Paracetamol Plant Project

INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING OF PARACETAMOL.
EASHAN BHAT (BT17CME025)

UJWAL PIMPALKAR (BT17CME081)
ATHARVA SARODE (BT17CME017)
TANAY PATRE (BT17CME075)
ABHISHEK ADHARE (BT17CME003)
Department of Chemical Engineering.

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project contains the bonafide work of the following students of 2nd year
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, VNIT Nagpur, on the topic “INDUSTRIAL
MANUFACTURING OF PARACETAMOL” under the supervision of DR. SACHIN
MANDAVGANE.
NAME OF STUDENTS ROLL NUMBER

Eashan Bhat BT17CME025
Ujwal Pimpalkar BT17CME081
Atharva Sarode BT17CME017
Tanay Patre BT17CME075
Abhishek Adhare BT17CME003
DR. SACHIN MANDAGAVNE

ASSOCIATE PROFFESOR,
Chemical Engineering Dept.
VNIT, Nagpur.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our esteemed pleasure to present the project report on “Industrial

Manufacturing of Paracetamol”
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our respected professor Dr.
Sachin Mandavgane who helped us a lot in understanding and analysing the
process with a deeper understanding and helped us with utter generosity in every
possible way and put us on a unique journey in learning and thinking differently.
A special thanks to our esteemed seniors whose guidance, selfless assistance and
encouragement, has contributed immensely to our project. We would also like to
appreciate our peers whose assistance cannot be discounted.
THANK YOU, SIR!
Eashan Bhat
Ujwal Pimpalkar
Atharva Sarode
Tanay Patre
Abhishek Adhare
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INDEX
Sr. No. Title Page No.

A Introduction 7
B1 MSDS of Phenol 10
B2 MSDS of Nitrous Acid 15
B3 MSDS of Nitric Acid 20
B4 MSDS of Sodium Borohydride 25
B5 MSDS of Nickel Acetate 28
B6 MSDS of Acetic Anhydride 32
B7 MSDS of Acetonitrile 36
B8 MSDS of Ethanol 41
B9 MSDS of p-nitrophenol 46
B10 MSDS of p-aminophenol 50
B11 MSDS of Acetic Acid 54
B12 MSDS of Paracetamol 60
C Process Description 64
D Plant Design and Calculations 67
E Storage Vessels 70
F Reaction Vessels 77
G Water Jackets 80
H Decanter 83
I Evaporators 84
J Pipes and Pumps 85
K Costs and Profit 87
L Conclusion and Bibliography 88
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INDEX of Diagrams
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Sr. No. Title Page No. Formatted ...
A Schematic Process Flow Diagram for the Plant 64 Formatted ...
B General Schematic Diagram of all Storage Tanks 71 Formatted ...
C General Schematic Diagram of all the Reactors and 77 Formatted ...
Crystallizer Formatted ...
D General Schematic Diagram of all Reactors and Crystallizer 80 Formatted ...
with Water Jacket Formatted ...
E General Schematic Diagram of Decanter 83 Formatted ...
F General Schematic Diagram of Pumps 85 Formatted ...
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INDEX of Tables
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A Details of Chemicals 70 Formatted ...
B1 75 Formatted ...
Specifications of all the Storage Tanks
B2 76 Formatted ...
C General Details of Reactors 77 Formatted ...
D1 79 Formatted ...
D2 Specifications of all the Reactors and Crystallizer 79 Formatted ...
D3 79 Formatted ...
E Details of Water Jacket for all the Reactors and Crystallizer 82 Formatted Table ...
F Specifications of Pumps 86 Formatted ...

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G Costs of all the Chemicals 87
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Section A
Introduction
About
Paracetamol is a commonly used medicine that can help treat pain and reduce a high temperature
(fever). It’s typically used to relieve mild or moderate pain, such as headaches, toothache or sprains,
and reduce fevers caused by illnesses such as colds and flu. Paracetamol is often recommended as
one of the first treatments for pain, as it’s safe for most people to take and side effects are rare.
Types of paracetamol
You can buy most types of paracetamol from supermarkets or pharmacies. Some types are
only available on prescription.
Paracetamol is available as:
• tablets or caplets
• capsules
• liquid – usually for children
• soluble tablets (tablets that dissolve in water to make a drink)
• suppositories (capsules inserted into the back passage)
• an injection given into a vein – normally only used in hospital
In some products, such as cold and flu remedies or certain combination painkillers,
paracetamol is combined with other ingredients.
It may be sold under the name paracetamol, or under various brand names (which may also
contain other ingredients).
Properties of paracetamol
FORMULA C8H9NO2
Molar mass 151.163 g/mol

3D model Interactive image
(Jsmol)
Density 1.263 g/cm3
Melting point 169 °C (336 °F) [9][10]
Boiling point 420 °C (788 °F)
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Uses of paracetamol
Fever
Paracetamol is used for reducing fever in people of all ages. The World Health Organization
recommends that paracetamol be used to treat fever in children only if their temperature is
higher than 38.5 °C (101.3 °F). The efficacy of paracetamol by itself in children with fevers has
been questioned and a meta-analysis showed that it is less effective than ibuprofen.
Paracetamol does not have significant anti-inflammatory effects.
Pain
Paracetamol is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain. The use of the intravenous form for
short-term pain in people in the emergency department is supported by limited evidence.
Osteoarthritis
The American College of Rheumatology recommends paracetamol as one of several treatment

options for people with arthritis pain of the hip, hand, or knee that does not improve with
exercise and weight loss. A 2015 review, however, found it provided only a small benefit in
osteoarthritis.
Paracetamol has relatively little anti-inflammatory activity, unlike other common analgesics
such as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and ibuprofen, but
ibuprofen and paracetamol have similar effects in the treatment of headache. Paracetamol can
relieve pain in mild arthritis, but has no effect on the underlying inflammation, redness, and
swelling of the joint. It has analgesic properties comparable to those of aspirin, while its anti-
inflammatory effects are weaker. It is better tolerated than aspirin due to concerns about
bleeding with aspirin.
Low back pain
Based on a systematic review, paracetamol is recommended by the American Pain Society as

a first-line treatment for low back pain. In contrast, the American College of Physicians found
good evidence for NSAIDs but only fair evidence for paracetamol, while other systematic
reviews have concluded that evidence for its efficacy is lacking entirely.
Headaches
A joint statement of the German, Austrian, and Swiss headache societies and the German
Society of Neurology recommends the use of paracetamol in combination with caffeine as one
of several first-line therapies for treatment of tension or migraine headache. In the treatment of
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acute migraine, it is superior to placebo, with 39% of people experiencing pain relief at 1 hour
compared with 20% in the control group.
Postoperative pain
Paracetamol combined with NSAIDs may be more effective for treating postoperative pain than
either paracetamol or NSAIDs alone.
Dental use
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac are more effective than paracetamol for
controlling dental pain or pain arising from dental procedures; combinations of NSAIDs and
paracetamol are more effective than either alone. Paracetamol is particularly useful when
NSAIDs are contraindicated due to hypersensitivity or history of gastrointestinal ulceration or
bleeding. It can also be used in combination with NSAIDs when these are ineffective in
controlling dental pain alone. The Cochrane review of preoperative analgesics for additional
pain relief in children and adolescents shows no evidence of benefit in taking paracetamol
before dental treatment to help reduce pain after treatment for procedures under local
anesthetic, but the quality of evidence is low.
Other
The efficacy of paracetamol when used in combination with weak opioids (such as codeine)
improved for about 50% of people, but with increases in the number experiencing side effects.
Combination drugs of paracetamol and strong opioids such as morphine improve analgesic
effect.
The combination of paracetamol with caffeine is superior to paracetamol alone for the treatment
of common pain conditions, including dental pain, post-partum pain, and headache.. [46]
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Section B
Material Safety Data Sheets
1.) MSDS of Phenol
Section 1 – Chemical Product and Company Identification

MSDS Name: Phenol Liquid
Catalog Numbers: S93321, A88I-500, A931I-1, A931I-200, A931I-4, A931I-500, S801181,
S801181MF
Synonyms: Carbolic acid; Phenylic acid; Hydroxybenzene; Monohydroxybenzene; Phenyl
hydroxide
Company Identification:
Fisher Scientific
1 Reagent Lane
Fair Lawn, NJ 07410
For information, call: 201-796-7100
Emergency Number: 201-796-7100
For CHEMTREC assistance, call: 800-424-9300
For International CHEMTREC assistance, call: 703-527-3887
Section 2 – Hazards Identification

Appearance: colorless liquid. Flash Point: 79.4 deg C.
Danger! May be fatal if inhaled, absorbed through the skin or swallowed. Causes digestive
and respiratory tract burns. Causes eye and skin burns. Readily absorbed through the skin.
Combustible liquid and vapor. May cause central nervous system depression. May cause
liver and kidney damage. Air sensitive. Light sensitive. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the
air).
Target Organs: Blood, kidneys, central nervous system, liver, eyes, skin.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with liquid or vapor causes severe burns and possible irreversible eye damage.
Skin: May be fatal if absorbed through the skin. Direct skin contact results in white, wrinkled
discoloration, followed by severe burns. Phenol may be absorbed through the skin rapidly to
cause systemic poisoning and possible death due to effects on the CNS system, heart, blood
vessels, lungs and kidneys.
Ingestion: May cause liver and kidney damage. May cause central nervous system
depression, characterized by excitement, followed by headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and
nausea. Advanced stages may cause collapse, unconsciousness, coma and possible death
due to respiratory failure. May cause perforation of the digestive tract. Causes digestive tract
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burns with immediate pain, swelling of the throat, convulsions, and possible coma.
Methemoglobinemia is characterized by dizziness, drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath,
cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), rapid heart
rate and chocolate-brown colored blood. Overexposure may cause methemoglobinemia.
Human fatalities have been reported from acute poisoning. May cause cardiac abnormalities.
Inhalation: Causes severe irritation of upper respiratory tract with coughing, burns, breathing
difficulty, and possible coma. May be fatal if exposed to high concentrations. Aspiration may
lead to pulmonary edema. May also cause pallor, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
weakness, darkened urine, headache, sweating, convulsions, cyanosis (bluish skin due to
deficient oxygenation of the blood), unconsciousness, fatigue, pulmonary edema & coma.
Inhalation at high concentrations may cause CNS depression and - 11 -rosion- 11 -ely- 11 -.
Chronic: Chronic inhalation and ingestion may cause effects similar to those of acute
inhalation and ingestion. May cause reproductive and fetal effects. Effects may be delayed.
Laboratory experiments have resulted in mutagenic effects. Repeated skin contact may cause
dermatitis with dark pigmentation of the skin. Animal studies have reported the development of
tumors. Chronic exposures have been reported to cause death from liver and kidney.
Section 3 – First Aid Measures

Eyes: Get medical aid immediately. Do NOT allow victim to rub eyes or keep eyes closed.
Extensive irrigation with water is required (at least 30 minutes).
Skin: Get medical aid immediately. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Discard contaminated clothing in a
manner which limits further exposure. SPEEDY ACTION IS CRITICAL! Destroy contaminated
shoes. NOTIFIED AT ONCE.
Inhalation: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If breathing is difficult,
give oxygen. Do NOT use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If breathing has ceased apply artificial
respiration using oxygen and a suitable mechanical device such as a bag and a mask. SPEED
IS ESSENTIAL, OBTAIN MEDICAL AID IMMEDIATELY.
Notes to Physician: Persons with liver or kidney disease should not be exposed to phenol for
any length of time.
Section 4 – Fire Fighting Measures

General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-
demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire,
irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion.
Vapors may be heavier than air. They can spread along the ground and collect in low or
confined areas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff from fire control or dilution water
may cause pollution. Combustible liquid and vapor.
Extinguishing Media: In case of fire, use water, dry chemical, chemical foam, or alcohol-
resistant foam. Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers.
Flash Point: 79.4 deg C ( 174.92 deg F)
Autoignition Temperature: 715 deg C ( 1,319.00 deg F)
Explosion Limits, Lower:1.8
Upper: 8.6
NFPA Rating: (estimated) Health: 4; Flammability: 2; Instability: 0
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Section 5 – Fire Fighting Measures
General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-
demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire,
irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion.
Vapors may be heavier than air. They can spread along the ground and collect in low or
confined areas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff from fire control or dilution water
may cause pollution. Combustible liquid and vapor.
Extinguishing Media: In case of fire, use water, dry chemical, chemical foam, or alcohol-
resistant foam. Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers.
Flash Point: 79.4 deg C ( 174.92 deg F)
Auto ignition Temperature: 715 deg C ( 1,319.00 deg F)
Explosion Limits, Lower:1.8
Upper: 8.6
NFPA Rating: (estimated) Health: 4; Flammability: 2; Instability: 0
Section 6 – Accidental Release Measures

General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.
Spills/Leaks: Absorb spill with inert material (e.g. vermiculite, sand or earth), then place in
suitable container. Avoid runoff into storm sewers and ditches which lead to waterways. Clean
up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Remove all
sources of ignition. Use a spark-proof tool. Provide ventilation.
Section 7 – Handling and Storage

Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before
reuse. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Empty containers retain product residue,
(liquid and/or vapor), and can be dangerous. Keep container tightly closed. Keep away from
heat, sparks and flame. Do not ingest or inhale. Store protected from light. Use only in a
chemical fume hood. Discard contaminated shoes. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder,
drill, grind, or expose empty containers to heat, sparks or open flames.
Storage: Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Keep away from sources of ignition. Store
in a cool, dry place. Keep container closed when not in use. Store in a tightly closed container.
Keep from contact with oxidizing materials. Store protected from moisture. Store protected
from light.
Section 8 – Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical State: Liquid
Appearance: colorless
Odor: sweetish odor
pH: 6 aqueous solution.
Vapor Pressure: .35 mm Hg @25 deg C
Vapor Density: 3.2
Evaporation Rate:<0.01 (butyl acetate=1)
Viscosity: 1.51 cp@80 deg C
Boiling Point: 182 deg C
Freezing/Melting Point:42.8 deg C
Decomposition Temperature: Not available.
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Solubility: 6.75% in water
Specific Gravity/Density: 1.0576
Molecular Formula: C6H5OH
Molecular Weight: 94.1
Section 8 – Exposure Controls, Personal Protection

Engineering Controls: Use explosion-proof ventilation equipment. Facilities storing or utilizing
this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use adequate
general or local exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations below the permissible
exposure limits.
Exposure Limits
Chemical Name ACGIH NIOSH OSHA – Final PELs
5 ppm TWA; Skin –
potential significant 5 ppm TWA; 19
5 ppm TWA; 19
Phenol contribution to overall mg/m3 TWA 250 ppm
mg/m3 TWA
exposure by the IDLH
cutaneous r oute
Water none listed none listed none listed
Oxalic acid, dihydrate none listed none listed none listed
OSHA Vacated PELs: Phenol: 5 ppm TWA; 19 mg/m3 TWA Water: No OSHA Vacated PELs
are listed for this chemical. Oxalic acid, dihydrate: No OSHA Vacated PELs are listed for this
chemical.
Personal Protective Equipment
Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by
OSHA’s eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard
EN166.
Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators: A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA’s 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI
Z88.2 requirements or European Standard EN 149 must be followed whenever workplace
conditions warrant respirator use.
Section 9 – Stability and Reactivity

Chemical Stability: Stable.
Conditions to Avoid: Light, ignition sources, excess heat, exposure to moist air or water.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, isocyanates, acetaldehyde,
calcium hypochlorite, peroxomonosulfuric acid, nitrobenzene, sodium nitrite, aluminum
chloride, peroxydisulfuric acid, 1,3-butadiene, boron trifluoride diethyl ether.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported.
Section 10 – Toxicological Information
RTECS#:
CAS# 108-95-2: SJ3325000
CAS# 7732-18-5: ZC0110000
CAS# 6153-56-6 unlisted.
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LD50/LC50:
CAS# 108-95-2:
Draize test, rabbit, eye: 5 mg Severe;
Draize test, rabbit, skin: 500 mg/24H Severe;
Draize test, rabbit, skin: 100 mg Mild;
Inhalation, mouse: LC50 = 177 mg/m3;
Inhalation, mouse: LC50 = 177 mg/m3/4H;
Inhalation, rat: LC50 = 316 mg/m3;
Inhalation, rat: LC50 = 316 mg/m3/4H;
Oral, mouse: LD50 = 270 mg/kg;
Oral, rat: LD50 = 317 mg/kg;
Oral, rat: LD50 = 512 mg/kg;
Skin, rabbit: LD50 = 630 mg/kg;
Skin, rat: LD50 = 669 mg/kg;
Skin, rat: LD50 = 1500 mg/kg;
CAS# 7732-18-5:
Oral, rat: LD50 = >90 mL/kg;
CAS# 6153-56-6:
Carcinogenicity:
CAS# 108-95-2: Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65.
Epidemiology: The predominant acute action of a toxic dose of phenol in man appears to be
to the central nervous system, leading to sudden collapse and unconsciousness.
Teratogenicity: Oral, rat: TDLo = 1200 mg/kg (female 6-15 day(s) after conception) Effects on
Embryo or Fetus – fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus).; Oral, mouse: TDLo = 4
gm/kg (female 6-15 day(s) after conception) Specific Developmental Abnormalities –
musculoskeletal system.
Reproductive Effects: Oral, rat: TDLo = 300 mg/kg (female 6-15 day(s) after conception)
Fertility – post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of
implants).
Mutagenicity: Mutation Test Systems – not otherwise specified: Human, HeLa cell = 17 mg/L.;
DNA Inhibition: Human, HeLa cell = 1 mmol/L.; Mutation Test Systems – not otherwise
specified: Human, Lymphocyte = 5 umol/L.; Sister Chromatid Exchange: Human, Lymphocyte
= 5 umol/L.
Neurotoxicity: No information found
Section 11 – Disposal Considerations

Chemical waste generators must determine whether a discarded chemical is classified as a
hazardous waste. US EPA guidelines for the classification determination are listed in 40 CFR
Parts 261.3. Additionally, waste generators must consult state and local hazardous waste
regulations to ensure complete and accurate classification.
RCRA P-Series: None listed.
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RCRA U-Series:
CAS# 108-95-2: waste number U188.
2.) MSDS of Nitrous Acid
Section 1 – Chemical Product and Company Identification
Preferred IUPAC name Nitrous acid

Systematic IUPAC name Hydroxidooxidonitrogen
Identifiers
CAS Number 7782-77-6
3D model (Jsmol) Interactive image
3Dmet B00022
ChEBI CHEBI:25567
ChEMBL ChEMBL1161681
ChemSpider 22936
ECHA Info Card 100.029.057
EC Number 231-963-7
Gmelin Reference 983
KEGG C00088
Mesh Nitrous acid
PubChem CID 24529
Properties
Chemical formula HNO2
Molar mass 47.013 g/mol

Appearance Pale blue solution
Density Approx. 1 g/ml
Melting point Only known in solution
Acidity (pKa) 3.398
Conjugate base Nitrite
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Section 2: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact
(irritant, corrosive), of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer).
Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of
eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray
mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking,
or shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure may result in skin burns and ulcerations. Over-
exposure by inhalation may cause respiratory irritation. Severe over-exposure can result in
death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin
inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Section 3: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush
eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention
immediately.
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an
emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an
anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing
is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight
clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the
victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may be hazardous
to the person providing aid to
give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed,
call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 4: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
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Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: of combustible materials
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Explosive in presence of reducing
materials, of metals, of alkalis. Slightly explosive in presence of combustible materials. Non-
explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Flammable in presence of cellulose or other combustible
materials. Phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, selenide all ignite when fuming nitric acid is dripped into
gas. Phosphine ignites in concentrated nitric acid. Nickel tetraphosphide ignites with fuming nitric
acid. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. A jet of ammonia will ignite nitric
acid vapor. Cellulose may be converted to the highly flammable nitrate ester on contact with the
vapor of nitric acid as well as the liquid itself.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards : Reacts with metallic powders, carbides, cyanides,
sulfides, alkalies and turpentine. Can react explosively with many reducing agents. Arsine,
phosphine, tetraborane all oxidized explosively in presence of nitric acid. Cesium and rubidium
acetylides explode in contact with nitric acid. Explosive reaction with Nitric Acid +
Nitrobenzene + water. Detonation with Nitric Acid + 4-Methylcyclohexane. The addition of
warm fuming nitric acid to phosphine causes explosion. Addition of water to nitration mixture
diluted with an equal volume of water can cause a low order explosion. Cyclopentadiene
reacts explosively with fuming nitric acid. Mixtures of fuming nitric acid and acetonitrile are
high explosives.
Section 5: Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill: Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an
appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution
of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill: Corrosive liquid. Oxidizing material. Poisonous liquid. Stop leak if without risk.
Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside
container. Avoid contact with a combustible material (wood, paper, oil, clothing…). Keep
substance damp using water spray. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to
divert vapor drift. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or
confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a
dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration
level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
Section 6: Handling and Storage

Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Keep away from heat. Keep away from
sources of ignition. Keep away from combustible material.. Do not ingest. Do not breathe
gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear
suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as
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reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids, alkalis, moisture. May
corrode metallic surfaces. Store in a metallic or coated fiberboard drum using a strong
polyethylene inner package.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Separate
from acids, alkalies, reducing agents and combustibles. See NFPA 43A, Code for the Storage
of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers. Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
Section 7: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the
airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective threshold limit value. Ensure that
eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection: Face shield. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Boots.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator.
Boots. Gloves. A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the
product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE
handling this product.
Exposure Limits: TWA: 2 STEL: 4 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] TWA: 2 STEL: 4
from OSHA (PEL) [United States] Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
Section 8: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Liquid.
Odor: Acrid. Disagreeable and choking. (Strong.)
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: Not applicable.
Color: Colorless to light yellow.
pH (1% soln/water): Acidic.
Boiling Point: 121°C (249.8°F)
Melting Point: -41.6°C (-42.9°F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.408 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 6 kPa (@ 20°C)
Vapor Density: 2.5 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: 0.29 ppm
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether.
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Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in diethyl ether.
Section 9: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Highly reactive with alkalis. Reactive with reducing
agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids.
Corrosivity: Extremely corrosive in presence of aluminum, of copper, of brass. Non-corrosive
in presence of glass, of stainless steel(304), of stainless steel(316)
Special Remarks on Reactivity: A strong oxidizer. Reacts violently with alcohol, organic
material, turpene, charcoal. Violent reaction with Nitric acid + Acetone and Sulfuric acid.
Incompatible with combustible materials, metallic powders, hydrogen sulfide, carbides,
aldehydes, cyanides, chromic acid, hydrogen sulfide, metals, metal powders, organic solvents,
acetic acid, alcohols. Nitric Acid will react with water or steam to produce heat and toxic,
corrosive and flammable vapors. (Nitric acid, fuming)
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: In presence of traces of oxides, it attacks all base metals
except aluminum and special chromium steels. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and
coatings. Nitric Acid corrodes almost all metals except gold, and white gold, forming nitrates. No
corrosive effect on bronze. No corrosivity data for zinc, and steel
Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 10: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Chronic Effects on Humans: Contains material which may cause damage to the following
organs: lungs, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, teeth.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Extremely hazardous in case of inhalation (lung corrosive).
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact
(corrosive), of ingestion, .
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: LDL – Lowest Published Lethal Dose
[Human] – Route: Oral; Dose: 430 mg/kg (Nitric acid, fuming)
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May cause adverse reproductive effects
based on animal data (effects on newfborn, fetotoxicity)
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin:
Severely irritates skin. Causes skin burns and may cause deep and penetrating ulcers of the
skin with a characteristic yellow to brownish discoloration. May be fatal if absorbed through
skin. Eyes: Severely irritates eyes. Causes eye burns. May cause irreversible eye injury.
Ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed. Causes serious gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns
with nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, and possible “coffee grounds” appearance of
the vomitus . May cause perforation of the digestive tract. Inhalation: May be fatal if inhaled.
[- 19 -]
Vapor is extremely hazardous. Vapor may cause nitrous gas poisoning. Effects may be
delayed. May cause irritation of the mucous membranes and respiratory tract with burning pain
in the nose and throat, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary
edema. Other symptoms may include nausea, and vomiting. Chronic Potential Health Effects:
Repeated inhalation may produce changes in pulmonary function and/or chronic bronchitis. It
may also affect behavior (headache, dizziness, drowsiness, muscle contaction or spasticity,
weakness, loss of coordinaton, mental confusion), and urinary system (kidney - 20 -rosion,
decreased urinary output after several hours of uncorrected circulatory collapse). Repeated
exposure may cause discoloration and/or corrosion of teeth (dental enamel). Eye irritation and
respiratory tract signs and symptoms resembling those of frequent upper respiratory viral
infections have been associated with chronic nitric acid exposure.
3.) MSDS of Nitric Acid
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: Nitric acid, 70% Contact Information:

Sciencelab.com, Inc.
Catalog Codes: SLN1963, SLN1549
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: Mixture. Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-
RTECS: Not applicable. 7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water; Nitric acid, fuming
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not applicable.
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: Nitric Acid, 70% 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Not applicable. International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: Not
applicable. For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant,
permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of
inhalation (lung sensitizer). Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on
mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns.
Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by
coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure may result in skin burns and
ulcerations. Over-exposure by inhalation may cause respiratory irritation. Severe over-exposure
[- 20 -]
can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching.
Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.

eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention
immediately.
emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
to the person providing aid to
give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive.
Seek immediate medical attention.
anything
by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a
physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: of combustible materials
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Explosive in presence of reducing
materials, of metals, of alkalis. Slightly explosive in presence of combustible materials. Non-
explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
[- 21 -]
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Flammable in presence of cellulose or other combustible
materials. Phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, selenide all ignite when fuming nitric acid is dripped into
gas. Phosphine ignites in concentrated nitric acid. Nickel tetraphosphide ignites with fuming nitric
acid. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. A jet of ammonia will ignite nitric
acid vapor. Cellulose may be converted to the highly flammable nitrate ester on contact with the
vapor of nitric acid as well as the liquid itself.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards : Reacts - 22 -rosion- 22 -ely with metallic
powders, carbides, cyanides, sulfides, alkalies and turpentine. Can react explosively with
many reducing agents. Arsine, phosphine, tetraborane all oxidized explosively in presence of
nitric acid. Cesium and rubidium acetylides explode in contact with nitric acid. Explosive
reaction with Nitric Acid + Nitrobenzene + water. Detonation with Nitric Acid + 4-
Methylcyclohexane. The addition of warm fuming nitric acid to phosphine causes explosion.
Addition of water to nitration mixture diluted with an equal volume of water can cause a low
order explosion. Cyclopentadiene reacts explosively with fuming nitric acid. Mixtures of fuming
nitric acid and acetonitrile are high explosives.

appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution
of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill: Corrosive liquid. Oxidizing material. Poisonous liquid. Stop leak if without risk.
Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside
container. Avoid contact with a combustible material (wood, paper, oil, clothing…). Keep
substance damp using water spray. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to
divert vapor drift. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or
confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a
dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration
level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Keep away from heat. Keep away from
sources of ignition. Keep away from combustible material.. Do not ingest. Do not breathe
gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear
suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as
reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids, alkalis, moisture. May
corrode metallic surfaces. Store in a metallic or coated fiberboard drum using a strong
polyethylene inner package.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Separate
from acids, alkalies, reducing agents and combustibles. See NFPA 43A, Code for the Storage
of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers. Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
[- 22 -]
Boots. Gloves. A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the
Exposure Limits: TWA: 2 STEL: 4 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] TWA: 2 STEL: 4
from OSHA (PEL) [United States] Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Odor: Acrid. Disagreeable and choking. (Strong.)
Molecular Weight: Not applicable.
Color: Colorless to light yellow.
pH (1% soln/water): Acidic.
Vapor Pressure: 6 kPa (@ 20°C)
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in diethyl ether.

Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances:
[- 23 -]
Highly reactive with alkalis. Reactive with reducing agents, combustible materials, organic
materials, metals, acids.
Corrosivity: Extremely corrosive in presence of aluminum, of copper, of brass. Non-corrosive
in presence of glass, of stainless steel(304), of stainless steel(316)
Special Remarks on Reactivity: A strong oxidizer. Reacts violently with alcohol, organic
material, turpene, charcoal. Violent reaction with Nitric acid + Acetone and Sulfuric acid.
Incompatible with combustible materials, metallic powders, hydrogen sulfide, carbides,
aldehydes, cyanides, chromic acid, hydrogen sulfide, metals, metal powders, organic solvents,
acetic acid, alcohols. Nitric Acid will react with water or steam to produce heat and toxic,
corrosive and flammable vapors. (Nitric acid, fuming)
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: In presence of traces of oxides, it attacks all base metals
except aluminum and special chromium steels. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and
coatings. Nitric Acid corrodes almost all metals except gold, and white gold, forming nitrates. No
corrosive effect on bronze. No corrosivity data for zinc, and steel.

Chronic Effects on Humans: Contains material which may cause damage to the following
organs: lungs, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, teeth.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Extremely hazardous in case of inhalation (lung corrosive).
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive),
of ingestion.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: LDL – Lowest Published Lethal Dose [Human]
– Route: Oral; Dose: 430 mg/kg (Nitric acid, fuming)
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May cause adverse reproductive effects
based on animal data (effects on newborn, fetotoxicity)
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin:
Severely irritates skin. Causes skin burns and may cause deep and penetrating ulcers of the
skin with a characteristic yellow to brownish discoloration. May be fatal if absorbed through skin.
Eyes: Severely irritates eyes. Causes eye burns. May cause irreversible eye injury. Ingestion:
May be fatal if swallowed. Causes serious gastrointestinal tract irritation or burns with nausea,
vomiting, severe abdominal pain, and possible “coffee grounds” appearance of the vomitus .
May cause perforation of the digestive tract. Inhalation: May be fatal if inhaled. Vapor is
extremely hazardous. Vapor may cause nitrous gas poisoning. Effects may be delayed. May
cause irritation of the mucous membranes and respiratory tract with burning pain in the nose
and throat, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary edema. Other
symptoms may include nausea, and vomiting. Chronic Potential Health Effects: Repeated
inhalation may produce changes in pulmonary function and/or chronic bronchitis. It may also
affect behavior (headache, dizziness, drowsiness, muscle contaction or spasticity, weakness,
loss of coordinaton, mental confusion), and urinary system (kidney corrosion, decreased urinary
output after several hours of uncorrected circulatory collapse). Repeated exposure may cause
discoloration and/or corrosion of teeth (dental enamel). Eye irritation and respiratory tract signs
[- 24 -]
and symptoms resembling those of frequent upper respiratory viral infections have been
associated with chronic nitric acid exposure..
4.) MSDS of Sodium Borohydride
Section 1: General
Synonyms: sodium tetrahydridoborate, sodium tetrahydroborate
Molecular formula: NaBH4
CAS No: 16940-66-2
EINECS No: 241-004-4

Potential Acute Health Effects: Extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye
contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive).
The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal
damage or blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust
will produce irritation to gastro-intestinal or respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing
and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or
death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin
Potential Chronic Health Effects:Extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye
contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive).
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.
Repeated exposure of the eyes to a low level of dust can produce eye irritation. Repeated skin
exposure can produce local skin destruction, or dermatitis. Repeated inhalation of dust can
produce varying degree of respiratory irritation or lung damage. Repeated exposure to an highly
toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many
human organs. Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to chronic respiratory
irritation.

Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running
water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Do not use an eye
ointment. Seek medical attention.
Skin Contact: If the chemical got onto the clothed portion of the body, remove the contaminated
clothes as quickly as possible, protecting your own hands and body. Place the victim under a
deluge shower.
If the chemical got on the victim’s exposed skin, such as the hands : Gently and thoroughly
wash the contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap. Be particularly careful
to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cold water may be used. If irritation persists, seek
medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
[- 25 -]
Inhalation: Allow the victim to rest in a well ventilated area. Seek immediate medical attention.
to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is
toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. Examine the lips and mouth to ascertain whether the tissues
are damaged, a possible indication that the toxic material was ingested; the absence of such
signs, however, is not conclusive. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Section 4 : Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Flammable.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not available.
Flash Points: Not available.
Flammable Limits: Not available.
Products of Combustion: Some metallic oxides.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not available.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
Presence of static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable solid. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical
powder. LARGE FIRE: Use water spray or fog. Cool containing vessels with water jet in order
to prevent pressure build-up, autoignition or explosion.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.

Precautions: Keep locked up Keep container dry. Keep away from heat. Keep away from
sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe
dust. Never add water to this product In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
equipment If ingested, seek
medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and
eyes Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis, moisture.
[- 26 -]
Storage: Flammable materials should be stored in a separate safety storage cabinet or room.
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Keep container tightly closed. Keep
in a cool, well-ventilated place. Ground all equipment containing material. Keep container dry.
Keep in a cool place.

Engineering Controls: Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering
controls to keep airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If user operations generate
dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants below the
exposure limit.
Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor and dust respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor and dust
respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a
specialist BEFORE handling this product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.

Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Extremely reactive or incompatible with oxidizing
agents, acids, alkalis, moisture. The product reacts violently with water to emit flammable but
non toxic gases.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: No.
Section 8: Physical data
Appearance: white crystals or powder

Melting point: ca. 400 C (decomposes)
Vapor density: 1.3 (air = 1)
Density (g cm-3): 1.07
Auto ignition temperature: 220 C
Water solubility: 550 g/L at 25 C
[- 27 -]
Stability: Stable, but reacts readily with water (reaction may be violent). Incompatible with
water, oxidizing agents, carbon dioxide, hydrogen halides, acids, palladium, ruthenium and
other metal salts, glass. Flammable solid. Air-sensitive.
Section 9: Toxicology
Toxic by ingestion. Risk of serious internal burns if ingested. Harmful if inhaled and in contact
with skin. May cause burns or severe irritation in contact with skin or eyes.
Toxicity data
ORL-RAT LD50 89 mg kg-1
SKN-RBT LD50 4000 mg kg-1
IPR-RAT LD50 18 mg kg-1
Risk phrases
R15 R25 R34.
Section 10: Transport information

UN No. 1426. IATA class 4.3. IATA packing group 1. Adr No 43/16A.
Personal protection
Safety glasses, gloves, adequate ventilation.
5.) MSDS of Nickel Acetate
SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking

1.1 Product identifiers
Product name : Nickel Acetate
CAS-No. : 6018-89-9
1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Identified uses : Laboratory chemicals, Industrial & for professional use only.
1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
Company: Central Drug House (P) Ltd 7/28 Vardaan House New Delhi-10002 INDIA
Telephone : +91 11 49404040
Email : care@cdhfinechemical.com
1.4 Emergency telephone number
[- 28 -]
Emergency Phone +91 11 49404040 (9:00am – 6:00 pm)
# : [Office hours]
SECTION 2: Hazards identification

Classification according to Regulation (EC) No
1272/2008 Carcinogenicity, Inhalation (Category 1A),
H350i
Germ cell mutagenicity (Category 2), H341
Reproductive toxicity (Category 1B), H360
Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure (Category 1), H372
Acute toxicity, Inhalation (Category 4), H332
Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 4), H302
Respiratory sensitization (Category 1), H334
Skin sensitization (Category 1), H317
Acute aquatic toxicity (Category 1), H400
Chronic aquatic toxicity (Category 1), H410

Skin Contact: After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. Gently and
thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap. Be
particularly careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cold water may be used. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Wash
contaminated clothing before reusing.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. Examine the lips and mouth to ascertain whether the tissues
are damaged, a possible indication that the toxic material was ingested; the absence of such
signs, however, is not conclusive. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate medical
attention.

[- 29 -]
Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2). Some metallic
oxides.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE
FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and
irritating fumes.

Small Spill: Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal
container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of
according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill: Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish
cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the
sanitary system. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV.
Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Precautions: Keep locked up Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty
containers pose a fire risk, evaporate the residue under a fume hood. Ground all equipment
containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear
suitable respiratory equipment If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, acids.
Storage: Keep container dry. Keep in a cool place. Ground all equipment containing material.
Carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic materials should be stored in a separate locked safety
storage cabinet or room.

[- 30 -]
exposure limit.
Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots.
Gloves. A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product.
Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: TWA: 0.1 (mg/m3) Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Powdered solid.)
Odor: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 176.8 g/mole
Color: Green.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff. Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, methanol.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water, methanol. Insoluble in diethyl ether, n-
octanol.

Routes of Entry: Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 350 mg/kg [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A1 (Confirmed for
human.) by ACGIH, 1 (Proven for human.) by IARC, + (PROVEN) by OSHA. Classified 2
(Reasonably anticipated.) by NTP.
[- 31 -]
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Very hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation.
Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Will cause dermatitis.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Material is irritating to mucous
membranes and upper respiratory tract.
6.) MSDS of Acetic Anhydride.

Product Name: Acetic Contact Information:
anhydride
Catalog Codes: SLA1693 Sciencelab.com,
Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 108-24-7
Houston, Texas
77396
RTECS: AK1925000 US Sales: 1-800-901-
7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-
4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Acetic anhydride
CI#: Not available. Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone),
Synonym: call:
1-800-424-9300
Chemical Formula: International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-
(CH3CO)2) 3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-
441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight
Acetic anhydride 108-24-7 100
[- 32 -]
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Acetic anhydride: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 1780 mg/kg
[Rat]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 4000 mg/kg [Rabbit].

Potential Acute Health Effects:
Extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of
inhalation. Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive). Hazardous in case of skin contact
(permeator).
Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous membranes of eyes,
mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may
produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness
of breath. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin
Potential Chronic Health Effects: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY: Not available. The substance is toxic to lungs, mucous membranes. Repeated or
prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated or
prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation.
Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to
frequent attacks of bronchial infection.

eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.
emollient. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention immediately.
[- 33 -]
Auto-Ignition Temperature: 316°C (600.8°F)
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 49°C (120.2°F). OPEN CUP: 51°C (123.8°F).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 2.7% UPPER: 10.3%
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Flammable in presence of heat.
presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in presence of
static discharge: Not available.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable liquid. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical
powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray or fog. Cool containing vessels with water
jet in order to prevent pressure build-up, autoignition or explosion.

Small Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste
disposal.
Large Spill: Flammable liquid. Corrosive liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources
of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible
material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain
to divert vapor drift. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call
for assistance on disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level
above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Precautions: Keep container dry. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition.
Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray.
Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Storage: Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated
area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of
ignition (spark or flame).

[- 34 -]
Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the
Exposure Limits: TWA: 5 TWA: 20 Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Odor: Strong.
Taste: Strong.
Color: Light.
Boiling Point: 139.9°C (283.8°F)
Melting Point: -73.1 (-99.6°F)
Vapor Pressure: 0.5 kPa (@ 20°C)
Dispersion Properties: Not available.
Solubility: Not available.

Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur
[- 35 -]
Toxicity to Animals: WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON
THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 1780 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute
dermal toxicity (LD50): 4000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 1000 4 hours
[Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: Causes damage to the following organs: lungs, mucous
membranes.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Extremely hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of
ingestion, . Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive). Hazardous in case of skin contact
(permeator), of eye contact (corrosive), of inhalation (lung corrosive).
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.
7.) MSDS of Acetonitrile

Product Name: Contact Information:
Acetonitrile
Catalog Codes: SLA3625, SLA1279, Sciencelab.com,
SLA1942 Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 75-05-8
Houston, Texas
77396
RTECS: AL7700000 US Sales: 1-800-
901-7247
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Acetonitrile International Sales: 1-281-
441-4400
Order Online:
[- 36 -]
CI#: Not applicable. ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency
Synonym: Methyl Telephone), call:
Cyanide 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-
Acetonitrile 3887
Chemical Formula: For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-
CH3CN 441-4400

Composition:
Acetonitrile 75-05-8 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Acetonitrile: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 2460 mg/kg [Rat.]. 269
mg/kg [Mouse]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 1250 mg/kg [Rabbit.].

Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact
(irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator).
Severe over-exposure can result in death.
TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male
[SUSPECTED]. The substance is toxic to blood, kidneys, lungs, liver, mucous membranes,
gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, central nervous system (CNS). The
substance may be toxic to the reproductive system. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the
substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material
may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human organs.

water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Get medical
attention.
[- 37 -]
emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.

Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 2°C (35.6°F). OPEN CUP: 5.6°C (42.1°F) (Cleveland).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 4.4% UPPER: 16%
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Highly flammable in presence of
open flames and sparks, of heat, of oxidizing materials.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water.
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray or fog.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Store under nitrogen.

appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill: Flammable liquid. Poisonous liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from
sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-
[- 38 -]
combustible material. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use
water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike
if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Be careful that the product is not present at a
concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.

Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition.
Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis,
moisture.
ignition (spark or flame). Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).

Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
Exposure Limits: TWA: 40 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1999] STEL: 60 from
ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1999] TWA: 20 (ppm) from NIOSH TWA: 40 STEL: 60 (ppm) from
OSHA (PEL) [United States] Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Physical state and appearance: Liquid. (Liquid.)
Odor: Aromatic; Ether-like (Strong.)
Taste: Burning, sweetish
Color: Colorless.
PH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]
Boiling Point: 81.6 (178.9°F)
Melting Point: -46°C (-50.8°F)
[- 39 -]
Vapor Pressure: 9.7kPa (@ 20°C)
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff: Not available.
Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water, methanol.

Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents,
acids, alkalis, moisture.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: High dielectric constant; high polarity; strongly reactive.

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 269 mg/kg [Mouse]. Acute
dermal toxicity (LD50): 1250 mg/kg [Rabbit.]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 7551 8 hours
[Rat.].
Chronic Effects on Humans: DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive

system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male [SUSPECTED]. Causes damage to the
following organs: blood, kidneys, lungs, liver, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, upper
respiratory tract, skin, eyes, central nervous system (CNS). May cause damage to the
following organs: the reproductive system.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of
inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator).
[- 40 -]
membranes and upper..
8.) MSDS of Ethanol

Product Name: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof
Catalog Codes: SLE2248, SLE1357
CAS#: 64-17-5
RTECS: KQ6300000
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof
Synonym: Ethanol; Absolute Ethanol; Alcohol; Ethanol 200 proof; Ethyl Alcohol, Anhydrous;
Ethanol, undenatured; Dehydrated Alcohol; Alcohol
Chemical Name: Ethyl Alcohol
Chemical Formula: CH3CH2OH
Contact Information: Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd. Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: 1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Composition:
Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof 64-17-5 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 7060 mg/kg
[Rat]. 3450 mg/kg [Mouse].
VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 20000 ppm 8 hours [Rat]. 39000 mg/m 4 hours [Mouse].
Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact
(irritant), of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator), of ingestion.
Potential Chronic Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer).
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or
[- 41 -]
yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN for human. DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY: Classified Development toxin [PROVEN]. Classified Reproductive
system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE]. The substance is toxic to
blood, the reproductive system, liver, upper respiratory tract, skin, central nervous system (CNS).
Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.

attention.
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated
skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash
clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention.
anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention.
is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing
such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is
not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek medical attention.
anything By mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or
waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.

Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 12.78°C (55°F). OPEN CUP: 17.78°C (64°F) (Cleveland).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 3.3% UPPER: 19%
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Highly flammable in presence of open
flames and sparks, of heat. Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of oxidizing materials.
presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of open flames and
sparks, of heat, of oxidizing materials, of acids.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL
FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray or fog.
[- 42 -]
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Containers should be grounded. CAUTION: MAY BURN
WITH NEAR INVISIBLE FLAME Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition
and flash back. May form explosive mixtures with air. Contact with Bromine pentafluoride is likely
to cause fire or explosion. Ethanol ignites on contact with chromyl chloride. Ethanol ignites on
contact with iodine heptafluoride gas. It ignites than explodes upon contact with nitrosyl
perchlorate. Additon of platinum black catalyst caused ignition.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Ethanol has an explosive reaction with the oxidized
coating around potassium metal. Ethanol ignites and then explodes on contact with acetic
anhydride + sodium hydrosulfate (ignites and may explode), disulfuric acid + nitric acid,
phosphorous(III) oxide platinum, potassium-tert-butoxide+ acids. Ethanol forms explosive
products in reaction with the following compound ammonia + silver nitrate (forms silver nitride
and silver fulminate), iodine + phosphorus (forms ethane iodide), magnesium perchlorate (forms
ethyl perchlorate), mercuric nitrate, nitric acid + silver (forms silver fulminate) silver nitrate (forms
ethyl nitrate) silver(I) oxide + ammonia or hydrazine (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate),
sodium (evolves hydrogen gas). Sodium Hydrazide + alcohol can produce an explosion.
Alcohols should not be mixed with mercuric nitrate, as explosive mercuric fulminate may be
formed. May form explosive mixture with manganese perchlorate + 2,2-dimethoxypropane.
Addition of alcohols to highly concentrate hydrogen peroxide forms powerful explosives.
Explodes on contact with calcium hypochlorite

appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill: Flammable liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop
leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not touch
spilled material. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Be
careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the
MSDS and with local authorities.

Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition.
Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, acids,
alkalis, moisture.
ignition (spark or flame). Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
[- 43 -]
Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Use a respirator if the exposure limit is
exceeded.
Exposure Limits: TWA: 1900 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 1000 (ppm)
from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 1900 (mg/m3) from NIOSH [United States] TWA: 1000
(ppm) from NIOSH [United States] TWA: 1000 (ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 1920 (mg/m3)
[United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 1000 STEL: 1250 (ppm) [Canada]Consult local authorities for
acceptable exposure limits.
Physical state and appearance: Liquid. (Liquid.)

Odor: Mild to strong, rather pleasant; like wine or whiskey. Alcohol-like; Ethereal, vinour.
Taste: Pungent. Burning.
Color: Colorless. Clear

Critical Temperature: 243°C (469.4°F)
Odor Threshold: 100 ppm
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in water; log(oil/water) = -0.3
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, methanol, diethyl ether, acetone.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, acetone.
[- 44 -]

Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, heat, sources of ignition.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Ethanol rapidly absorbs moisture from the air. Can react
vigorously with oxiders. The following oxidants have been demonstrated to undergo
vigorous/explosive reaction with ethanol: barium perchlorate, bromine pentafluoride, calcium
hypochlorite, chloryl perchlorate, chromium trioxide, chromyl chloride, dioxygen difluoride,
disulfuryl difluoride, fluorine nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, iodine heptafluoride, nitric acid nitrosyl
perchlorate, perchloric acid permanganic acid, peroxodisulfuric acid, potassium dioxide,
potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate, ruthenium(VIII) oxide, silver perchlorate, silver
peroxide, uranium hexafluoride, uranyl perchlorate. Ethanol reacts violently/expodes with the
following compounds: acetyl bromide (evolves hydrogen bromide) acetyl chloride, aluminum,
sesquibromide ethylate, ammonium hydroxide & silver oxide, chlorate, chromic anhydride,
cyanuric acid + water, dichloromethane + sulfuric acid + nitrate (or) nitrite, hydrogen peroxide +
sulfuric acid, iodine + methanol + mercuric oxide, manganese perchlorate + 2,2-dimethoxy
propane, perchlorates, permanganates + sulfuric acid, potassium superoxide, potassium tert-
butoxide, silver & nitric acid, silver perchlorate, sodium hydrazide, sulfuric acid + sodium
dichromate, tetrachlorisilane + water. Ethanol is also incompatible with platinium, and sodium.
No really safe conditions exist under which ethyl alcohol and chlorine oxides can be handled.
Reacts vigorously with acetyl chloride.

Toxicity to Animals: WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE
BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 3450 mg/kg [Mouse]. Acute
toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 39000 mg/m3 4 hours [Mouse].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or
yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN for human.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Development toxin [PROVEN]. Classified

Reproductive system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE].
[- 45 -]
9.) MSDS of p-Nitro phenol

Product Name: P- Contact Information:
Nitrophenol
Catalog Codes: Sciencelab.com,
SLN1174 Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 100-02-7
Houston, Texas
77396
RTECS: SM2275000 US Sales: 1-800-
901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-
441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: P-Nitrophenol
CI#: Not available. Order Online:
ScienceLab.com
Synonym: call:
1-800-424-9300
Chemical Formula: International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-
C6H5NO3 3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-
4400

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: P-Nitrophenol: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 250 mg/kg [Rat].
DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 920 mg/ kg [Mammal].

Potential Acute Health Effects: Extremely hazardous in case of ingestion. Very hazardous in
case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin
contact(permeator). Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching.
Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Potential Chronic Health Effects: Extremely hazardous in case of ingestion. Very hazardous
in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin
[- 46 -]
contact (permeator). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not
available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not
available. The substance is toxic to kidneys, lungs, the nervous system, liver, mucous
membranes. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs
damage. Repeated or prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to chronic respiratory irritation.

water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Do not use an
eye ointment. Seek medical attention.
Skin Contact: After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. Gently and
thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap. Be
particularly careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cold water may be used. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Wash contaminated clothing before reusing.
victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek medical attention.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. Examine the lips and mouth to ascertain whether the
tissues are damaged, a possible indication that the toxic material was ingested; the absence of
such signs, however, is not conclusive. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or
waistband. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek
immediate medical attention.

Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 223°C (433.4°F).
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2), nitrogen oxides
(NO, NO2…).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Highly flammable in presence of shocks.
presence of static discharge: Not available. Highly explosive in presence of shocks.
[- 47 -]
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Material in powder form, capable of creating a dust
explosion.

container.
Large Spill: Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container.

Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire
risk, evaporate the residue under a fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material.
Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Take precautionary measures against electrostatic
discharges. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment If
ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes.
Storage: Keep container dry. Keep in a cool place. Ground all equipment containing
material. Keep container tightly closed. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place. Combustible
materials should be stored away from extreme heat and away from strong oxidizing
agents.

Engineering Controls:Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering
controls to keep airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If user operations
generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants below
the exposure limit.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator.
Boots. Gloves.
A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product.
Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling
this product.

Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Crystals solid.)
Odor: Sweetish. Characteristic.
[- 48 -]
Taste: Sweet. Burning. (Slight.)
Color: Yellow or brown.
Melting Point: 113.5°C (236.3°F)
Volatility: Not available
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Partially soluble in cold water.

Polymerization: No.

Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 250 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50):
920 mg/kg [Mammal].
Chronic Effects on Humans: The substance is toxic to kidneys, lungs, the nervous system,
liver, mucous membranes.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Extremely hazardous in case of ingestion. Very hazardous
in case of skin contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator).
[- 49 -]
10.) MSDS of p-aminophenol

Product Name: para- Contact Information:
Aminophenol
Catalog Codes: SLA2899 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 123-30-8
Houston, Texas
77396
RTECS: SJ5075000 US Sales: 1-800-901-
7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-
4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: para-Aminophenol
CI#: Not applicable. Order Online: ScienceLab.com
Synonym: para- call:
Hydroxyaniline 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: 4- International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-
Aminophenol 3887
Chemical Formula: For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-
C6H7NO 441-4400

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: para-Aminophenol: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 1530 mg/kg
[Mammal.]. 375 mg/kg [Rat]. 56.2 mg/kg [Bird]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 6400 mg/kg [Mammal.].
10001 mg/kg

Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator), of
ingestion, of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant).
[- 50 -]
TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical
condition.

attention. Finish by rinsing thoroughly with running water to avoid a possible infection.
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated
skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.
Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention.
is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.
toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek medical attention.

Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2), nitrogen oxides (NO,
NO2…).
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes.
[- 51 -]
container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid.
Large Spill: Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container.
Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid.

Precautions: Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose
a fire risk, evaporate the residue under a fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material.
Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient
ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately
and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from
incompatibles such as acids.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.

exposure limit.
Gloves. A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product.
product.

Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Crystals solid.)
Color: Off-white.
pH (1% soln/water): 10 [Basic.]
Boiling Point: Decomposes.
Melting Point: 190°C (374°F)
Specific Gravity: Not available.
[- 52 -]
Solubility: Soluble in cold water, hot water, methanol.

Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with acids. Slightly reactive to reactive with
oxidizing agents.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: May discolor on exposure to light or air.

THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral Toxicity (LD50): 56.2 mg/kg [Bird]. Acute
dermal toxicity (LD50): 6400 mg/kg [Mammal.]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50):5001 1 hours
[Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator), of
ingestion, of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant).
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: An allergen.
membranes and upper respiratory tract.
[- 53 -]
11.) MSDS of Acetic Acid
Product Name: Acetic acid
Catalog Codes: SLA3784, SLA1438, SLA2101, SLA3604, SLA1258
CAS#: 64-19-7
RTECS: AF1225000
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Acetic acid
Synonym: Acetic acid; glacial acetic acid
Chemical Name: Acetic Acid, Glacial
Chemical Formula: C2-H4-O2
Contact Information: Sciencelab.com, Inc. 14025 Smith Rd. Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 Order Online:
ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: 1-800-424-9300
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400

Composition:
Acetic acid 64-19-7 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Acetic acid: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 3310 mg/kg [Rat].
4960 mg/kg [Mouse]. 3530 mg/kg [Rat]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 1060 mg/kg [Rabbit].
VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 5620 ppm 1 hours [Mouse].

Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye
contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive,
permeator), of eye contact (corrosive). Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage
particularly on mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may
produce burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory
[- 54 -]
tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Inflammation of the eye
is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by
itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
Potential Chronic Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of
ingestion, of inhalation. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria
and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY:
Not available. The substance may be toxic to kidneys, mucous membranes, skin, teeth.
Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.
Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may produce chronic eye irritation and
severe skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mist may produce
respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent attacks of bronchial infection.

Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately
flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. Get
medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least
15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with
an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin
with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.
If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may be
hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the
inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar,
tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 39°C (102.2°F). OPEN CUP: 43°C (109.4°F).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 4% UPPER: 19.9%
[- 55 -]
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Flammable in presence of open
flames and sparks, of heat. Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of oxidizing
materials, of metals.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Risks of explosion of the
product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product
in presence of static discharge: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of oxidizing
materials.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water.
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray
or fog. Cool containing vessels with water jet in order to prevent pressure build-up,
autoignition or explosion.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Reacts with metals to produces flammable hydrogen
gas. It will ignite on contact with potassium-tert-butoxide. A mixture of ammonium nitrate
and acetic acid ignites when warmed, especially if warmed.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Acetic acid vapors may form explosive
mixtures with air. Reactions between acetic acid and the following materials are potentially
explosive: 5-azidotetrazole, bromine pentafluoride, chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide,
potassium permanganate, sodium peroxide, and phorphorus trichloride. Dilute acetic acid
and dilute hydrogen can undergo an exothermic reaction if heated, forming peracetic acid
which is explosive at 110 degrees C. Reaction between chlorine trifluoride and acetic acid
is very violent, sometimes explosive.

Small Spill: Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place
in an appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with a
dilute solution of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill: Flammable liquid. Corrosive liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from
sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. If the product is in its solid form: Use a shovel
to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. If the product is in its liquid
form: Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water
inside container. Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate
waste disposal. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapor drift.
Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance
on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Be careful
that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the
MSDS and with local authorities.
[- 56 -]
Precautions: \Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all
equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray.
Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the
label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing
agents, reducing agents, metals, acids, alkalis.
Storage: Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-
ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all
possible sources of ignition (spark or flame).

Engineering Controls: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep
the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective threshold limit value. Ensure
that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Synthetic apron. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use
an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves (impervious).
Boots. Gloves. A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of
the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist
BEFORE handling this product.
Exposure Limits: TWA: 10 STEL: 15 (ppm) [Australia] TWA: 25 STEL: 27 (mg/m3)
[Australia] TWA: 10 STEL: 15 (ppm) from NIOSH TWA: 25
STEL: 37 (mg/m3) from NIOSH TWA: 10 STEL: 15 (ppm) [Canada] TWA: 26 STEL: 39
(mg/m3) [Canada] TWA: 25 STEL: 37 (mg/m3) TWA: 10 STEL: 15 (ppm) from ACGIH
(TLV) [United States] [1999] TWA: 10 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]
TWA: 25 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]Consult local authorities for acceptable
exposure limits.

Odor: Pungent, vinegar-like, sour (Strong.)
Taste: Vinegar, sour (Strong.)
Color: Colorless. Clear (Light.)
pH (1% soln/water): 2 [Acidic.]
Melting Point: 16.6°C (61.9°F)
Critical Temperature: 321.67°C (611°F)
[- 57 -]
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in water; log(oil/water) = -0.2
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether, acetone.
Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in diethyl ether, acetone.
Miscible with Glycerol, alcohol, Benzene, Carbon Tetrachloride. Practically insoluble in
Carbon Disulfide.

Conditions of Instability: Heat, ignition sources, incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing
agents, metals, acids, alkalis.
Corrosivity: Highly corrosive in presence of stainless steel(304). Slightly corrosive in
presence of aluminum, of copper. Non-corrosive in presence of stainless steel(316).
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents,
acetaldehyde, and acetic anhydride. Material can react with metals, strong bases, amines,
carbonates, hydroxides, phosphates, many oxides,cyanides, sulfides, chromic acid, nitric
acid, hydrogen peroxide, carbonates. ammonium nitrate, ammonium thiosulfate, chlorine
trifluoride, chlorosulfonic acid, perchloric acid, permanganates, xylene, oleum, potassium
hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, phosphorus isocyanate, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Moderate corrosive effect on bronze. No corrosion data
on brass

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation.
Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals: WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED
ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 3310 mg/kg [Rat].
[- 58 -]
Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): 1060 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 5620
1 hours [Mouse].
Chronic Effects on Humans: MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian
somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. May cause damage to the following
organs: kidneys, mucous membranes, skin, and teeth.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Extremely hazardous in case of inhalation (lung
corrosive). Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, Hazardous in
case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive).
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material and may
cause reproductive effects based on animal data. No human data found.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Acute Potential Health Effects:
Skin: Extremely irritating and corrosive. Causes skin irritation (reddening and itching,
inflammation). May cause blistering , tissue damage and burns. Eyes: Extremely irritating
and corrosive. Causes eye irritation, lacrimation, redness, and pain. May cause burns,
blurred vision, conjunctivitis, conjunctival and corneal destruction permanent injury.
Inhalation: Causes severe respiratory tract irritation. Affects the sense organs (nose, ear,
eye, taste), and blood. May cause chemical pneumonitis, bronchitis, and pulmonary
edema. Severe exposure may result in lung tissue damage and corrosion (ulceration) of
the mucous membranes. Inhalation may also cause rhinitis, sneezing, coughing,
oppressive feeling in the chest or chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, tachypnea, cyanosis,
salivation, nausea, giddiness, muscular weakness. Ingestion: Moderately toxic. Corrosive.
Causes gastrointestinal tract irritation (burning and pain of the mouth, throat, and
abdomen, coughing, ulceration, bleeding, nausea, abdomial spasms, vomiting,
hematemesis, diarrhea. May Also affect the liver (impaired liver function), behavior
(convulsions, giddines, muscular weakness), and the urinary system - kidneys (Hematuria,
Albuminuria, Nephrosis, acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis). May also cause
dyspnea or asphyxia. May also lead to shock, coma and death. Chronic Potential Health
Effects: Chronic exposure via ingestion may cause blackening or erosion of the teeth and
jaw necrosis, pharyngitis, and gastritis. It may also behavior (similar to acute ingestion),
and metabolism (weight loss). Chronic exposure via inhalation may cause asthma and/or
bronchitis with cough, phlegm, and/or shortness of breath . It may also affect the blood
(decreased leukocyte count), and urinary system (kidneys). Repeated or prolonged skin
contact may cause thickening, blackening, and cracking of the kin.
[- 59 -]
12.) MSDS of Paracetamol

Product Name: Acetaminophen Contact Information:
Catalog Codes: SLA2464 Sciencelab.com,
Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 103-90-2
Houston, Texas
77396
RTECS: Not available. US Sales: 1-800-
901-7247
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Acetaminophen International Sales: 1-281-
441-4400
Order Online:
CI#: Not available. ScienceLab.com
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency
Telephone), call:
Synonym: Paracetamol; N-(4-
Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
1-800-424-9300
Chemical Formula: C8H9NO2 International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-
3887
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-
281-441-4400

Composition:
Acetaminophen 103-90-2 100
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Not applicable.
[- 60 -]
Potential Acute Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of
eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or prolonged exposure is not known to
aggravate medical condition.

eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention if irritation occurs.
Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Get medical
attention if irritation develops.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are
swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or
waistband.

Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2), nitrogen oxides (NO,
NO2…).
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder.
LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.
[- 61 -]
container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of
according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill: Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish
cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the
sanitary system.

Precautions: Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose
a fire Risk, evaporate the residue under a fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material.
Do not breathe dust.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.

Controls to keep airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If user operations
generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants below
the exposure limit.
Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an
Gloves.
A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product.
product.

Physical state and appearance: Solid.
Color: Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Melting Point: 170°C (338°F)
[- 62 -]
Iconicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: Not available.
Solubility: Not available.

Corrosivity: Not available.

Routes of Entry: Not available.
Toxicity to Animals: LD50: Not available. LC50: Not available.
Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of
ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Excreted in maternal milk in human.
[- 63 -]
Section C
Process Description
Manufacturing of Paracetamol consists of 3 Major Unit Processes and Several Unit

Operations.
(Diagram A)
Schematic Process Flow Diagram for a Paracetamol Plant
[- 64 -]
Unit Processes:
1.) Reaction of Phenol, Nitrous Acid and Nitric Acid to give 4-nitrophenol and by products if
any 2-nitrophenol and 3-nitrophenol in Reactor-1.
2.) Reaction of 4-nitrophenol with Sodium Borohydride and Nickel Acetate in Acetonitrile
and Water to form 4-aminophenol and salts in Reactor-2.
3.) Reaction of 4-aminophenol and Acetic Anhydride to form Paracetamol and Acetic Acid
in Reactor-3.
4.) Crystallization of Paracetamol in Ethanol in Crystallizer.
Unit Operations:
i.) Separation of Acids from Organic Mixture in Decanter
ii.) Separation of Phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol to get pure 4-
nitrophenol in Evaporator-1.
iii.) Separation of Acetonitrile and Water Solvent from Salts and 4-aminophenol in
Evaporator-2.
iv.) Separation of insoluble salts and 4-aminophenol in rotary drum filter.
v.) Separation of Acetic Anhydride and Acetic Acid from Paracetamol and 4-aminophenol in
Evaporator-3.
vi.) Separation of 4-aminophenol and Paracetamol in Precipitator.
Separation of Ethanol and Paracetamol Crystals in Dryer.
Reactor 1
Water Cooled Reactor with a 3 blade Propeller
Reaction Temperature is 20-25oC
Rate of Agitation is 90 RPM
Reactor is operated for 30 minutes per batch
2 batches per day
Therefore, Reactor is operated for 1 hour per day
Reactor 2
Steam Heated Reactor with a 6 blade Turbine
4 batches per day
Therefore, Reactor is operated for 2 hour 40 minutes per day
[- 65 -]
Reactor 3
Water Heated Reactor with a 3 blade Propeller
2 batches per day
Therefore, Reactor is operated for 60 minutes per day
Crystallizer
Water Heated Vessel with a 6 blade Turbine
Vessel Temperature is 70-75oC
2 batches per day
Therefore, Crystallizer is operated for 40 minutes per day
[- 66 -]
Section D
Plant Design and Calculations
This Chemical Plant is designed to produce 10 metric tons = 10000kg of Paracetamol ie 66.154
kmol per day.
The Plant carries out 4 major Processes and 7 minor Operations which includes 3 Chemical
Reactions
OH OH
HNO3
+ HNO2
Yield = 90% NO2
OH OH
CH3CN + H2O
+ NaBH4 + BH3 + Ni
+ Ni(Oac)2.4H2O + NaOAc
NO2 NH2
Yield = 97%
OH OH
HNO3
+ HNO2 +
CH3COOH
NH2
NH
Yield = 90%
O
[- 67 -]
Products, Reactants and Catalysts for 1 Day
For formation of Paracetamol single pass yield is 90%

Paracetamol to be formed = 10000 kg = 66.154 kmol
Acetic Acid formed = 3972.548 kg = 66.154 kmol
4-aminophenol : Acetic Anhydride are in molar ratio 1 : 1
Hence 4-aminophenol required = 8021.506 kg = 73.504 kmol
Acetic Anhydride required = 7504.037 kg = 73.504 kmol
For formation of 4-aminophenol single pass yield is 97%

4-aminophenol to be formed = 8021.506 kg = 73.504 kmol
4-nitrophenol : Sodium Borohydride : Nickel Acetate are in molar ratio 1 : 4 : 0.2
4-nitrophenol required = 10541.403 kg = 75.777 kmol
Sodium Borohydride required = 11466.646 kg = 303.110 kmol
Nickel Acetate required = 3771.293 kg = 15.155 kmol
4-nitrophenol : Acetonitrile : Water are in molar ratio 1 : 3 : 0.3
Acetonitrile required = 9320.571 kg
Water required = 409.196 kg
For formation of 4-nitrophenol single pass yield is 90%

4-nitrophenol to be formed = 10541.403 kg = 75.777 kmol
4-nitrophenol : Nitrous Acid : Nitric Acid are in molar ratio 1 : 1 : 1
Phenol required = 7923.798 kg = 84.197 kmol
Nitrous Acid required = 3958.363 kg = 84.197 kmol
Nitric Acid required= 5305.266 kg = 84.197 kmol
[- 68 -]
Products, Reactants and Catalysts for 15 Days
Products:
Paracetamol = 150000 kg
Acetic Acid = 59538.36 kg
Catalysts (Replaced after every 3 days):

Acetonitrile + Water = 12284.000 kg
Ethanol = 41666.667 kg
Reactants:
Phenol = 118856.977 kg
Nitrous Acid = 59375.445 kg
Nitric Acid = 79578.984 kg
Sodium Borohydride = 171999.694 kg
Nickel Acetate = 56569.394 kg
Acetic Anhydride = 112560.55 kg
[- 69 -]
Section E
Storage Vessels
A total of 12 Storage Tanks are required to store 2 products, 6 reactants, 2 catalysts and 2
intermediate Products.
Details of the Chemicals to be stored:

Mass for 1 Day Volume for 1 Mass for 15 Volume for 15
Compound
(kg) Day (m3) days (kg) days (m3)
Paracetamol 10000 7.918 150000 118.765
Acetic Acid 3969.22 3.780 59538.36 56.703
4-aminophenol 8021.506 7.100 Nil Nil
4-nitrophenol 10541.403 8.300 Nil Nil
Phenol 7923.80 7.405 118856.98 111.081
Nitrous Acid 3958.36 3.958 59375.45 59.375
Nitric Acid 5305.26 3.763 79578.98 56.439
Sodium
1146.646 10.676 171999.69 160.149
Borohydride
Nickel Acetate 3771.29 2.162 56569.39 32.436
Acetic Anhydride 7504.03 6.935 112560.56 104.030
Acetonitrile + 15.355
2456.80 3.071 12284.00
Water *
Ethanol * 8333.34 10.562 41666.67 52.809
(Table A)
Materials of Construction
2 Steel Alloys, Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 316 are used for Construction of Storage
Tanks for this Plant.
Stainless Steel 304:

Density = 8000 kg m-3
Yield Stress = 215 MPa
Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to Mild to Moderate Corrosion and also has Moderately High
Yield Stress so it is used for most of the storage tanks of this plant.

Stainless Steel 316 is resistant to Heavy Corrosion and also has High Yield Stress so it is used
for the storage of Acids in the plant.
[- 70 -]
(Diagram B)
General Schematic Diagram of all Storage Tanks being used in the plant
Sample Calculations I (Solid)

Statistics about 150000kg of Paracetamol
Weight of Paracetamol = 150000kg
Weight 150000
Volume of Paracetamol = = = 118.765 m3
Density 1263
H
Let ratio be 1.5,
D
H=1.5D
D2
Volume of Cylinder = π H
4
D2
118.765 = π × 1.5D
4
D = 4.654 m
H = 6.981 m
For safety, extra 25% Length is added to the tank
Ht = 8.726 m
[- 71 -]
A = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 17.011m2
F
Now, Pg =
A
Pg = 86473.31 Pa = 86.473 kPa
Patm = 101.325 kPa
Absolute Pressure
Pabs = (Pg + Patm) × 1.2= 209.403 kPa
Material of Construction
Stainless Steel 304
Density: 8000 kg m-3
Yield Stress (σ): 215 MPa
Paracetamol does not react with Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to
mild corrosion.
Thickness of Shell
Pabs D
ts =
2σJ−P
where Pabs is Absolute Pressure,
D is Diameter of tank,
σ is Yield Stress of Material used
J is Joint Efficiency
Hence ts = 26.68 mm
Considering safety factor of 25%
ts = 33.35 mm ≈ 34 mm
Thickness of Bottom
3ρHt A2
tb = √
4σ
where 𝜌 is the density of material being stored
H is the height of the tank
D2
A is the surface area of bottom (A=π )
4
σ is the Yield Stress of material of tank
Hence tb = 105 mm
tb = 131.25 mm ≈ 132 mm
[- 72 -]
Thickness of Conical Roof
Pabs D
tr =
2σsinθ
where, Pabs is Absolute Pressure
D is the Diameter of Tank
θ is the Semi-vertical angle of cone
Here θ = 45°
Hence tr = 32.04 mm
tr = 40.05 mm ≈ 40 mm
Statistics of Paracetamol Storage Tank

Volume of Tank = 118.765 m3 = 118765 liters
Maximum Pressure = 209.403 kPa
Diameter of Tank = 4.654 m
Height of Tank = 8.762 m
Thickness of Shell = 34 mm
Thickness of Bottom = 132 mm
Thickness of Roof = 40 m
Sample Calculations II (Liquid)

Statistics about 118857kg of Phenol
Weight of Phenol = 118857kg
Weight 118857
Volume of Phenol = = = 111.081 m3
Density 1070
H
Let ratio be 1.5,
D
H=1.5D
D2
Volume of Cylinder = π H
4
D2
111.081 = π × 1.5D
4
D = 4.551 m
H = 6.286 m
For safety, extra 25% Length is added to the tank
Ht = 7.857 m
Now, Pg = ρ g Ht
Pg = 82.477 kPa
[- 73 -]
Patm = 101.325 kPa
Absolute Pressure
Pabs = (Pg + Patm) × 1.2= 183.802 kPa
Material of Construction
Stainless Steel 304
Density: 8000 kg m-3
Yield Stress (σ): 215 MPa
Phenol does not react with Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to moderate
of corrosion if it is there.
Thickness of Shell
Pabs D
ts =
2σJ−P
where Pabs is Absolute Pressure,
D is Diameter of tank,
σ is Yield Stress of Material used
J is Joint Efficiency
Hence ts = 22.89 mm
ts = 28.612 mm ≈ 29 mm
Thickness of Bottom
3ρHt A2
tb = √
4σ
where 𝜌 is the density of material being stored
H is the height of the tank
D2
A is the surface area of bottom (A=π )
4
Hence tb = 88 mm
tb = 110 mm
Thickness of Conical Roof

Pabs D
tr =
2σsinθ
where, Pabs is Absolute Pressure
D is the Diameter of Tank
θ is the Semi-vertical angle of cone
Here θ = 45°
[- 74 -]
Hence tr = 27.27 mm
tr = 34.087 mm ≈ 34 mm
Statistics of Phenol Storage Tank

Volume of Tank = 111.081 m3 = 111081 liters
Maximum Pressure = 183.802 kPa
Diameter of Tank = 4.551 m
Height of Tank = 7.857 m
Thickness of Shell = 29 mm
Thickness of Bottom = 110 mm
Thickness of Roof = 34 mm
Density Tensile Stress Maximum

Volume Construction
Chemical of Material Pressure
(m3) (kg m-3) Material
(MPa) (kPa)
Stainless Steel
Paracetamol 118.765 8000 215 209.403
304
Stainless Steel
Acetic Acid 56.703 8000 290 143.803
316
4- Stainless Steel
7.100 8000 215 149.031
aminophenol 304
Stainless Steel
4-nitrophenol 8.300 8000 215 154.079
304
Stainless Steel
Phenol 111.081 8000 215 183.802
304
Stainless Steel
Nitrous Acid 59.375 8000 290 169.245
316
Stainless Steel
Nitric Acid 56.439 8000 290 195.489
316
Sodium Stainless Steel
160.149 8000 215 182.551
Borohydride 304
Stainless Steel
Nickel Acetate 32.436 8000 215 178.772
304
Acetic Stainless Steel
104.030 8000 215 189.925
Anhydride 304
Acetonitrile + 15.355 Stainless Steel
8000 215 135.950
Water 304
Stainless Steel
Ethanol 52.809 8000 215 152.843
304
[- 75 -]
Height Diameter Thickness of Thickness of Thickness
Chemical
(m) (m) shell (mm) bottom (mm) of roof (mm)
Paracetamol 8.726 4.654 34 132 40
Acetic Acid 4.124 2.290 8 14 10
4-
2.063 1.146 6 12 7
aminophenol
4-nitrophenol 2.173 1.207 7 14 8
Phenol 7.857 4.551 29 110 34
Nitrous Acid 6.926 3.694 21 64 25
Nitric Acid 6.810 3.632 24 72 28
Sodium
9.640 5.142 31 53 32
Borohydride
Nickel Acetate 5.663 3.020 18 51 22
Acetic
8.350 4.453 28 105 34
Anhydride
Acetonitrile +
4.412 2.353 11 18 13
Water
Ethanol 6.656 3.550 18 27 21
(Tables B1 and B2)
[- 76 -]
Section F
Reaction Vessels
A total of 3 Reaction Vessels and 1 Crystallizer is used in the whole Manufacturing Process.
Reactor Capacity (m3) Duration of Processes in 1

Process (min) Day
Reactor 1 11.714 30 2
Reactor 2 10.131 40 4
Reactor 3 10.976 30 2
Crystallizer 9.240 20 2
(Table C)
(Diagram C)
General Schematic Diagram of all the Reactors and the Crystallizer used in the
Plant
[- 77 -]
Materials of Construction
2 Steel Alloys, Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 316 are used for Construction of Chemical
Reactors for this Plant.

Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to Mild to Moderate Corrosion and also has Moderately High
Yield Stress so it is used for most of the storage tanks of this plant.

Stainless Steel 316 is resistant to Heavy Corrosion and also has High Yield Stress so it is used
for the storage of Acids in the plant.
Sample Calculations
Reactor 1:
Total Volume of Reactants (considering volume additive) = 7.564 m3
Also adding volume of Product formed as a safety factor, Volume = 11.714 m3
H
As =1
D𝑡
ᴨ𝐻
V= Dt2, Dt = 2.46 m
4
H = 2.46 m
Da/Dt = 1/3, Da = 0.82 m
E/Dt = 1/3, E = 0.82 m
J/Dt = 1/12, J = 0.205 m
W/Da = 1/5, W = 0.164 m
L/ Da = 1/4 L = 0.205 m
Density of mixture = (ꭔNitrous Acid ρNitrous Acid + ꭔNitric Acid ρNitric Acid + ꭔPhenol ρPhenol) = 1160 kg m-3
Viscosity of Mixture = (ꭔNitrous Acid μNitrous Acid1/3 + ꭔNitric Acid μNitric Acid1/3 + ꭔPhenol μPhenol1/3)3 =
3.584×10-3 Pa s
𝐷𝑎2 𝑛𝜌
Reynolds’ Number, NRe = = 3.268 × 105 which is Turbulent
𝜇
Here a 3 blade Propeller with pitch 1.535 is used as Agitation requirement is not high whose Kt
= 0.87
Power Consumed = Ktn3Da5ρ = 1262.76 W = 1.262 kW
[- 78 -]
Energy Consumed in 1 day = 1.262 kW hr (Operation time = 1 hr)
Cost for 1 Day = ₹ 7.57, Cost for 15 Days = ₹113.55
Density Tensile Stress Thickness

Volume Construction
Chemical of Material of Reactor
(m3) (kg m-3) Material
(MPa) (mm)
11.714 Stainless Steel
Reactor 1 8000 290 66
316
Reactor 2 8000 215 67
304
Reactor 3 8000 215 70
304
Crystallizer 8000 215 57
304
Volume Diameter Height H Da

Vessel E (m) J (m) W (m) L (m)
(m3) Dt (m) (m) (m)
Reactor 1 11.714 2.46 2.46 0.82 0.82 0.205 0.164 0.205
Reactor 2 10.131 2.34 2.34 0.78 0.78 0.195 0.156 0.195
Reactor 3 10.976 2.40 2.40 0.80 0.80 0.200 0.160 0.200
Crystallizer 9.240 2.31 2.31 0.77 0.77 0.192 0.154 0.192
Density Viscosity Energy Cost Cost

of Reynolds Power Consumed
of for 1 for 15
Vessel mixture Number Consumed
mixture In 1 day Day Days
(× 105) (kW)
(kg/m3) (mPa s) (kW hr) ₹ ₹
Reactor 1 1160 3.584 3.268 1.262 1.262 7.57 113.6
Reactor 2 1006 4.684 24.950 4.299 11.464 68.78 1031.7
Reactor 3 1106 0.919 13.094 1.549 1.549 9.29 139.4
Crystallizer 915 3.600 20.600 3.230 2.153 12.92 193.8
(Tables D1, D2 and D3)
[- 79 -]
Section G
Water Jacket
Water Jackets are used in the Plant to maintain the temperatures of Reactors.
Water Jacket is used to cool down the Reactor 1 whereas it is used for Heating up Reactor 2,
Reactor 3 and Crystallizer.
(Diagram D)
General Schematic Diagram of all the Reactors and the Crystallizer with Water
Jacket used in the Plant
[- 80 -]
Reactor 1
Temperature of Reactor to be maintained= 25oC
Temperature of Reactor due to Reaction = 70oC
Pressure of Reactor Vessel = 101.325 kPa = 1.01 bar
Specific Heat of Water Supplied at 10oC = 4.18 kJ kg-1 K-1
Specific Heat of Reaction Mixture = 1.54 kJ kg-1 K-1
Enthalpy of Reaction = 150 kJ mol-1
Heat Generated = n ∆H + m Cp ∆T = 12557638 kJ

∆𝑯
Amount of Water to be used for Cooling = = 50070 kg
𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
Reactor 2
Enthalpy of Reaction = -155 kJ mol-1
Heat to be Generated = n ∆H + m Cp ∆T = 9987043 kJ

∆𝑯
Amount of Water to be used for Heating = = 94889 kg
𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
Reactor 3
Enthalpy of Reaction = -90 kJ mol-1
Heat to be Generated = n ∆H + m Cp ∆T = 5480316 kJ

∆𝑯
Amount of Water to be used for Heating = = 52318 kg
𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
[- 81 -]
Crystallizer
Heat to be Generated = m Cp ∆T = 789250.28 kJ

∆𝑯
Amount of Water to be used for Heating= = 12588 kg
𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
Temperature of Temperature to be Temperature of Water to be

Vessel
Vessel (oC) maintained (oC) Water (oC) supplied (kg)
Reactor 1 70 25 10 50070
Reactor 2 25 70 95 94889
Reactor 3 25 50 75 52318
Crystallizer 25 60 75 12588
(Table E)
[- 82 -]
Section H
Decanter
(Diagram E)
General Schematic Diagram of Decanter Used in the Plant
L
For a ratio 5
D
D2
V=π × 5D
4
Here V = 4.90 / 0.90 = 5.45 m3 considering Decanter is 90% filled
D = 1.12m
L = 5.6m
Here Viscosity of the whole liquid = (ꭔAcid μAcid1/3 + ꭔOrganic μOrganic1/3)3 = 1.453 mPa s
Density of Acid Mixture = 1410 kg m-3
Density of Organic Mixture = 1270 kg m-3
100 𝜇
t= = 0.908 hr ≈ 55min
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 −𝜌𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐
[- 83 -]
Section I
Evaporators
Evaporator 1
Approximate Weight of Liquid to be Evaporated = 793 kg
Average Boiling Point = 182oC
Average Specific Heat of Liquid at 25oC = 1.2 kJ kg-1 K-1
Average Latent Heat of Liquid = 300 kJ kg-1
Amount of Energy Required = 388062.48 kJ

Assuming of 60% Efficiency, Energy to be Spent = 646770.8 kJ = 180 kW hr
Cost of Running Evaporator 1 for 1 Day = ₹1080, Cost for 15 Days = ₹16200
Evaporator 2
Approximate Weight of Liquid to be Evaporated = 9729.767 kg
Amount of Energy Required = 3064876.6 kJ

Assuming of 60% Efficiency, Energy to be Spent = 5108126.6 kJ = 1419 kW hr
Evaporator 3
Approximate Weight of Liquid to be Evaporated = 4719 kg
Amount of Energy Required = 2608427 kJ

Assuming of 60% Efficiency, Energy to be Spent = 4347378 kJ = 1208 kW hr
[- 84 -]
Section J
Pipes and Pumps
A Total of 8 Pumps are used in the Plant
Some Common Details for each pump:

i.) Efficiency is 75%.
ii.) 2 90o Elbows, 2 Gate Valves, 1 Flow Meter.
iii.) Diameter of Pipeline is 4 inches 40 schedule.
iv.) For Steel pipes ξ = 0.0018 inches
(Diagram F)
General Schematic Diagram of all the Pumps used in the Plant
Sample Calculation
Pump 1
Volume to be pumped = 7.564 m3
Time = 15 min
ᴨ𝐷2
D = 0.1023m, A= = 8.22 × 10-3 m2
4
[- 85 -]
Q = 8.4 × 10-3 m3s-1
v = Q/A =1.036 m s-1
𝜉
= 4.5 × 10-4
𝐷
4f = 0.0178
∆𝑙 𝑣 2 𝑣2
hf = 4f + Kf = 0.816m
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔
Power required = Mf hp g = 460.6 W

Power of Pump = 614.13 W
Energy required in 1 day = 0.307 kW hr
Pump Volume Time V Power of Energy Spent Cost of 1 Cost of 15

no. (m3) (min) (m s-1) Pump (kW) (kW hr) Day ₹ Days ₹
Pump 1 7.564 15 1.036 0.614 0.307 1.84 27.6
Pump 2 4.906 10 1.008 1.384 0.461 2.76 41.4
Pump 3 2.075 5 0.853 0.718 0.239 1.43 21.5
Pump 4 3.071 6 1.052 0.300 0.120 0.72 10.8
Pump 5 1.775 4 0.912 0.781 0.208 1.25 18.8
Pump 6 3.549 7 1.042 0.627 0.146 0.88 13.2
Pump 7 3.468 10 1.018 0.505 0.168 1.01 15.2
Pump 8 0.355 1 0.729 0.521 0.017 0.10 1.5
(Table F)
[- 86 -]
Section K
Costs and Profit
Cost of each Chemical Used and Produced is given below :
Cost of 1 Unit Mass of Compound Total Cost for 15

Compound
(₹ kg-1) for 15 Days (kg) Day ₹
Paracetamol 1110 150000 166.50 M
Acetic Acid 375 59538.36 22.33 M
Phenol 59 118856.98 7.01 M
Nitrous Acid 208 59375.45 12.35 M
Nitric Acid 168 79578.98 13.37 M
Sodium Borohydride 319 171999.69 54.87 M
Nickel Acetate 800 56569.39 45.25 M
Acetic Anhydride 48 112560.56 5.40 M
Acetonitrile + Water * 89 12284.00 1.09 M
Ethanol * 39 41666.67 1.63 M
(Table G)
Total Cost of Reactants for 15 Days = ₹ 14.097 crores
Total Selling price of Products for 15 Days = ₹ 18.883 crores
Total Cost of Electricity and other Miscellaneous costs for 15 Days = ₹ 5.05 lacs
Wages of Workers for 15 Days (100 workers in all, ₹1000 per day for 70 workers and ₹1200 for
30 workers) = ₹15.9 lacs
Total Profit for 15 Days = ₹4.7355 crores
Total Profit for 1 Day = ₹ 31.57 lacs
[- 87 -]
Section L
Conclusion and Bibliography
Following Conclusions were made from this project:

1.) The whole process requires high end equipment and trained personnel for monitoring
and maintenance to ensure good quality of product.
2.) Installation of Plant will require large amount of capital as infrastructure here is large.
3.) All the Calculations made here are made from all the data collected from trusted
sources of this field.
4.) With such huge profits the project is feasible with 1 large initial capital investment.
Bibliography
1.) Unit Processes in Organic Synthesis – P.H. Groggins
2.) Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers – Noel-de-Nevers
3.) Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering – McCabe-Smith
4.) Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook
5.) Stoichiometry and Process Calculations - K.V Narayanan and V. Lakshmikutty
6.) www.enginneringtoolbox.com
7.) www.wikipedia.org
8.) www.sciencelab.com
9.) www.zauba.com Field Code Changed
Formatted: Font: 16 pt, Italic
[- 88 -]
[- 89 -]

Paracetamol Plant Project

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Paracetamol Plant Project

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INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING OF PARACETAMOL.

EASHAN BHAT (BT17CME025)

Department of Chemical Engineering.

NAME OF STUDENTS ROLL NUMBER

DR. SACHIN MANDAGAVNE

It is our esteemed pleasure to present the project report on “Industrial

THANK YOU, SIR!

Sr. No. Title Page No.

F Specifications of Pumps 86 Formatted ...

Paracetamol is available as:

Molar mass 151.163 g/mol

The American College of Rheumatology recommends paracetamol as one of several treatment

Low back pain

Based on a systematic review, paracetamol is recommended by the American Pain Society as

1.) MSDS of Phenol

Section 1 – Chemical Product and Company Identification

Section 2 – Hazards Identification

Section 3 – First Aid Measures

Section 4 – Fire Fighting Measures

Section 6 – Accidental Release Measures

Section 7 – Handling and Storage

Section 8 – Physical and Chemical Properties

Section 8 – Exposure Controls, Personal Protection

Section 9 – Stability and Reactivity

Section 11 – Disposal Considerations

2.) MSDS of Nitrous Acid

Section 1 – Chemical Product and Company Identification

Preferred IUPAC name Nitrous acid

Molar mass 47.013 g/mol

Section 3: First Aid Measures

Section 4: Fire and Explosion Data

Section 5: Accidental Release Measures

Section 6: Handling and Storage

Section 7: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Section 8: Physical and Chemical Properties

Section 9: Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 10: Toxicological Information

3.) MSDS of Nitric Acid

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Nitric acid, 70% Contact Information:

Section 2: Hazards Identification

Section 3: First Aid Measures

Section 4: Fire and Explosion Data

Section 5: Accidental Release Measures

Section 6: Handling and Storage

Section 7: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Section 8: Physical and Chemical Properties

Section 9: Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 10: Toxicological Information

Section 2: Hazards Identification

Section 3: First Aid Measures

Section 4 : Fire and Explosion Data

Section 5: Handling and Storage

Section 6: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Section 7: Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 8: Physical data

Appearance: white crystals or powder

Section 10: Transport information

5.) MSDS of Nickel Acetate

SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking

1.4 Emergency telephone number

SECTION 2: Hazards identification

Section 3: First Aid Measures

Section 4: Fire and Explosion Data