6. State conditions under which a quick opening valve is required.
7. Explain purpose of a gate valves, globe valve, check valves,
Control Valves and pressure relief valves etc..
8. State possible repercussions of inadequately maintained valves.
9. Follow Valve Selection Guidelines
Modern piping systems are intricate, complex, and expensive to install and
maintain. The term Piping refers to the overall network of pipes, fittings,
joints, flanges, valves, and other components that comprise a conduit
system used to convey fluids. Piping components may consist of a variety
of components used to measure, control, condition, and convey the fluids.
Valves are the most important piping accessories and therefore
Knowledge of valves is very important for piping systems to be efficiently
operated and maintained. Valves are offered in a wide variety of types &
designs. Each valve serves a particular purpose. Flanged bolted valves are
most common, apart from welded, screw-fitted or bolted, into a system.
There are 9 major types of valves & 4 types of purposes to fulfill
Study of types of valve will show the Name of valve, What it looks like,
What purpose it fulfills How it is identified & How it works
What do Valves Do ? Satisfy one or more of the 4 functions:
Starting / stopping Flow, Regulating flow, Preventing back flow,
Relieving pressure, or All of the above functions
There is no single valve that can satisfy all 4 purposes

There are 9 major types of valves
1. Globe Valves
2. Needle Valves
3. Diaphragm Valves
4. Butterfly Valves
5. Plug Valves
6. Ball Valve
7. Gate Valves
8. Check Valves
9. PRV / PSV (Press. Relief Valve) / (Press. Safety Valve)
¾ Control Valves (1,2,3,4) Quick Opening valves(5,6) Other Valves (7,8,9)
What do Valves Do ?
The purpose of any valve is to satisfy one or more of the following functions:
Starting or Stopping Flow (Isolation)
Starting or stopping flow is the most common use of
valves. Most importantly, valves must offer minimum
restriction to flow and pressure when open.
Tight shutoff at closure is usually essential, although in
some applications it may not be critical.
Regulation or Throttling
Many times, the flow of fluid or gas must be
regulated or throttled in numerous steps
between the open and closed position of the
valve. Generally, this is done by introducing a
resistance into the flow path through the valve.
What do Valves Do? Satisfy one or more of the following functions:
Preventing Back Flow

It is necessary to prevent back flow in some
pipelines. The valves used for this purpose are
kept in the open position by the flow of fluid and
close either by gravity, a reversal of the fluid flow,
springs, or a drop in system pressure.
Relieving Pressure
In some piping systems, excessive pressure
may develop in some circumstances. Self-
actuating valves, which open when the
pressure exceeds a preset limit, are used
for this safety function.
2: Control Valves
Control Valves
There are a variety of control valves to fill the
need for numerous throttling devices.
Although the requirement for valves that are
usually open or closed is great, control valves
are necessary for the various operating
options they provide.
Control valves, aptly named, are used solely

for maintaining control over flow rates.
Several construction designs provide varied
uses depending on the service required.
Pneumatic, electric, or hydraulic actuation can
be implemented.

2: Control Valves
The following valves are used for variable control purpose
Globe Valves
The globular body shape gives
globe valves their name.
A globe valve is closed by
forcing a disk against a ground
seat in the valve body.
Globe valves are used for control of flow by

providing throttling and positive shutoff.
High turbulence and resistance to fluid flow are
features. The seat is located in the middle of the
body, causing the fluid to pass through the valve
and make two right-angle turns. The bonnet is
attached to the globe valve body by a union.
2: Control Valves
The hand-operated globe valve can be used to set
flow rates within acceptable tolerances. Frequently,
they are used in bypass lines around automatic
control valves. This allows control valves to be
repaired while continuing to control the flow rate.
Globe valves are used for:
Control of flow, throttling, and positive shutoff.
Transferring fluids, draining wastes, & diverting flow.
On/off control, interim stops, and fluid flow relief.
Relieving pressure, dumping excess, & total shutoff
Larger globe valves, over three inches,

usually have bolted bonnets with outside stem
and yoke (OS&Y) assemblies.

2: Control Valves
Angle Valve - is a modification of the globe valve.
While the construction is similar, the outlet flange is at a
right angle to the inlet of the valve. This reduces the
resistance to fluid flow and makes the valve more
convenient in some applications.
Y - Valves - is another modification of the globe valve.

The bonnet of the Y-valve is set at a 45º angle to the
fluid flow line. This design gives a fluid flow pattern that
closely resembles that of a plug valve.
Since the direction of flow lifts the

disk, maintenance of globe valves
consists of replacing the disk and
regrinding the seat when they are
worn. Another common repair is
replacing the valve stem packing
when leaks occur at the stem.
2: Control Valves Needle Valves

The difference between a Needle Valve and a globe valve
is in the way the seat and the stem are built. The needle
valve has a steep cone, or "needle" point, that engages a
tapered seat in the valve body.
Because fine threads on the needle valve stem require

more turns to lift the needlepoint off the seat, this valve
provides very accurate throttling. In addition, they provide
superior leak-proof closure. The seats and stem points can
be replaced when worn. The stuffing box on the stem must
be tightened or re-packed when stem leaks occur.
The use of Needle Valves is significant if the

flow rate must be well controlled.
In sampling systems for in-line analyzers or
other sampling requirements, the needle valve
provides accurate throttling.
2: Control Valves
Diaphragm Valves (Pinch Valves)
The advantage of using a diaphragm valve is isolation
of the operating mechanism from any fluid by the
diaphragm. This eliminates the need for stem
packing. While in operation, the diaphragm presses
tightly against the weir, a wall within the valve body.
This manipulation requires frequent replacement of
the diaphragm. Slurries or corrosive fluids are
handled easily by the diaphragm valve.
Diaphragm Valves
Diaphragm valves, used in corrosive material
service, are built to protect most of the
working parts from exposure to destructive
substances. These versatile valves can be
used either for blocking or throttling.

2: Control Valves
Butterfly Valves
The construction of the butterfly valve is based
on the pipe damper principle.
A disk about the same size as the inside
diameter of the pipe is used as the control
element. A handle control is connected to the
shaft on which the disk is mounted. .
Often used as on/off or throttling devices,

butterfly valves have low flow resistance.
Another benefit is that they take up a small
amount of in-line space. In addition, a quarter
turn provides a method of closing the valve
quickly from the fully open position.
Checking the shaft for free movement is the
only upkeep required.

Quick opening valves are required in some
applications like silo or hopper operations.
They pop a valve open quickly.
By jerking the lever, the disk will snap into a fully
open position. This abrupt release of pressure
carries away any sediment or build-up that may
have collected behind the valve.
Plug Valves
The plug valve's basic design is similar to the old-
fashioned wooden spigot. A tapered plug fits
snugly in a tapered hole in the valve body.
The plug has a hole or port clear through that lines
up when these parts are lined up. When the plug is
rotated one-quarter turn, the flow is stopped.


Plug valves, sometimes called cocks, are not
generally designed for the regulation of flow,
although in some applications, they do serve
this purpose. The main application of a plug
valve is the handling of viscous or heavy
liquids, the benefit being that any build-up of
solids on the plug are scraped off as the valve
is closed.
On the lubricated plug valve, a stick of lubricant

is inserted in the top of the plug and pressure is
applied to the lubricant by turning down on the
screw provided for this purpose. If a fitting is
installed in the top of the plug, a grease gun
can also provide lubricant. The lubricant is fed
to channels on the tapered face of the plug and
also on the bottom face of the plug.


Lubrication of a plug valve serves 3 main purposes:
1. The lubricant pressure on the bottom face of the

plug supplies a hydraulic jacking action to free
the plug so the valve may be opened or closed,
2. The lubricant on the tapered face of the plug
provides a positive seal against leakage, and
3. Protection of the working surfaces from wear and
corrosion
In many process piping applications, the use

of lubricated plug valves cannot be
permitted because the product in the
pipeline could be contaminated by the
lubricant in the plug valve.


A Teflon-lined plug valve consists of a slightly
tapered, 2º plug turning in a Teflon liner. It has
a low friction coefficient and needs no lubricant.
The top of the plug is sealed by a Teflon disk,
so stem packing is not needed.
Plug valves are also built in "multi-port" types.

Simplification of piping and convenience of operation are
possible with multi-port plug valves. One multi-port valve
can replace two to four straightway valves.
The construction of the ports in the multi-port plug can be

combined with the number of ports in the valve body to
produce a variety of fluid flow directions. The stuffing box
gland must be kept tightened to prevent stem leakage.

Ball Valves
Similar to a plug valve, the ball valve uses a confined
sphere (ball) squeezed between two pliable seats that
tightly shut off the valve. The ball ports line up with the
ports in the body to provide full, unrestricted flow.
Easy to operate, ball valves go from wide
open to fully closed by turning the handle 90º.
They will not usually stick tight due to the self-
lubricating characteristic of the Teflon seals
between the ball and the valve body. These
seats are susceptible to erosion damage
when used for throttling.
The only maintenance usually necessary on the
ball valve is to remove and clean the ball and
Teflon seats. This is a fairly simple process.
The seats should only be replaced if they are
pitted or badly worn.
4: Other Valves The last 3 types of valves (Gate, Check, PRV - Press.
Relief) do not fall under the previous categories and are listed separately.
Gate Valves
Gate valves have ports (the inside openings in the body)
that are closed by a flat-faced wedge or knife which
slides down and seals against the seat rings.
Gate valves are designed primarily to start or stop
flow. A gate valve is either fully open or completely
closed when in service. The pressure loss between
the valve ends is very small due to the negligible
amount of resistance in fluid or gas flow when the
valve is totally open. Selection & Application of Valves 19
4: Other Valves
Gate Valves
Flow regulation or throttling should not be a primary
use of gate valves since accurate control is not
possible. Erosion of the disk and seats due to high
flow, turbulence, cavitation, and vibrations, which
could break the disk, are the primary causes of
failures.
The solid wedge (knife) disk and the double

disk are the two basic gate disk types. The
solid, tapered wedge is forced between
corresponding tapered seats, exerting high
loading on the seat faces to hold against
pressure. In the double disk design, the disks
are forced against the seat rings by a center
wedging mechanism as the stem is tightened.
4: Other Valves
Gate Valves
Common gate valves come in two stem
arrangements. On the first, the stem screws
into the bonnet and rises with the disk when
opened. This is called a rising stem (RS) gate
valve. Where available space is limited, the
stem is threaded into the disk. When the valve
is opened, the disk rises on the stem threads.
This is the non-rising stem (NRS) gate valve.
The RS gate valve is usually favored

because the position of the stem
indicates whether the valve is open
or closed and the other type (NRS)
has a greater failure rate.

4: Other Valves
Gate Valves
The gate valve is almost maintenance free.
Common maintenance includes the replacement of
the disk and seat rings as they wear. In addition, the
valve stem packing will also require replacement,
depending on the amount of use the valve gets.
Pressure Relief Valves

There is a difference between "safety valves" and "relief
valves," even though the terms are used interchangeably
to indicate valves that protect against excessive pressure.
Safety valves have full-opening "pop" action to give
immediate pressure relief since they are used with gases.
In contrast, relief valves do not immediately reach the full
open position. They are used primarily with liquids so a
relatively small discharge provides relief. If the pressure
continues to rise, the relief valve will slowly open further.

4: Other Valves Pressure Relief Valves (PRV)

The compression spring presses the disk down on
the seat to a predetermined amount called the "set
pressure." When the internal pressure rises over
the set pressure of the valve, the disk is raised off
the seat and gas or liquid is forced out of the
discharge opening until excess pressure is relieved.
The spring then reseats the disk.
When this PRV is used as a safety valve for gases,
Construction of the seat & disk is changed slightly
to make the valve "pop" wide open immediately.
The side lever is used to lift the disk off the seat to
ensure that the valve opens freely when used in
steam systems. Because of environmental
concerns, the side lever is not used to test the valve
in a hydrocarbon system. The huddling chamber is
what pops the valve wide open. It can be adjusted
for the amount of blow down, which is the
difference between the open and closed pressures.
4: Other Valves
Relief and safety valves should be tested routinely

by raising the relief-checking lever. The valve
should be removed periodically and bench checked,
then certified to ensure that it will relieve at the set
pressure.
Check Valves
Preventing back flow is the only reason
to install a check valve. They operate
automatically, but they may not seat well
enough for tight closure.
In this course we deal with two basic
types: "Swing Check" and the "Lift-Type
Check," also known as the "Piston Lift-
Type Check" valves.
Also Diaphragm Check Valve

4: Other Valves
Check Valves
Because they rely on gravity to close, a swing-
disk check valve is only installed in horizontal
or vertical positions. A round, free-floating ball
seals the seat in the lift-type check valve.
With Piston Lift-Type Check Valve,

there is a piston (sometimes spring-assisted)
on the disk stem top that guides the disk while
providing cushion against shock pressure.
Because the seat location is in the middle of
the valve body, both of the lift-type check
valves have a high resistance to fluid flow.

4: Other Valves
Wafer-type Check Valves

The popularity of Wafer-type check valves is
increasing because they require
approximately half the in-line space while
supplying the same functions.
Maintenance of check valves

requires that they be opened and cleaned on
a regular basis. The moving parts in the lift-
type check valves must be cleaned. In
addition, the seat and guides must be free of
scale buildup. The disk on the swing-disk
check valve must swing freely and the pivot
mechanism should be in good condition.

5: Special Application Valves

GP 03-01-01 - Upstream Piping Component Selection & System Design
covers the basic requirements for the design of piping systems for onshore
and offshore production and processing facilities covered by ASME B31.3.
Section 9. Valving covers the following
9.1. General 9.2. Chain-wheel Operators 9.3. Valve Packing
9.4. Other Considerations 9.5. Gate Valves 9.6. Ball Valves
9.7. Check Valves 9.8. Globe Valves 9.9. Plug Valves 9.10. Butterfly Valves
9.11. Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves
9.12. Special Application Valves
Wellhead Manifold Block Valves, Double Block & Bleed Valves
Cryogenic Valves, Car sealed and Interlocking Valves
GP 03-12-09 - General Requirements for Valves covers the basic
requirements for the design, inspection, testing and preparation for shipment of valves
GP 03-20-10 – Upstream Piping Classifications – Valve Indices and Description
contains valve information for all upstream piping classifications.
EPT 09-T-02 Valve Selection - supplements Valve requirements in a tutorial
format on Valve Selection & Application for onshore/offshore facilities
5: Maintenance Tips
A brass or bronze gate valve can be twisted if
left in the open position while installing it. Prior
to installation, ensure that it is closed. The
valve disk and seats will then mate properly so
the valve will not leak.
Valves are not designed to fix

inadequate piping by pulling it
together or forcing it apart. Space
should be allowed so that valves fit
without putting stress on the piping.

5: Maintenance Tips
Thread pipe for screw fitted valves to standard
length only. The joint will make up tight because
the pipe end strikes the seat. Otherwise, you
risk a leaky joint or a distorted valve body. Put
pipe thread PTFE tape on the pipe end, not into
the valve threads. In this way, PTFE tape will
not get on the valve seat where it might collect
dirt and prevent tight shut-off.
Always blow out or otherwise

remove all dirt or metal chips in pipe
sections. These may get lodged in
the valve seats and destroy them.

5: Maintenance Tips
Whenever possible, be sure check valve disks
have an acceptable gravity drop. This is
particularly important because check valves of
most types close upon zero flow.
Globe and check valves should be placed so the

direction of flow is the same as the arrow on the
valve body. They should not be reversed.
Critical specifications pertaining to size,

pressure rating, manufacturer, and material
of construction are clearly visible on all
valve bodies.

Selection & Application of Valves ……………………………………………………………… . . . . . Baljit S. Bagga 32




• For economy & interchangeability, number of different varieties of valves
should be kept to minimum for a project.
• Valve bodies may be cast, forged or machined from bar stock (smaller sizes).
Their design should prevent distortion or misalignment of the seating
surfaces, due to press. & temp. changes and strain from connecting piping.
• The sealing surfaces materials & design should be such that the valve will
keep its shut-off characteristics over a reasonable service period.
• Various alloys are available for valve parts (valve trim- seats, discs & stems),
which must retain smooth finish for successful operation.
• Seat material should be resistant to corrosion & erosion and prevent galling
(seizure at point of contact) by difference in material or hardness or both.
• Seat surfaces are treated or plated to obtain the required properties.
• All valve trim materials have coeff. of thermal expn. exceeding those of cast
or forged C.S. by 24 to 45% and tend to cause distortion of seats and discs.
• Valves for processing plants are generally specified in accordance to British
Stds. , e.g.: BS 1414 Steel Wedge Gate Valves, BS 5351 Steel Ball Valves,
and BS 5352 Steel Wedge Gate, Globe and Check Valves (DN50 and smaller).
• Valve types or ranges not covered by the British Standards are specified in
accordance with API, ANSI or other appropriate standards
7. Valve Types & Applications (General Overview & Details
from Mech. Design of Facilities Piping Systems – Chap.7)








Diaphragm Valves (Gas Distribution Network Valves)

7. Valve Types & Applications Diaphragm Valves


After a General Overview of Valve types, we will review

Details of Valve Types (Mech.Design of Facilities Piping Systems – C7)
Key Characteristics of Valves
End Connections & Joining
Main Component Materials
Internal Component Materials (Valve Trims)
Sizes, Ratings & Class Selection
Next we can review
EPT 09-T-02 - Valve Selection - ExxonMobil Practice Tutorial (EPT)

supplements the valve requirements by providing tutorial information on valve
selection & application for onshore/ offshore production & processing facilities
Table A– 1: Isolation Valve Characteristic Ratings
Characteristic Gate Valves Ball Valves Plug Butterfly Butterfly
Valves Valves Valves**
EX S W
Piggability E E P* E P P P
Quick Shut-off P P P G G E E
Low Pressure Drop E E E E/G P* G G
Size (Compactness) P P G E G E E
Weight P P G G G/P E E
In-line Maintenance E E G P* E P P
Tight Closure E G G G E G/P E
Resistance to Solids E E G/P P G P* G
Ease of Automating G/P G/P G/P E E/G E E
Comparable Cost P G/P G/P P/G P E G
EX = Expanding Gate E = Excellent Rating
S = Slab Gate G = Good Rating
W = Wedge Gate P = Poor Rating
* Some designs are available that exceed the general rating.

** Triple offset, flexible metal seat type, such as Vanessa and Adams.
46

8-BSB - Selection &amp; Applications of Valves

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Selection & Application of Valves ……………………………………………………………… . . . . . Baljit S.

Selection & Application of Valves

Selection & Application of Valves 1

Selection & Application of Valves

Selection & Application of Valves 3

Preventing Back Flow

Control valves, aptly named, are used solely

Selection & Application of Valves 7

Globe valves are used for control of flow by

Larger globe valves, over three inches,

Selection & Application of Valves 9

Y - Valves - is another modification of the globe valve.

Since the direction of flow lifts the

2: Control Valves Needle Valves

Because fine threads on the needle valve stem require

The use of Needle Valves is significant if the

Selection & Application of Valves 12

Often used as on/off or throttling devices,

3: Quick Opening Valves

Selection & Application of Valves 14

3: Quick Opening Valves

On the lubricated plug valve, a stick of lubricant

Selection & Application of Valves 15

3: Quick Opening Valves

1. The lubricant pressure on the bottom face of the

In many process piping applications, the use

Selection & Application of Valves 16

3: Quick Opening Valves

Plug valves are also built in "multi-port" types.

The construction of the ports in the multi-port plug can be

3: Quick Opening Valves

The solid wedge (knife) disk and the double

The RS gate valve is usually favored

Selection & Application of Valves 21

Pressure Relief Valves

Selection & Application of Valves 22

4: Other Valves Pressure Relief Valves (PRV)

Relief and safety valves should be tested routinely

Also Diaphragm Check Valve

With Piston Lift-Type Check Valve,

Selection & Application of Valves 25

Wafer-type Check Valves

Maintenance of check valves

Selection & Application of Valves 26

5: Special Application Valves

Valves are not designed to fix

Selection & Application of Valves 28

Always blow out or otherwise

Selection & Application of Valves 29

Globe and check valves should be placed so the

Critical specifications pertaining to size,

Selection & Application of Valves 30

Selection & Application of Valves 31

Selection & Application of Valves 32

Selection & Application of Valves 33

6: Valve Selection Guidelines

Selection & Application of Valves 35

7. Valve Types & Applications

Selection & Application of Valves 36

7. Valve Types & Applications

Selection & Application of Valves 37

Selection & Application of Valves 38

Selection & Application of Valves 39

8-BSB - Selection & Applications of Valves

8-BSB - Selection & Applications of Valves