2.2
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, it is still very weak when compared to
INTRAMOLECULAR COVALENT BONDS which require a decent amount of energy to
break. We’ll see that ENERGY is a guiding principle to our understanding of not only
the explicit BOND STRENGTHS that exist INSIDE and BETWEEN MOLECULES, but also
to our understanding of molecular behavior. READ ON, SCHOLAR!
# of Questions: 11
Topics: CHEMISTRY
Time: Will vary: Anywhere from 60-90 minutes
TBCB: NEXT SESSION
Notes/Instructions: CHEMISTRY: Bulk Properties of Gases,
Check these off as we Liquids, and Solids: A Molecular Interpretation
complete them. for the MCAT
PrePacket 2.2
WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the page.
WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the page.
WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the page.
DV
1 �DV � - V
= - � �= DP
V �DP �
Surface tension, as we’ve noted, gives water
The idea is that a sample with a volume V is droplets their spherical shape especially in
subjected to some change in pressure, DP , the presence of air. One way to further
and the resulting change in volume, DV , is understand this is that surface tension
measured. causes the SURFACE OF THE WATER DROPLET
to behave like a weak, elastic skin.
5 Compressibility
a What is the magnitude of the compressibility of a If we ELIMINATE GRAVITY (think
substance that experiences a drop in volume from astronauts in a space craft floating
2 volume units to 1 volume unit because of an around), we observe that liquids FLOAT
increase in pressure of 5 units?
AROUND as spherical drops.
A. 1 1- 2
DV
- -
` B. 2 = 1 = 0.1 P -1 7 Surface Tension
K =0.1V =
DP +5 10
C. 0.2 a Why are spheres the natural shape for liquid
D. 0.05 droplets that experience “internal surface tension?”
E. 0.5 A. Surface tension is not sufficient to create
DV 1 - 4 “cubes” of liquid which are actually more natural
True or False = = 0.75 than spheres.
V 4
` B. Spheres contain the smallest volume for the
T The fractional decrease in volume for smallest surface area of any geometric shape.
compressibility in which a volume drops from 4 to
1 is 0.75 C. Spheres contain the smallest volume for the
largest surface area of any geometric shape.
6 Compressibility D. Spheres contain the largest surface tension for
the smallest surface area of any geometric
a If L, G, and S represent the compressibilities of shape.
liquids, gases, and solids, respectively, which of
the following is most accurate? E. Spheres contain the largest volume for the
smallest surface area of any geometric shape.
The
A. L > G = S only choice that makes sense
is D. Gases are the MOST
` B. L > S =COMPRESSIBLE
G and while liquids True or False
C. G > S > Land solids (S) might not have
(L)
identical compressibilities, they T Surface tension explains why water drops do not
D. G > L = S close enough for D to be the
are completely “spread out” or “flatten” on a surface.
E. S > L =only
G choice that makes sense.
True or False
T Liquids and solids are basically incompressible.
WORD BANK a “multiplier” indicates the word is used THAT MANY TIMES throughout the paragraph.
Thermal expansion coefficients of liquids and solids are much smaller than those for gases.
For example, heating water from 20 oC to 21 oC increases its volume by only 0.0212%. This
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE in thermal expansion between condensed states (solids and
liquids) and gases is justified by strong intermolecular forces in condensed states.
With gases, the MUCH GREATER INTERMOLECULAR SEPARATIONS lead to much weaker
forces (in fact, the gas molecules are so far apart that attractive forces are essentially
negligible). In contrast, INCREASING the volume in a solid or a liquid requires that attractive
forces between each molecule and its neighbors be overcome. Because the intermolecular
distances in a solid or a liquid fall in the range where the intermolecular attractive forces are
STRONGEST, relatively small thermal expansion occurs when the temperature of a solid or
liquid is increased.
The spherical shape of the water droplets is caused by surface tension. We will soon
understand more intimately that surface tension is caused by the intermolecular attractions
among the molecules in the liquid and that the surface tension of water is larger than that of
most other liquids at room temperature.
MCAT PREPARATION – CHEMISTRY
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