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Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Maragondon Branch

Maragondon, Cavite

PAINT
MEEN 3512 – Industrial Processes
Justine O. Serrano
Engr. Arian Jhon C. Cruzat

INTRODUCTION

Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to
a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide
texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such
as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry
into a solid (Wikipedia).

A paint is a solution or suspension of pigment, binder and mineral solvent. It is a colored

substance which is spread over a surface and dries to leave a thin decorative or protective
coating. (Dictionary).

HISTORY OF PAINT
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FACTS AND TRIVIAS ABOUT PAINT

1. Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate or cuprorivaite, is a pigment used in
ancient Egypt for thousands of years. It is the first synthetic pigment.

2. Cochineal, red dyestuff consisting of the dried, pulverized bodies of certain female scale
insects, Dactylopius coccus, of the Coccidae family, cactus-eating insects native to tropical
and subtropical America. Cochineal is used to produce scarlet, crimson, orange, and other
tints and to prepare pigments such as lake and carmine. The dye was introduced into
Europe from Mexico, where it had been used long before the coming of the Spaniards.

3. Prussian blue was first synthesized about 1704 by the reaction of salts of iron in the
+2 oxidation state(ferrous salts) with potassium ferrocyanide. It is the first modern synthetic
pigment.
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PAINT COMPOSITION

A paint is formulated as a mixture of four ingredients: Binder, Solvent, Pigment and

Additives.

Binder - is the main ingredient of paints. Binders are polymers

(resins) forming a continuous film on the substrate surface.
Binders are responsible for good adhesion of the coating to the
substrate. The binder holds the pigment particles distributed
throughout the coating. The binder is dispersed in a carrier or as
colloidal dispersion.

Solvent -is a medium where the binder, pigment and additives are dispersed in molecular form
(true solutions) or as colloidal dispersions (emulsions or sols). Solvents (thinners) are also used
for modification of the paint viscosity required for the
application methods: brush, roller, dip, spray. The solid
coating is formed due to evaporation of solvent therefore the
evaporation rate is one of the important properties of solvents.
Other important properties are the ability to dissolve the paint
ingredients and toxicity.

Pigment - is a solid substance dispersed throughout the coating to impart it a color, opacity (hide
substrate from UV light.
Pigments change the paint appearance (gloss level) and
properties: increase hardness and decrease ductility.
Pigments may be natural, synthetic, inorganic or organic.
Fillers and extenders are also referred to pigments. Fillers
and extenders are non-expensive commonly natural
inorganic materials added to the paint in order to increase
its volume, to increase the paint film thickness, to impart
toughness or abrasion resistance to the coating

Additives - are usually added in small amounts to provide a significant effect on the product. It is
the flavors and spices of a coating. Modern coatings are
complex formulas with thickeners, emulsifiers, dispersants,
pigments, defoamers, leveling agents, photo-stabilizers,
curing catalysts and other additives.
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS
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PROCESS 1. RAW MATERIALS - Resin, pigment and additive agents are generally major
components of paint. CMP conducts purchasing activities considering fairness and environmental
protection.

PROCESS 2. MIXING - Resin, pigment and solvent are mixed to produce an even mill base.

PROCESS 3. MILLING - Mill base produced at the pre-mixing process is sent to the disperser to
finely disperse the pigment particles.

PROCESS 4. BLENDING - Resin, additive agents and so on are added to the mill base, the
dispersion of which is completed. Also, the color phase is adjusted with color materials.

PROCESS 5. FILTERING - Blended and toned paint is filtrated.

PROCESS 6. PACKING - Filtrated paint is packed into a container.

PROCESS 7. SHIPMENT - Produced paint products are transported to shipyards, construction

sites and industry product plants, and so on to bring rich color into our lives.

MACHINES USED FOR PAINT MANUFACTURING

SAND MILLS BALL MILL PUG MIXER

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SIGMA KNEADER HIGH SPEED DISPERSER

ATTRITORS REACTORS TANKS

BASKET MILLS TWIN SHAFT DISPERSER

SAND MILLS - is also named as bead mills, it's an ultra-fine wet grinding equipment that mainly
serves for chemical industry like paint, coating, pigment, oil ink, printing ink, pesticide etc. and
grind them to be very fine or Nano-scale.
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BALL MILL - is a type of grinder used to grind, blend and sometimes for mixing of materials for
use in mineral dressing processes, paints, pyrotechnics, ceramics and selective laser sintering. It
works on the principle of impact and attrition: size reduction is done by impact as the balls drop
from near the top of the shell.

PUG MILL OR PUG MIXER – Uses for various type of mixing and blending powder, chemical,
paint, putty and many other chemical, liquid, solids, solid liquid

SIGMA KNEADER has two mixing blades rotate towards each other at differential speeds inside
a W-shaped trough. Each blade moves the material in opposite direction thereby providing
excellent cross mixing of all raw materials.

HIGH SPEED DISPERSER, also sometimes called High Speed Dissolver, is a standard
workhorse in the coatings industries. An economical and relatively simple piece of mixing
equipment, its primary purpose is to incorporate powders into liquid and break down loose
agglomerates to produce an acceptable level of dispersion prior to milling.

ATTRITORS - used for particle size reduction, dispersion and particle size grinding and milling.

REACTORS - Used in solvent process and fusion process for making Alkyd, UF, MF and Phenolic
Resins
TANK - For continuous coating of paint of the same single color, the paint pressure tank is
convenient.
BASKET MILL -combines dispersing and milling in one machine.
TWIN SHAFT DISPERSERS - that are considered as most versatile equipment for paint
production. As the name suggests, the disperser range has been specifically designed to
disperse, mix and homogenize products.

TYPES OF PAINT

• AUTOMOTIVE- Automotive paint is paint used on automobiles for both protection and
decoration purposes.

• DECORATIVE - Decorative painting is a diverse art form utilizing a variety of techniques

and media to decorate functional and non-functional surfaces.
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• INDUSTRIAL- An industrial coating is a paint or coating defined by its protective, rather

than its aesthetic properties, although it can provide both.

PAINTS BASED ON APPLICATION

• PRIMER - Primer is a preparatory coating put on materials before

painting. Priming ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface,
increases paint durability, and provides additional protection for
the material being painted.

• EMULSION - Water-based paint used for painting interior or exterior surfaces.

• LACQUER - Lacquer is a clear or colored coating, that dries by

solvent evaporation, usually a fast-drying solvent-
based paint or varnish that produces an especially
hard, durable finish.

• ENAMEL PAINT - An enamel paint is a paint that dries to an especially

hard, usually glossy, finish. Enamel paints contain either glass powder or tiny metal flake
fragments instead of the color pigments found in standard oil-based
paints. Enamel paint is also mixed with varnish to increase shine as
well as assist its hardening process.

QDE - Quick Drying Enamel is an alkyd type paint that provides great
durability while being noted as a fast-drying paint.

• WOOD STAIN - Wood stain is a type of paint that is very

"thin," that is, low in viscosity, and formulated so that the
pigment penetrates the surface rather than remaining in
a film on top of the surface. Stain is predominantly
pigment or dye.
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• PU PAINT - PU Paint is an acrylic solvent-based coating that forms a seamless, non-

porous, watertight film that repels water and prevents seepage. It
is noted for its excellent adhesion and long-term durability. Creates
a very tight film, serving as a moisture sealant for concrete and a
stain inhibitor for wood.

• EPOXY PAINT - Epoxy

Paint is a high quality, two-component, epoxy- polyamide
system that has exceptional adhesion to practically any
surface including steel tanks, galvanized iron, pipelines,
aluminum, structural steel, etc. Has excellent corrosion
resistance and sealing properties.

• OIL PAINT - Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint consisting of small pigment particles
suspended in a drying oil.

• POWDER COATING - Powder Coating is a

type of dry coating, which is applied as a free-
flowing, dry powder. The main difference between
liquid paint and a powder coating is that the
powder coating
does not require any solvent to keep the binder and filler
parts in a liquid suspension form. The coating is typically
applied electrostatically and is then cured under heat to allow
it to flow and form a "skin." It is usually used to create a hard
finish.

FAILURES OF PAINT

1. DILUTION - Dilution This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is not done as per
manufacturers recommendation.

2. CONTAMINATION - Contamination Foreign contaminants added without the

manufacturers consent which results in various film defects.
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3. PEELING/BLISTERING - Most commonly due to improper surface treatment before

application and inherent moisture/dampness being present in the substrate.

4. CRACKING - Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal expansion or contraction of paint
coats.

5. EROSION - Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to external agents like air, water
etc.

DANGERS OF PAINT

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paint are considered harmful to the environment
and especially for people who work with them on a regular basis. Since, VOCs are found
in paints, they can also build up quite a bit in the home. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), "studies have found that levels of several organics average two
to five times higher indoors than outdoors." When inhaled, VOCs can contribute to several
health problems, including irritation to your airways, headaches, nausea, and even damage
to the liver, kidneys, or central nervous system. Due to this, it's best to use products with
minimal amounts of VOCs whenever possible.

FUTURE OF PAINT

• GREEN PAINT - Environmental regulations, consumer demand, and advances in

technology led to the development of low- VOC and zero-VOC Paints. These new paints
are widely available and meet or exceed the old high-VOC products in performance and
cost-effectiveness while having significantly less impact on human and environmental
health.

“If you paint in your mind a picture of bright and happy expectations, you put yourself into a
condition conducive to your goal.”
- Norman Vincent Peale