SELECTION,

ISOLATION, -BY
AYAN SHUKLA
MUTATION JAL PATEL

AND RINI SHARMA

POULAMIE CHAKRABARTTY
MIGRATION (B.TECH BIOTECH, 4TH SEM)

OF GENES
 SELECTION
• Gene selection is the process by which certain traits become more
prevalent in a species than other traits.
• These traits seen in an organism are due to genes found on their
chromosomes.
Some alleles are seen more frequently in a population because there are factors that select those
genes.
NATURAL SELECTION
• Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of
individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism
of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of
a population over generations.
• Natural selection is further divided into two types:
a. ECOLOGICAL SELECTION
b. SEXUAL SELECTION
ECOLOGICAL SELECTION
• A variation or allele of a trait makes some individuals more suited to
survive in the environment. Example: a mouse can blend in with the
environment , they are likely to live long enough to pass on genes for
coat colour to baby mice.
• The one who could not blend in gets eaten and does not pass on the
genes for their coat colour.
• So overtime mice in dark areas will have dark fur and mice in light
areas will have light fur.
SEXUAL SELECTION
• Natural selection also occurs when a species has a preference for
certain traits for sexual reasons. Example: male peacock have
elaborate tail, feathers because female peacocks are attracted to
really nice tails.
• This is called sexual selection since traits are being selected for sexual
reasons.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
• Artificial selection is the intentional reproduction of individuals in a
population that have desirable traits. In organisms that reproduce
sexually, two adults that possess a desired trait — such as two parent
plants that are tall — are bred together.
• Example: we have developed a huge variety in the colors and flavors
of apples. It's also the reason we have little tiny dogs and extremely
large dogs.
• We select traits in plants and animals to use them to our advantage.
 ISOLATION
• The main methods for isolating genes are
1. Gene cloning
2. PCR Method
GENE CLONING
• Gene cloning is a common practice in molecular biology labs that is
used by researchers to create copies of a particular genes for
downstream applications.
• The traditional technique for gene cloning involves the transfer of a
DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating
genetic element such bacterial plasmid.
• This technique is commonly used for isolating long or unstudied
genes and protein expression.
STEPS IN GENE CLONING
 PCR
• Polymerase chain reaction can also be used to obtain a pure sample of a
gene.
• This is because the region of the starting DNA molecule that is copied
during PCR is the segment whose boundaries are marked by the annealing
positions of the two oligonucleotide primers.
• If the primers anneal either side of the gene of interest, many copies of
that gene will be synthesized.
• The outcome is the same as with the gen cloning experiment, although the
problem of selection does not arise because the desired gene is
automatically selected as a result of the positions at which the primers
anneal.
• An alternative to cloning, PCR , can be used to directly amplify rare specific
DNA sequences in a complex mixture when the ends of the sequence are
known.
v
LIMITATIONS OF PCR

• In order for the primers to anneal to the correct position, either side
of the gene of interest, the sequence of these annealing sites must be
known. It is easy to synthesize a primer with a predetermined
sequence, but if the sequence of the annealing sites are unknown
then the appropriate primers cannot be made. This means that PCR
cannot be used to isolate genes that have not being studied before.
• There is limit to the length of DNA sequence that can be copied by
PCR.
 MUTATION
• Gene mutation is defined as an altertion in the sequence of
nucleotides in DNA a polymer of nucleotides join together.
• Types of gene mutation:
1. Point mutation
2. Substitution
3. Insertion
4. Deletion
5. Frameshift
Point Mutation
• MISSENSE MUTATION:
DNA RNA PROTEIN
(CHANGE) (CHANGE) (CHANGE)
• SAME/SILENT MUTATION:
DNA RNA PROTEIN
(CHANGE) (CHANGE) (NO CHANGE)
• NON SENSE MUTATION:
DNA RNA PROTEIN
(CHANGE) (CHANGE) (STOP)
BASE SUBSTITUTION
• Replacement of one base pair in the DNA by another base pair is
known as base substution.
INSERTION
• Insertions are mutations in which extra base pair are inserted into a
new place in the DNA.
Deletion
• Deletions are the mutations in which a section of DNA is lost or
deleted.
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
• Mutation caused by addition and deletion of a base pair or base pairs
in the DNA of a gene resulting in TRANSLATON of the genetic code in
an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the
end of the gene.
 MIGRATION
• It refers to the movement of individuals into a population from a
different population.
• Migration may introduce new alleles into the population.
• These new alleles after mating with the individuals of original
population may alter gene and genotypic frequencies in a population.
• The rate of change in gene frequency, through migration depends
upon the number of migrants.
• If populations are large, migration may have little or no effect on
allele frequency.
• However if populations are small, migration may have a big impact on
allele frequency.
• Immigration: individuals migrate into a population. Immigration may
add new alleles to a population, increasing a population's genetic
diversity.
• Emigration: individuals migrate out of a population. Emigration may
remove alleles from a population, reducing a population's genetic
diversity.
MIGRATION AND GENE FLOW
• In population genetics gene flow refers to the transfer of genes from
the gene pool of one population to another.
• Plant populations can experience gene flow by spreading their pollen
long distances away to other populations by means of wind or
through birds or insects and once there, this pollen is able to fertilize
the plants where it ended up. Pollen is fine to coarse powder
containing the micro gametophytes of seed plants, which produce the
male gametes.
• Human migrations have occurred throughout the history of mankind
and are defined as the movement of people from one place to
another.
• This movement needs to be associated with the introduction of new
alleles into a population through successful mating of individuals from
different population.
• Example: our species is an African one. Africa is where we first
evolved and have spent the majority of our time on earth. According
to genetic and paleontological record we only started to leave Africa
between 60,000 and 70,000 years ago.
GENETIC DRIFT
• Imagine that in one generation two brown beetles happen to have
four offspring survive to reproduce. Several green beetles were killed
when someone stepped on them and had no offspring. The next
generation would have a few more brown beetles then the previous
generation, but just by chance.
• These chance changes from generation to generation are known as
genetic drift.
THANK YOU