Reservoir Engineering 1 Course (1st Ed.

)
1. About This Course
2. Resources
3. Training Outline (beta)
4. Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 2

Course Description
This course is prepared for:
 3 semester (or credit) hours and meets for a total of 3
hours a week.
Sophomore or junior level students (BS degrees)
(Major) Petroleum engineering students
(Minors) Production, Drilling and reservoir engineering
students
Prerequisites :Reservoir fluid properties and
reservoir rock properties.
The main objective: explaining the fundamentals of
reservoir engineering and their practical application
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 4
Lectures
Each session
Consists of different sections (about 4-5 sections)
Consists of about 50 slides
Is divided into 2 parts with short break time
Would be available online

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 5

Timing
Last Session (Review) Roll Call, 5
Last session
(Review), 5

Session Outlook Next Session

Topics, 5
Session
Outlook , 5

Presentation A
Break Time
Presentation B
Next Session Topics
Roll Call Presentation B,
Presentation A,
45 Break
45
Time, 5

TIME (MIINUTE)
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 6
Assessment Criteria
Class activities Class
5% activities,
5 Mid-term

Mid-term exam exam, 25

25%
Final exam
70%
Final
exam, 70

PERCENT OF GRADE
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 7
Syllabus
1390 edition
1378 edition

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 9

1390 Edition

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 10

1390 Edition (Cont.)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 11

1390 Edition (Cont.)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 12

1378 Edition

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 13

1378 Edition (Cont.)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 14

Class Lectures

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Major References
Ahmed, T. (2006). Reservoir engineering handbook
(Gulf Professional Publishing).

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 16

Syllabus Proposed References:
Ahmed Tarek, H. (2001). Reservoir engineering
handbook (Houston, Texas: Butterworth-
Heinemann).
Craft, B.C., Hawkins, M.F., and Terry, R.E. (1991).
Applied petroleum reservoir engineering.
Dake, L.P. (1983). Fundamentals of reservoir
engineering (Elsevier Science).
Slider, H.C. (1983). Worldwide practical petroleum
reservoir engineering methods (PennWell Books).

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 17

Class Schedule
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. 1 Introduction
Lec. 2 Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoirs
Lec. 9 -
Lec. 3 Lec. 3: Gas & Oil Properties
Lec. 4 Lec. 4: Oil & Water Lec. 10 -
Properties and Experiments Lec. 11 -
Lec. 5 -
Lec. 12 -
Lec. 6 -
Lec. 13 -
Lec. 14 -
Lec. 7 -
Lec. 15 -
Lec. 8 -
Lec. 16 -

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 19

Lec. 1: Introduction
About This Course
Resources
Training Outline (beta)
Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 20

Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoirs
Reservoir Fluid Behaviors
Petroleum Reservoirs
Oil
Gas
Gas Behavior
Gas Properties: Z Factor

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 21

Lec. 3: Gas & Oil Properties
Gas Properties:
Isothermal gas compressibility (Cg)
Gas formation volume factor (Bg)
Crude Oil Properties:
Density
Solution gas
Bubble-point pressure
Oil formation volume factor (Bo)
Total formation volume factor (Bt)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 22

Lec. 4: Oil & Water Properties and
Experiments
Crude Oil Properties:
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory Experiments

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 23

Petroleum Engineering
Definition
Petroleum Engineering, by definition, is finding crude oil
and natural gas in the ground and devising a way to bring
it out of the ground.
Petroleum Engineer Role
Petroleum Engineers supply society with crude oil and
natural gas for energy. This energy fuels our cars and
planes, heats our homes, powers our plants and
generates electricity.

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What Is Petroleum?
Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance
derived from the remains of prehistoric plant and
animal matter.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. molecules
containing hydrogen and carbon, which exist
sometimes in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes
as a vapor (natural gas).

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 27

Fish and Plant Fossil

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 28

Petroleum Formation
Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric
plant and animal remains into the seas along with
sand and silt, and layer upon layer piled up on the
sea bottom.
These layers were compressed under the weight of
these sediments, and the increasing pressure and
temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into
rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This
rock is known as source rock.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 29

Oil Sources
Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they
float on top of water.
Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep
within the earth floated up through tiny pore
spaces in the rock.
Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.
Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called
shale.
These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow
through the pore spaces, i.e. which are permeable.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 30

An Example of Porous Rocks

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Petroleum Extraction

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

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Petroleum Extraction: Drilling
Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective oil
field and the land is leased, a wildcat well is drilled
to obtain more information about the reservoir.
In late 1800's, oil wells were drilled by hammering steel
pipes into the rock.
Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill bit is
turned around and around, deeper and deeper, cutting
into the rock.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 33

Drilling: Top Drive

Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008 Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 34
Rotary Drilling
Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate
the bit so it doesn't get stuck, and to flush the rock
pieces to the surface. These cuttings are examined
by a mud logger, who looks for signs of oil and gas.
Not all wells are straight and vertical. Horizontal
drilling has become a very profitable way to
increase production by having the wellbore
contacting more of the formation.
When the drilling is completed, the rigs can be
disassembled for assembly at another drill site.
Some rigs are on ships and barges for drilling
offshore.
2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 35
Drilling Mud System

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 36

Well Completion
After drilling, steel pipe called casing is set in the
hole and is cemented into place.
A heavy-duty system of valves called a Christmas
Tree is set into place at the wellhead to control the
flow of the oil, gas and water and prevent a
blowout.
Then the well casing is perforated at the right
depths to make holes for the oil and gas to flow into
the wellbore and up to the surface.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 37

Christmas Tree

Courtesy ICOFC, Khangiran, 2011

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 38

Casing & Cementing

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 39

Petroleum Extraction: Production
Because oil, gas and water underground are under
a lot of pressure at first, these fluids flow up a
wellbore all by themselves, much like a soft drink
that has been shaken up. When oil and gas are
produced this way, it is called primary recovery.
When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod
pumps are used to pull the oil out of the reservoir
rock and up the well.
Sometimes gas is injected at the bottom of the
well, and as it expands, it lifts the oil up to the
surface. This is called gas lift.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 40

Producing the Well
Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil
and gas to flow through is called stimulation.
Three stimulation treatments are commonly used:
Explosives to break up the rock,
Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock, and
Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open
with proppants.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 41

Secondary Recovery
After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and
gas has been produced, so secondary recovery, or
waterflooding is done.
Water and oil do not mix; oil is generally lighter than
water and floats on top of it in the reservoir.
During a waterflood, water is injected into the water
zone of some of the wells to push the oil and gas up the
other wells.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 42

Consumption of Oil: Fuels
Fuel from produced oil and gas is used variously as
gasoline for cars, jet fuel, kerosene, propane gas for
cooking, heating oils for home furnaces, diesel fuels for
trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers in
factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.
Many electricity generating plants are also run on oil or
natural gas.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 43

Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber,
Other Products and Fibers
Plastics, Rubber, Other Products
Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum
feedstocks.
These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys,
containers, and automobile tires.
Other products include lubricating oils for machinery,
grease, wax for candles, asphalt for roads and roofs,
agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white oils and
petrolatum for medicinal purposes.
Fibers
Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made
into thousands of consumer products like panty hose,
nylon thread, and polyester.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 44

Careers in Oil Industry:
Engineers and Scientists
There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly
every type of engineer can be found upstream or
downstream, including
Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical,
bioengineers, and of course, petroleum engineers.
Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the
oil business.
Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists,
and computer scientists work together on multi-
disciplinary teams with engineers to research and
optimize oil field and refinery operations.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 45

Careers in Oil Industry:
Other Professional
There are also other professional and support
careers, as in any business.
These include business administration, accounting, law
and tax, advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and
library functions, trucking, public and employee
relations, and a host of other positions to keep operation
smooth.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 46

1. ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering &
Its Importance.

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 47

1. Reservoir Fluid Behaviors
2. Petroleum Reservoirs
A. Oil
B. Gas
3. Gas Behavior
4. Gas Properties: Z Factor

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction 48