HOW TO PREVENT AND MINIMIZE

DISEASE PROBLEMS
IN SHRIMP CULTURE

Dr. Chalor Limsuwan

Aquaculture Business Research Center; ABRC
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
at
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Indonesia: 25 April, 2019
 TOPICS FOR PRESENTATION
1.White feces disease
2.Early mortality syndrome (EMS)
3.Shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus
(SHIV)
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1.WHITE FECES (WHITE GUT)

•Currently, is the most serious

disease in China, Vietnam,
Malaysia, Indonesia, India and
Thailand.
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White feces

Chalor Limsuwan 4

www.themegallery.com
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CURRENT SITUATION
•Most white feces occur during 40-50
days in the grow-out pond
•After white feces have solved in the
grow-out pond, the remaining shrimp
are more likely to develop slow-
growth. Most farms have to harvest
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 CURRENT SITUATION OF
WHITE FECES IN THAILAND
• Found everywhere no matter of the
differences in
• Farm location
• Water salinity
• Stocking density
• Farm management
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 OUR RESEARCH FOUND …..
•PLs or shrimp after stocking showed
gregarine-like in hepatopancreas
before white feces occurred.
• Shrimp that developed gregarine-like
structure developed white feces afterward.
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 GREGALINE-
LIKE
AGGREGATED
TRANSFORMED
MICROVILLI
(ATM)

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WHAT IS THE GREGARINE-LIKE IN HP??
•TEM (transmission electron microscope)
shows……
microvilli aggregated in HP,
so we call
“aggregated transformed microvilli”
or “ATM” 10
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 Transmission
electron
microscope
shows
slough-off of
microvilli in
hepatopancreas

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 THE EFFECTS OF ATM??
•This should be the main cause of the
problems.
•Shrimp that has microvilli sloughed off
should not be in good health, and make
it more susceptible to diseases.
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WHAT CAUSES ATM??

Suspection of feed quality

may be the cause of ATM.

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 WHAT HAS BEEN CHANGED IN SHRIMP FEED IN
THAILAND ???
Shrimp feed with 35% fish meal
in the beginning of shrimp culture
Under certain
Increase use of circumstances: BAP,
soybean meal IUU, supply and price
of fish meal
5-8% of fish meal 15
 CAUSES OF WHITE FECES........

overuse of SB meal Absorption does

contains antinutritional not work
SB meal factors cause properly. Shrimp
antinutri- become weak
replacing damage of
tional microvilli and sensitive to
fish meal factors diseases
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ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS REPORTED IN SB MEAL

trypsin inhibitor
lectin
β-conglycinin)
..can affect on growth and health of shrimp… 17
 TRYPSIN INHIBITOR
•Inhibit the activity of trypsin (the protein digesting enzyme)
•Can be destroyed by heat
•Most SB meal have passed the process of oil extraction by
heat. This should reduce trypsin inhibitors.
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 LECTINS
•Macromolecules of carbohydrate-binding proteins
(glycoprotein). Also known as hemagglutinin.
•Multiple functions.
•Research study showed that the lectins when pass into small
intestine, can cause damage in mucosal layer of small
intestine, resulting in slough off of microvilli. 19

Source : Halver and Hardy, 2002

 Β-CONGLYCININ
•large molecule of protein in SB meal which is claimed to be the
cause of damaged microvilli, atrophy and inefficient absorption.
•Young animals are not able to utilize -conglycinin efficiently.
•Also is the major allergen in human and animals.
• Source: Wang et al., 2014

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 OTHER COMPOUNDS IN SB MEAL:
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
•Compose of raffinose and stachyose, more than 5%.
•Can not be digested in monogastric animals. So they
can become food for bacteria in the intestine; both good
and bad bacteria like vibrio
• source: Chen et al., 2010 21
 SUMMARY : THE EFFECTS OF ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS

•Direct effects on microvilli in animals, including

piglets and several species of fish.
•The clinical signs above are similar to ATM in PL and
shrimp during first 40-50 days of poststocking.
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Research
on dietary
effect of SB
meal on
fish’s gut
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LM image of distal
intestinal mucosa of
Atlantic salmon fed FM
feed and 33% SBM.
SBM group showed
irregular morphology (b)
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OUR RESEARCH STUDY ON THE USE OF SBM
REPLACING FM FOR WHITE SHRIMP
Found ATM in white shrimp fed on
8% fish meal+16% SBM (38% protein total)
The clinical signs get more severe when fish meal
ratio are decreasing 25
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 OUR RESEARCH ALSO FOUND.......
white shrimp with ATM developed
Get more severe mortality when exposed to
vibrio bacteria
The lower of the ratio of FM the
more severity were observed 30
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 PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR WHITE FECES
•Use shrimp feeds: contain an appropriate amount of fish meal.
•If need to use shrimp feed with SB meal, select the feed
contain an appropriate replacement of fish meal.
•Find the ways to decrease antinutritional factors in SB meal
•Find the ways to combat with antinutritional effects in shrimp.
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TO DECREASE ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN SB MEAL
•Fermentation with certain bacteria such as lactobacillus
and bacillus spp. can reduce lectins, oligosaccharides,
and -conglycinin to a safe level.
•make sure that the bacteria used are pure strain.
•Even with fermented SB meal……fermented SB meal can
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not replace all fish meal.

FIND THE WAYS TO COMBAT ANTINUTRITIONAL
FACTORS IN SHRIMP
•Some probiotics are used to reduce the effects of
antinutritional factors and ATM in shrimp.
Currently, farmers add probiotics or extract from
probiotics to the feed before feeding.
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2. EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROMES: EMS
OR
ACUTE HEPATOPANCREATIC NECROSIS
SYNDROME : AHPNS

EMS / APHNS
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 Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis
Syndrome : AHPND

• Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis

Syndrome (AHPNS) is causing high
mortalities in farm raised shrimp
cultured in China, Vietnam,
Thailand, India and Mexico
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• Caused by bacteria agent which colonizes
the intestinal tract of shrimp and causes
tissue destruction of the shrimp digestive
organ known as the hepatopancreas.
• Pathogen is a unique strain of the common
marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

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 EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROMES: EMS

 Mortalities occur in the first 5-35

days post-stocking
 Not related to WSSV, YHV, TSV,
IMNV 38
2009, The first cases of EMS occurred in
southern China.
2010, it was discovered in the Mekong Delta
area of Vietnam.
2011, it showed up in peninsular Malaysia and
then eastern Malaysia on the island of Barnes
and eastern Thailand.
2012, occurred in all cultured areas in Thailand
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2013 occurred in Mexico

EMS Mexico, October 2013 40
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Hepatopancreas of EMS shrimp: Severe bacteria infection

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 HOW TO PREVENT EMS

• Postlarvae should be free from Vibrio

parahaemolyticus (the strain that cause EMS)
by using PCR.
• Select good quality postlarvae
• Good pond and water preparation before
stocking PLs.
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Healthy hepatopancreas

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Unhealthy hepatopancreas

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 3. SHRIMP HEMOCYTE IRIDESCENT VIRUS
(SHIV)
• First reported from China, in 2017
• Clinical signs of diseased-shrimp are similar to EMS
• Histopathological examination revealed basophilic inclusions and pyknosis in :
hematopoietic tissues and hemocytes in gills, hepatopancreas etc.
 Clinical signs of
L. vannamei challenged with
the virus compared with the
control
a: external appearance
b: internal appearance
 Histological features of
L. vannamei challenged with
the virus
Black arrows show the
basophilic inclusions while
white arrows show the
karyopyknotic nuclei
(a) hematopoietic tissue
(b) (gills
(c) hepatopancreas
(d) periopods .
 Transmission electron
microscopy of naturally
infected L. vannamei showing
a large number of virions
in hemal sinuses of
hepatopancreas (a and b) and
skeletal muscle (c and d).
 PREVENTION OF SHIV

• Avoid using bloodstock from China

• Avoid using sandworm and bloodworm
from China
• Beware: Virus can survive under frozen
condition
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