1. Why is water-solubility very important in pharmacy?

The short answer is this: drugs must

be water soluble so our bodies can absorb them. Yet, there is more than what meets the
eye. This problem is a complex one with far-reaching components that make it a critical
problem for address in drug development.

Drugs that are not-polar are not soluble in water and thus cannot be absorbed by tissue
very well. Also, low polarity (and thus low solubility) create effective treatment caps for
drugs. For example, some vitamins are not very soluble so even if you consume a large
quantity, they will not be effective. However, there is also a negative side: some vitamins,
because they are not soluble, may stay inside your body for long periods of time,
possibly causing negative effects.

2. The solubility of a substance may be described in a variety of ways. The USP/NF

generally expresses the solubility in terms of the volume of solvent required to dissolve
1 gram of the drug at a specified temperature.
3. calculation
4. The amount of solute, which can dissolve in a given amount of solvent depends on the
nature of the solute and solvent. In general, "Like dissolves like", describes the
general principle of solubility (i.e. polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and non-polar
solvents dissolve non-polar solutes).

1. External factors are factors like temperature, PH, dosage form and so on. Temperature
— The higher temperature, the more soluble the drug. PH — Acid and base drugs have
solubility equilibriums in water medium. ... Dosage form — Gaseous drug is more
soluble than liquid drug, which is more soluble than solid one.
All factors can be categorized into two: internal and external factors.

Internal factors are governed the molecular structure. If the structure of a drug molecule
allows it form more intermolecular interactions with the solvent, the higher solubility it
has. For example, if an organic drug molecule has more hydrogen bond donating and/or
accepting groups like -OH, -NH2, -COO- and so on, then it can form more hydrogen
bonds with water solvent. Therefore it is more soluble in water.
2. External factors are factors like temperature, PH, dosage form and so on.

Temperature — The higher temperature, the more soluble the drug.

PH — Acid and base drugs have solubility equilibriums in water medium. For acid drugs,
the equilibrium is HA(s) ⇌ H+(aq) + A-(aq); as pH decrease (more H+), the equilibrium
shifts to left and drug is less soluble, and vice versa. For base drugs, the equilibrium is
BH+(aq)⇌B(s) + H+(aq) ; as pH decrease (more H+), the equilibrium shifts to left and
drug is more soluble, and vice versa.
Contact area with solvent — Drug particles with greater contact surface area with
solvent have higher solubility. For instance, grinded drug is more soluble than the non-
grinded drug because grinded drug particles have greater contact surface area with
solvent.
 Dosage form — Gaseous drug is more soluble than liquid drug, which is more soluble
than solid one. Gas molecules can more readily disperse in in solvent medium than
liquid molecules , and liquid molecules disperse more readily than solid molecules.
2. As temperature increases, the solubility of a solid or liquid can increase or decrease
depending on whether the dissolution reaction is exothermic or endothermic. In
endothermic reactions, the net energy from the bonds breaking and forming results in
heat energy being absorbed when the solute dissolves in solution.
3. The common-ion effect states that in a chemical solution in which several species
reversibly associate with each other by an equilibrium process, increasing the
concentration of any one of its dissociated components by adding another chemical that
also contains it will cause an increased amount of association.
Adding a common ion decreases solubility, as the reaction shifts toward the left to
relieve the stress of the excess product. Adding a common ion to a dissociation
reaction causes the equilibrium to shift left, toward the reactants, causing precipitation.
4. They can be added to an aqueous solution and injected into an aquifer to bringabout
both an increase in NAPL solubility and a decrease in NAPL-water interfacial
tension. ... Surfactant molecules have both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion, and
are generally classified as either anionic, cationic, or nonionic.
5. The main difference between ideal solution and non ideal solution is that the
intermolecular interactions between all the molecules are the same in ideal
solutions whereas the intermolecular interactions between solute molecules and
solvent molecules are different from each other in non ideal solutions.

Reference: https://www.google.com/search?
ei=Qf46XfHBGa_YhwOUyquIBA&q=differentiate+ideal+from+non+ideal+solution&oq=dif
ferentiate+ideal+from+non+ideal+solution&gs_l=psy-
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wiz.....10..0i71j35i39j0j0i131j0i67j0i70i255j0i20i263j0i10.UXWzaMaDiVU&ved=0ahUKE
wix5obR1tLjAhUv7GEKHRTlCkEQ4dUDCAo&uact=5

1. Complete disintegration is defined as that state in which any residue of the. 15.
unit, except fragments of insoluble coating or capsule shell, remaining on the screen
of the test.

Disintegration testers are used to test how a drug in pellet form will disintegrate in
solution. Like dissolution testers, they permit researchers and medical practitioners
to analyze the in vitro breakdown of powdered compounds for quality
control purposes.

2. Binders, lubricants, and hardness were found to differ in their effects

on disintegration, and these factors are discussed. One two-factor interaction was
found and shown to be due to a greater effect of hardness ontablets made with
gelatin binder.