Princeton University Press

Chapter Title: INDEX

Book Title: The Politics of Happiness

Book Subtitle: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being
Book Author(s): DEREK BOK
Published by: Princeton University Press . (2010)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7t6m0.17

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 INDEX

Page numbers for entries occuring in footnotes are followed by the letter f.

abortion, 60, 143 Bartels, Larry, 90–91

accountability: government and, 181–84; Beccaria, Cesare, 4
personal responsibility and, 112–17, Beethoven, Ludwig van, 51
210–11 Belgium, 12, 52
advertising, 16, 74, 91–92, 115, 171, 206 Bentham, Jeremy, 204; aim of government
AIDS, 21, 70, 164 and, 4–5, 8, 54–57; felicific calculus and,
alcohol: education and, 164, 174; families 4–5, 59–60; measurement of happiness
and, 149; inequality and, 84–85; preg- and, 32
nancy and, 149; public schools and, 164; Bhutan, 1–4, 57f
suffering and, 130, 134; unemployment “Bigger the Better? Evidence of the Effect
and, 21, 109 of Government Size on Life Satisfaction
Alesina, Alberto, 6, 97, 229n52 around the World, The” (Bjornskov,
Alvarez-Diaz, Angel, 112f Dreher, and Fisher), 112f
Alzheimer’s disease, 70 birth control, 143
American Pain Society, 127 Bjornskov, Christian, 112f
American Political Science Association, 89–90 black markets, 72
Angeletos, George-Marios, 97 Bloom, Allan, 169
Angola, 54 Bonanno, George A., 18f
anti-discrimination laws, 94 Bowen, William G., 96
Aristotle, 95 Bowling Alone (Putnam), 83
art education, 161–62, 167 brain scans, 38
Association of American Colleges and Brave New World (Huxley), 49–51
Universities, 200 Britain, 4, 84–85, 106f, 181–84
asylums, 134 Broadnax, Walter D., 161f
attorneys, 174 Buddhist culture, 1, 3
Australia, 4, 106f Bulgaria, 25–26
Austria, 12 Burke, Edmund, 58
Bush, George W., 66, 144, 158
bailout bill, 137
bankruptcy, 99, 105, 108, 112, 116–17, 122 Calcutta, 25
Barnett, W. Steven, 153 Cambridge, 89

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248 | INDEX
Cameron, David, 4
Canada, 106f, 134, 181–84
cancer, 21, 33, 70, 107, 124–25, 129
Capella, Joseph N., 195
Carroll, James D., 161f
causation: correlation and, 38–39; direc-
tion of, 23f, 39, 41, 234n18; govern-
ment and, 23f; group membership and,
20; marriage and, 17, 38–39, 217n34,
234n18; sleep and, 234n18; volunteering
and, 219n59
charitable giving, 69
Chicago Child-Parent Centers, 154
child care, 40; effects of, 150–51; families
and, 29, 61, 70, 78, 95–96, 145–51, 208;
prenatal, 148–49
children, 42, 163, 177, 211; abuse of, 142;
communication with infant and, 149–50;
death of, 19, 112; decline in happiness
from, 19; diet and, 81–82; early reading
programs for, 149–50; earned income
tax credits and, 145, 148; effects of di-
vorce on, 140–43; equal opportunity for,
94–98, 155; exercise and, 162–63; Head
Start program and, 70, 152–53; helping,
139, 148–55; illegitimate, 69, 141–44;
imprisoned fathers and, 142, 145–46;
improved care for, 146; IQ and, 149,
152–53; low–birthweight babies and,
149; No Child Left Behind program and,
158; paternal leave and, 146–47; playing
with, 10; prenatal care and, 148–49;
pre-school programs and, 151–54, 208,
240n10; public schools and, 157–65;
quality of government and, 186–87; re-
lationship with parents and, 140; retirees
and, 102; school performance and, 141
(see also education); successful mar-
riage of parents and, 139–48; teenage
pregnancy and, 142–43; teenage suicide
and, 140; test scores and, 158–59; U.S.
health care failure and, 106–8; working
mothers and, 76, 150, 239n41
China, 1, 3–4, 72
Christians, 41–42, 69
chronic pain, 21, 61, 205, 208–11; cancer
and, 124–25; Controlled Substances
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Act and, 126; definition of, 124; effects
of, 124–29; failure of doctors and, 125;
nursing homes and, 124; opioids and,
125–29; quality of government and, 179;
relieving suffering of, 124–29; suicide
and, 235n30; undertreatment of, 128
circadian rhythms, 130
civic engagement, 205, 240n5, 242n40;
education and, 159–61, 168, 199–201;
inequality and, 82–83; quality of govern-
ment and, 187, 199
Civil Rights Act, 187
Clark, Andrew E., 18f, 21f
climate choice, 17, 40
Clinton, Bill, 158
Closing of the American Mind, The
(Bloom), 169
cohabitation, 17, 69, 145, 148, 238n27
Coles, Robert, 176
colleges. See higher education
Communism, 14, 22–23, 26, 52–54
Conference Board, 30
Connecticut, 80
conservatives, 4, 7, 69, 87, 113, 184
Constant, Benjamin, 46
Context, Content, and Community in Art
Education (Neperud), 162f
contraceptives, 143
Contreras, Gloria, 161f
cost-benefit analysis, 5
Council of Economic Advisers, 64, 66
credit cards, 111–12, 116
crime, 11, 21, 208–9; families and, 142,
145–46, 152–55; imprisoned fathers
and, 142, 145–46; quality of government
and, 180–81, 191; unjust imprisonment
and, 56–57
cultural preservation, 2
Cureton, Jeanette, 173
Davis, Karen, 106f
day-reconstruction method, 32, 234n18
deadheads, 116
Deaton, Angus, 14, 84, 215n16
debt, 77, 104, 111–12, 115, 231n34
Declaration of Independence, 4, 48–49
defined benefit plans, 100

defined contribution plans, 100–104, 109,
114, 118–19
deforestation, 2
democracy, 1–2, 23, 30, 115, 205, 210–11;
economic growth and, 68; education
and, 160, 177, 199–200; freedom and,
22, 48, 54; inequality and, 88; misfor-
tune and, 56; objective of liberty and,
46; policy use of happiness research
and, 45–48, 56, 58, 61–62; proliferation
of regulations and, 185–86; quality of
government and, 139, 180–81, 197–202;
unrealistic expectations and, 196–201
Denmark, 6–7, 26–27, 52, 112f, 149, 201
depression, 53, 139–40, 147, 179,
235nn31–32; asylums and, 134;
bankruptcy and, 112; creativity and,
50–51; crime and, 11; definition of, 133;
discrimination and, 134–35; divorce and,
11, 140; drugs and, 11, 134; economic
issues and, 64, 73, 111, 134–37; educa-
tion and, 163–64; exercise and, 163;
failure to seek help for, 135–36; Federal
Mental Health Parity Act, 136–37;
friends and, 20; government policy for,
134–38; health insurance and, 135–37;
HMOs and, 138; immune system and,
134; judgment abilities and, 133; mar-
riage and, 17; Medicaid and, 137–38;
Medicare and, 137; poor treatment
statistics for, 135; psychotherapy and,
134; reform for, 137–38; relieving suf-
fering and, 124, 129, 133–38; research
discoveries and, 19–20, 205, 208–11;
seriousness of, 133–34; stigma of, 136;
suicide and, 17, 21, 38, 109, 134, 140,
164, 174, 235n30; unemployment and,
11, 21, 109–10
“Development, Freedom, and Rising Hap-
piness: A Global Perspective (1981–
2007)” (Inglehart, Foa, Peterson, and
Welzel), 57f
Diener, Ed, 9, 21f, 53
diet, 26, 84–85, 102, 172
disease, 135, 137; Alzheimer’s, 70; cancer,
21, 33, 70, 107, 124–25, 129
Di Tella, Rafael, 6
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I NDEX | 249
divorce, 53, 205, 217n34; depression
from, 140; effects on children, 140–43;
education and, 174; experience sampling
and, 28; family studies and, 139–44,
147–48; health issues and, 140; lasting
effects from, 140, 237n22; reaction to by
gender, 140; research discoveries on, 11,
17–18, 21, 29; teenage suicide and, 140;
U.S. rate of, 141–42
doctors: chronic pain treatment and,
124–29; opioids and, 125–29; sleep
disorders and, 131–32
Doty, Michelle M., 106f
downshifting, 77
Dreher, Axel, 112f
dropouts, 142, 148, 161
Drug Enforcement Agency, 125–28, 132
drugs, 3, 53; American Pain Society and,
127; depression and, 11, 134; economic
growth and, 69; education and, 164,
174; families and, 142, 145, 152–53;
Federal Controlled Substances Act and,
125–26; financial hardship and, 99–100,
109; free marijuana and, 50; govern-
ment regulation of, 125–28; imprisoned
fathers and, 142, 145–46; inequality
and, 84; medical addiction to, 127–28;
opioids and, 125–29; public schools and,
164; suffering and, 125–29, 132, 134;
unemployment and, 21, 109
Dworkin, Ronald W., 87
Easterlin, Richard A., 5, 67, 76–77
economic issues: bailout bill and, 137;
bankruptcy and, 99, 105, 108, 112,
116–17, 122; black markets and, 72;
cost-benefit analysis and, 5; depression
and, 134–37; downshifting and, 77;
earned income tax credits and, 145,
148; freedom and, 23; Great Depression
and, 64–65, 68–70; growth and, 10–16,
63–78; illegal activities and, 71–72; in-
equality and, 6–7, 79–98, 202; inflation
and, 64–65, 100, 115, 150, 180; living
on the edge and, 111–12; materialism
and, 40, 50, 52, 67, 115, 206; personal
responsibility and, 112–17; pork barrel
250 | INDEX
economic issues (continued)
projects and, 71, 188–91, 209; poverty
and, 1, 25, 40, 56, 67–68, 72, 101–3,
117–18, 184–87, 191, 233nn60,61;
reform and, 117–23; sleep disorders and,
130; stable socioeconomic develop-
ment and, 2; standard of living and, 6,
12–13, 53, 68, 104; subsidies and, 61,
71, 94, 101–2, 116, 118, 123, 138, 145,
147, 151, 188, 190, 208; taxes and, 2,
7, 48–49, 60–61, 64, 70, 73, 78, 89,
101–3, 114–20, 145, 148, 154, 184–91,
202, 206; technological innovation and,
157–58; threat of financial hardship and,
99–123; unemployment and, 3, 6–7, 11,
21, 26, 40, 51, 53, 62–66, 72–73, 99,
108–16, 122–23, 142, 145–46, 153–54,
180, 186, 208, 210. See also money
education, 2–3, 62, 210; arts and, 161–62,
167; breadth of learning and, 166–71,
208, 211, 259; commercial influence
and, 206; dropouts and, 142, 148, 161;
engineering and, 157; English and, 159;
equal opportunity and, 94–98; exercise
and, 162–64, 172; extreme jobs and,
75; global economy and, 158; goals of
wealth and, 14–15; government and,
156f; higher, 165–76, 199–201; job
satisfaction and, 15; liberal arts and,
167–69, 172–73, 178, 199; literacy and,
1, 3, 149–50, 160; marital communica-
tion and, 143–44; mathematics and,
159; money goals and, 11, 14–15, 162,
166–67, 173, 175–76; A Nation at Risk
report and, 157–58; No Child Left Be-
hind program and, 158; parental neglect
and, 95; political equality and, 89; poor
people and, 136–37, 150–53, 161, 166;
premarital, 147–48, 209; pre-school
programs and, 151–54, 208, 240n10;
professional programs and, 167, 172–76;
public schools and, 157–65; quality of
government and, 180, 184; science and,
157; segregation and, 55; sleep disorders
and, 131–33; teacher turnover and, 96;
technological innovation and, 157–58;
teenage pregnancy and, 143; test scores
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and, 158–59, 177; ultimate importance
of, 176–78; unemployment and, 156;
virtue and, 46; vocational, 145, 158–59,
166–67, 174, 177–78, 200, 211; work
hours and, 74–75
Education for America Act, 152
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 64
engineering, 157
English studies, 159
environmental issues, 3, 206, 223n3; defor-
estation and, 2; economic growth and,
63–67, 71–72, 77–78, 207; greenhouse
gases and, 65; happiness and, 208;
quality of government and, 180; religion
and, 22
equal opportunity, 94–98
ethanol, 71
exercise, 162–64, 172
experience sampling, 35, 38f, 70, 134,
204–5; accuracy of, 33; consistent feel-
ings and, 34; day-reconstruction method
and, 32; developing nations and, 72;
general findings from, 27–30; human
judgment and, 32–34; immediate re-
actions and, 33–34; lawmakers and, 34;
leisure time and, 156–57; retrospective
values and, 33–34
extreme jobs, 75
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 73, 75
families, 179, 211; birth control and, 143;
children and, 10, 19, 40, 42, 76, 81–82,
94–96, 102, 106, 139–58, 163, 186–87;
close ties for, 139; cohabitation and,
17, 69, 145, 148, 238n27; communica-
tion with infant and, 149–50; cultural
values and, 142–43; divorce and, 11,
17–18, 21, 28–29, 53, 139–44, 147–48,
174, 205; earned income tax credits
and, 145, 148; fatherhood and, 144–45;
imprisoned fathers and, 142, 145–46;
one-parent, 141–42; out-of-wedlock
births and, 69, 141–44; paternal leave
and, 146–47; personal responsibility
and, 112–17; premarital education
and, 147–48, 209; prenatal care and,
148–49; pre-school programs and,

151–54; public schools and, 157–65;
religion and, 142–43; satisfaction from,
12–13; separations and, 17–18, 139–40,
144, 205, 217n34; teenage pregnancies
and, 142–43
Farnsworth, Stephen J., 194
fast-food workers, 81
Federal Controlled Substances Act, 125–26
Federal Election Commission, 189
Federal Employment Service, 110, 122
Federal Mental Health Parity Act, 136–37
Federal Reserve, 63
felicific calculus, 4–5, 59–60
First Amendment, 54
Fisher, Justine A. V., 112f
Foa, Roberto, 57f
Fogel, Robert W., 68
foreclosure, 112
401(k) accounts, 100–104, 109, 114, 118–19
France, 4, 29, 36, 73, 149, 181–84
freedom, 3, 13, 205; accountability and,
181; of action, 87; of choice, 101;
creativity and, 50–51; defining, 48; de-
mocracy and, 22, 48, 54; economic, 23,
66; human progress and, 50; Huxley on,
49; job satisfaction and, 39; libertarians
and, 46–47, 49; personal setbacks and,
50; of speech, 54
Freeman, Benjamin, 112f
French Constitution, 4
Freud, Sigmund, 25, 45
Frey, Bruno S., 61
Friedman, Benjamin M., 68–70
friends, 51, 211; benefits of, 30; causation
and, 20; close, 19–20; depression and,
20; experience sampling and, 29; health
issues and, 20; happiness and, 10–15,
19–22, 29–34, 38, 42–43, 76–77, 82,
109, 139, 156–57, 187, 204–5; impor-
tance of, 19–20; leisure time and, 77;
networks of, 20
Fujita, Frank, 53
fundamentalists, 69
Galbraith, James K., 79
Gallup surveys, 14, 24, 25f, 67, 104,
215n16, 224n18, 240n5
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I NDEX | 251
Gates, Bill, 82
General Social Survey, 79–80
genetics, 52–54
Georgellis, Yannis, 21f
Georgia, 25–26
Germany, 52–53, 106f, 181–84
Gilbert, Daniel, 19, 40
Glaeser, Edward L., 229n52
global warming, 65
God, 22, 45
Goldin, Claudia, 96–97
Gonzalez, Lucas, 112f
government, 30; accountability and, 181–
84; black markets and, 72; causation
issues and, 23f; checks and balances and,
185; constituent opinion and, 58–59;
corruption in, 46; declining confidence
in, 69–70; diminishing pessimism over,
201–3; drug regulation and, 125–28;
effectiveness of, 181–84; experience
sampling and, 28, 34; fallible politicians
and, 46; families and, 139–55; freedom
and, 3, 13, 22–23, 39, 46–49, 54, 66,
87, 101, 181, 205; growth regulation
and, 70–74, 78; human judgment and,
58–62, 116–17, 180, 191; improve-
ment of, 184–91; income redistribution
and, 79–83; lawmakers’ imposed values
and, 42–43; legislation of virtue and,
46; libertarians and, 46–47, 49; limited,
46–47; maximization of pleasure and,
4; minimization of pain and, 4; more
accurate perceptions of, 191–95; nanny
state and, 47; objective of liberty and,
46; performance standards of, 181–84;
personal responsibility and, 112–17;
political stability and, 181–84; popular
impressions of, 179–203; procedural
reform and, 188–91; public policy and,
45–54 (see also policy); public schools
and, 156f, 157–59; quality of, 1–2,
22–23, 28, 179–203, 209; reducing
distrust of, 201–3; reform and, 117–23;
regulation quality and, 181–84; rule of
law and, 181–84; special interest groups
and, 46, 167, 182, 188–90, 192, 197,
209; subsidies and, 61, 71, 94, 101–2,
252 | INDEX
government (continued)
116, 118, 123, 138, 145, 147, 151, 188,
190, 208; taxes and, 2, 7, 48–49, 60–61,
64, 70, 73, 78, 89, 101–3, 114–20, 145,
148, 154, 184–91, 202, 206; threat of
financial hardship and, 117–23; unrealis-
tic expectations of, 196–201; voice and,
181–84; welfare and, 188, 190, 209 (see
also welfare)
Graber, Doris A., 194
Great Books, 170–71
Great Depression, 64–65, 68–70
Great Society, 69
Green, Gayle, 130–31
greenhouse gases, 65
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 40, 63, 67,
69, 207
Gross National Happiness, 1–2, 57f
Gross National Product (GNP), 1, 14, 63
growth, 180; American attitude toward,
74–78; charitable giving and, 69; civic
responsibility and, 69–70; Congress and,
63; controversy over, 65–74; Council
of Economic Advisers and, 64, 66;
downshifting and, 77; Eisenhower and,
64; environmental issues and, 63–67,
71–72, 77–78, 207; Federal Reserve and,
63; French workweek and, 73; Friedman
and, 68–70; government regulation of,
70–74, 78; Great Depression and, 64–65,
68–70; illegal methods and, 71–72; of
income, 10–16; increased leisure time
and, 74; inflation and, 64–65, 100, 115,
150, 180; Kennedy and, 64; Keynes and,
67; labor and, 64; limitations of, 64–65;
Mill and, 65, 67; overheating economy
and, 65; paternal leave and, 146–47;
post-World War II era and, 64; poverty
and, 67–68, 72; as prime goal, 63–65;
racial issues and, 69–70; Roosevelt and,
65–66; rushed lifestyle and, 77; stable
socioeconomic development and, 2; third
way and, 64; unrestrained, 66–67
Haiti, 26, 54
Handel, Michael J., 158
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happiness: age and, 16; benefits of, 30–31;
Bentham on, 1–5; cancer and, 21, 33,
70, 107, 124–25, 129; causation issues
and, 38–39; children and, 19, 217n37;
chronic pain and, 21, 61, 124–39, 179,
205, 208–11; climate choice and, 17,
40; commercial influence and, 206;
Declaration of Independence and, 4,
48–49; defining, 9–10, 41–43; depres-
sion and, 19–21, 53, 64, 73, 111, 124,
129, 133–40, 147, 163–64, 209, 211,
235nn30–32; disease and, 21, 70, 107,
135, 137; duration of, 5–6; economic
cost of, 208–9; economic growth and,
63–78; environmental issues and, 208;
experience sampling and, 27–35, 38f, 70,
134, 156; family and, 139–55; felicific
calculus for, 4–5, 59–60; freedom and, 3,
13, 22–23, 39, 46–49, 54, 66, 87, 101,
181, 205; French Constitution and, 4;
friendships and, 10–15, 19–22, 29–34,
38, 42–43, 76–77, 82, 109, 139, 156–57,
187, 204–5; Gallup surveys and, 14, 24,
25f, 67, 104, 215n16, 224n18, 240n5;
Gross National Happiness and, 1–2, 57f;
group membership and, 20; hedonism
and, 6, 18f, 50; heredity and, 52–54;
higher education and, 165–76; human
judgment and, 32, 34, 37, 39, 42, 58, 60,
62, 116–17, 133, 180, 191; inequality
and, 6–7, 79–98, 202; influence of im-
mediate effects and, 5–6; job satisfaction
and, 20, 30, 33, 39, 75, 232n51; leisure
time and, 2, 30, 66, 74–76, 156–57,
160, 206, 208, 211; loneliness and,
19–20; marriage and, 139–48 (see also
marriage); materialism and, 6 (see also
materialism); measurement of, 1, 5, 14,
32–34, 204; money and, 4, 6, 10–16,
22, 29, 32, 40, 51, 71 (see also money);
national comparisons of, 6, 23–27;
personal responsibility and, 112–17,
210–11; poverty and, 25–26; as public
policy aim, 4, 45–54; quality of govern-
ment and, 22–23, 179–203; racial issues
and, 16–17; religion and, 21–22, 41–42,

45, 69; research findings in, 9–32; ret-
rospective evaluation and, 33–41; rising
aspirations and, 15; satisfaction and,
5–17, 20–30, 33–41 (see also satisfac-
tion); science of, 4–5; self-respect and,
47, 83, 86–87, 113, 156; smiling and,
38; standard of living and, 6, 12–13, 53,
68, 104; suicide and, 17, 21, 38, 109,
134, 140, 164, 174; threat of financial
hardship and, 99–123; utilitarianism
and, 5; volunteering and, 22, 45, 51,
219n59, 242n40
happiness gap, 80
Harlem, 81
Harris, Anthony, 215n16
Harris, Douglas N., 158
Harvard, 19, 66, 96, 108, 110, 140, 171
Harvard Medical School Guide to a Good
Night’s Sleep, 131
Head Start, 70, 152–53
health issues, 30, 45, 51, 179; AIDS and,
21, 70; Alzheimer’s and, 70; cancer
and, 21, 33, 70, 107, 124–25, 129;
chronic pain and, 124–29; depression
and, 133–38 (see also depression); diet
and, 26, 84–85, 102, 172; divorce and,
140; exercise and, 162–64, 172; failure
of doctors and, 125; favorable circum-
stances and, 38; friends and, 20; genetics
and, 52; government programs and, 70;
hunger and, 68, 81–82, 85; immune
system and, 17; increased care costs and,
107; inequality and, 84–85; marriage
and, 17; Medicaid and, 70, 96, 100, 103,
105, 137–38; Medicare and, 48, 70, 100,
103, 108, 113, 137–38; mortality rates
and, 1–2, 84–85, 96, 106f, 149; opioids
and, 125–29; personal responsibility
and, 112; prenatal care and, 148–49;
public schools and, 162–63; quality of
government and, 184–87, 192; reform
and, 119–20; retirement and, 99–106;
retrospective evaluation and, 37–38; self-
awareness of, 21; sleep disorders and, 29,
129–33, 208–9; smoking and, 3, 48, 60,
85, 149; Social Security and, 48; threat of
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I NDEX | 253
financial hardship and, 106–8; uninsured
and, 106–8; universal care and, 112, 208;
U.S. health care failure and, 106–8
health maintenance organizations (HMOs),
138, 174–75
Heckman, James, 153
hedonism, 6, 18f, 50
Helliwell, John F., 20, 23f, 215n16
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien, 4
heredity, 52–54
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, 75
Hibbing, John R., 195, 197, 201
higher education: breadth of learning
and, 166–71; civic understanding and,
199–200; extracurricular activities and,
166–68; Great Books and, 170–71; hap-
piness courses and, 171–72; impact of in
later life, 169; improving contributions
of, 169–76; liberal arts and, 167–69,
172–73, 178; making money and, 11,
14–15, 162, 166–67, 173, 175–76; older
age groups and, 172–73; politics and,
166, 168; post-graduation interests and,
168; preparation for citizenship and,
199–201; professional programs and,
167, 172–76; science and, 170; social
science and, 170; sports and, 200; values
and, 166, 168
high schools, 159–60
HIV-AIDS, 21, 70, 164
Hochschild, Jennifer, 80
Holland, 24, 77, 201
Holmgren, Alyssa L., 106f
home equity loans, 111
homeless people, 68, 166
“How’s Your Government? International
Evidence Linking Good Government and
Well-Being” (Helliwell and Huang), 23f
Huang, Haifang, 20, 23f, 215n16
Hume, David, 115
hunger, 68, 81–82, 85
Hutcheson, Francis, 4
Huxley, Aldous, 49–51, 50
illegitimate children, 69, 141–44
immigrants, 60, 120
254 | INDEX
import duties, 2
imprisoned fathers, 142, 145–46
income. See money
India, 1–3, 25, 72
individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 104
inequality, 202; campaign donations
and, 89–90; Civil Rights Act and, 187;
equality of opportunity and, 94–98;
Europe and, 80–81; experience sampling
and, 28–29; General Social Survey and,
79–80; happiness gap and, 80; health
issues from, 84–85; income distribution
and, 12, 79–83, 86–88; longevity and,
84–85; mortality rates and, 84–85; other
forms of equality and, 88–98; philoso-
phers on, 86–88, 94–95; political equal-
ity and, 89–94; racial issues and, 69–70
(see also racial issues); satisfaction and,
6–7, 13–14; self-respect and, 83; U.S.
Supreme Court and, 92–93; widening
income gap and, 82–83
infant mortality, 1–2, 96, 106f, 149
inflation, 64–65, 100, 115, 150, 180
Inglehart, Ronald, 57f
insomnia, 129–33
Institute of Medicine, 131–32
intelligence quotient (IQ), 95–96, 149,
152–53
Iraq, 60, 208
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, 195
Japan, 77, 157, 181–84
Jefferson, Thomas, 4, 178
job satisfaction, 15, 20, 30, 33, 39, 75,
232n51
“Job Satisfaction in the United States”
(Smith), 173f
Johnson, Samuel, 52
judgment: adaption time and, 40; credit
cards and, 116; depression and, 133;
environmental effects and, 36; experi-
ence sampling and, 32–34; government
performance and, 180, 191; human error
in, 41–42; immediate reactions and, 37;
imposed values and, 42–43; lawmakers
and, 42–43, 58–62, 116–17; logic and,
42; misapprehensions over, 37; of one’s
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own happiness, 32, 34, 37, 39, 42; per-
sonal responsibility and, 112–17; pursuit
of value and, 42; rational life-plan and,
42; retrospective evaluation and, 33–41
Kahneman, Daniel, 5, 29, 74, 76, 130,
156–57
Kant, Immanuel, 46, 222n3
Katz, Lawrence F., 96–97
Kennedy, John F., 64
Keynes, John Maynard, 67, 176–77
Keyserling, Leon, 64
Kriss, Jennifer L., 106f
Kronman, Anthony T., 169–70
Ku Klux Klan, 55
labor, 233n64; American attitude and,
74–78; defined benefit plans and,
100; defined contribution plans and,
100–104, 109, 114, 118–19 downshift-
ing and, 77; economic growth and, 64;
education and, 156 (see also education);
experience sampling and, 29; extreme
jobs and, 75; Fair Labor Standards Act
(FLSA) and, 73, 75; fast-food workers
and, 81; favorable circumstances and,
38; French workweek and, 73; illegal fir-
ings and, 120–21; income redistribution
and, 79–83, 86–88; job satisfaction and,
15, 20, 30, 33, 39, 75, 232n51; layoffs
and, 20–21, 121–23; minimum wage
and, 145; paid leave and, 146f; paternal
leave and, 146–47; personal respon-
sibility and, 112–17; proliferation of
regulations and, 185–86; retirement and,
99–106; sleep disorders and, 129–33;
Social Security and, 48–49, 61, 99–105,
113, 118–19, 187, 192; standard of
living and, 6, 12–13, 53, 68, 104; status
and, 33; trust of management and, 20;
unemployment and, 20–21 (see also un-
employment); unions and, 20, 179; U.S.
health care failure and, 106–8; vacations
and, 75; worker redress and, 121–22
Lacan, Jacques, 25
Layard, Richard, 22
layoffs, 121–23

Lebergott, Stanley, 67
legal careers, 174–75
leisure time, 2, 30, 206, 208, 211; economic
growth and, 66, 74–76; experience sam-
pling of, 156–57; friends and, 77; outside
of employment, 156–57; television and,
3, 17, 40, 50, 54, 67–68, 76, 83, 95, 160,
174, 193, 195, 216n28; vacations and,
75. See also pleasure
Levine, Arthur, 173
liberal arts, 167–69, 172–73, 178, 199
liberals, 6–7, 79, 86–87, 184
Libertarian Idea, The (Narveson), 47
libertarians, 46–47, 49
liberty, 46, 54, 57
Lichter, S. Robert, 194
life expectancy, 2, 24–25, 84, 106f
literacy, 1, 3, 149–50, 160
loan crisis, 111–12
lobbyists, 43, 188–92, 199
Locke, John, 45
logic, 42, 87
loneliness, 19–20
lotteries, 33, 52
Louis Harris poll, 108
Lucas, Richard E., 21f
Luce, Carolyn B., 75
Luxembourg, 26
Lykken, David, 52
MacCulloch, Robert J., 6
McKibben, Bill, 66–67, 223n3
McNeil, John R., 64
Mancini, Anthony D., 18f
Mankiw, Gregory, 66
Mann, Thomas E., 161f
marijuana, 50
Marmot, Michael G., 84–85
marriage, 45, 179, 211; benefits of, 30,
139–40; causation issues and, 17, 38–39,
217n34, 234n18; children and, 141,
148–55 (see also children); cohabitation
and, 17, 69, 145, 148, 238n27; counsel-
ing for, 143–44, 209; depression and,
17; divorce and, 11, 17–18, 21, 28–29,
53, 139–44, 147–48, 174, 205; duration
of happiness from, 17–18; education
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I NDEX | 255
for, 143–44; encouragement of, 145–48;
experience sampling and, 28; family pro-
grams vs. cultural values and, 142–43;
favorable circumstances and, 38; help-
ing, 139–48; immune system and, 17;
imprisoned fathers and, 142, 145–46;
increased well-being from, 139–40;
interracial, 224n18; poor people and,
145–48; pregnancy and, 144–45; respon-
sibility and, 145; separation and, 17–18,
139–40, 144, 205, 217n34; termination
effects and, 18–19; welfare and, 147;
women and, 145–50
materialism, 50, 115, 206; advertising and,
16; downshifting and, 77; duration of
happiness from, 6; economic growth
and, 63–78; goals of wealth and, 14–16;
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and, 40;
higher education and, 165–66; income
inequality and, 6–7, 79–98, 202; media
and, 206; new cars and, 6; philosophers
on, 51–52, 207
mathematics, 159
media, 193–95, 198, 206, 210
Media in American Politics, The: Contents
and Consequences (Paletz), 194f
Media Power, Media Politics (Rozell), 193f
Medicaid, 70, 96, 100, 103, 105, 137–38,
149
Medicare, 48, 70, 100, 108, 113, 137–38
Meiklejohn, Alexander, 169
memory, 32, 35
military issues, 60
Mill, John Stuart, 65, 67, 89, 176
minimum wage, 145
Minnesota Family Investment Program,
147
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An Inter-
national Update on the Comparative
Performance of American Health Care
(Davis, Schoen, Schoenbaum, Doty,
Holmgren, Kriss, and Shea), 106f
misfortune, 20, 40, 99, 114, 149, 206;
democracy and, 56; divorce and, 11,
17–18, 21, 28–29, 53, 139–44, 147–48,
174, 205; Great Depression and, 64–65,
68–70; inequality and, 79–98;
256 | INDEX
misfortune (continued)
policy-makers and, 50–55; relieving suf-
fering and, 124–38
Mishel, Lawrence, 158
Mitchell, Olivia S., 118f
money, 4, 22, 32, 135–37, 209; adaption
time and, 40; American dream and,
12–13; common beliefs over, 10–16;
downshifting and, 77; earned income
tax credits and, 145, 148; economic
growth and, 63–78; experience sampling
and, 28–29; goals of wealth and, 14–16;
Great Depression and, 64–65, 68–70;
happier workers and, 11; hedonism
and, 6, 18f, 50; higher education and,
11, 14–15, 162, 166–67, 173, 175–76;
human relationships and, 15; income
inequality and, 6–7, 79–98, 202; income
redistribution and, 12, 79–83, 86–88;
inequality and, 7, 79–98; inflation and,
64–65, 100, 115, 150, 180; just income
distribution and, 86–88; living on the
edge and, 111–12; lotteries and, 33,
52; media and, 206; minimum wage
and, 145; paternal leave and, 146–47;
personal responsibility and, 112–17;
poverty and, 25–26 (see also poverty);
rising aspirations and, 15; satisfaction
levels from, 10–11; social welfare and,
6–7, 47–48, 70, 80, 93, 112–13, 138,
144–47, 151–55; standard of living and,
6, 12–13, 53, 68, 104; taxes and, 2, 7,
48–49, 60–61, 64, 70, 73, 78, 89, 101–3,
114–20, 145, 148, 154, 184–91, 202,
206; threat of financial hardship and,
99–123; unemployment and, 3, 6–7, 11,
21, 26, 40, 51, 53, 62–66, 72–73, 99,
108–16, 122–23, 142, 145–46, 153–54,
180, 186, 208, 210; volunteering and, 22
mortality rates, 1–2, 84–85, 96, 106f, 149
motion pictures, 94f, 216n28
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 139
music, 162, 167
Narveson, Jan, 47
National Institutes of Health, 133
National Opinion Research Center, 112
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Nation at Risk, A (U.S. Department of
Education), 157–58
Nazis, 54
Nepal, 3, 57f
Neperud, Ronald E., 162f
Netherlands, 24, 77, 201
New Age, 171
Newman, Katherine S., 80–81
New Zealand, 106f
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 51
No Child Left Behind program, 158
Nohria, Nitin, 110
Norway, 12
nursing homes, 124
Nussbaum, Martha, 87
Obama, Barack, 158
obesity, 163
Oklahoma, 154
Olympics, 35
opinion polls, 39–40, 45, 179, 192, 205
opioids, 125–29
Ornstein, Norman J., 161f
Oscar winners, 84
out-of-wedlock births, 69, 141–44
Oxford University, 89
Oxycontin, 125
Pacek, Alexander, 112f
pain: avoidance of as policy, 4; Bentham
on, 4; chronic, 21, 61, 124–29, 179, 205,
208–11, 235n30; opioids and, 125–29;
relieving suffering and, 124–29; subjec-
tivity of, 125
Paletz, David, 194f
Panis, Constantijn W., 118f
paternal leave, 146–47
Pension Design and Structure: New Les-
sons from Behavioral Finance (Mitchell
and Utkus), 118f
pensions, 48, 99–106, 229n2
Perry Pre-School Project, 151–54
personal responsibility, 112–17, 210–11
Peterson, Christopher, 57f
Phi Beta Kappas, 187
philosophers, 204; goals other than happi-
ness and, 55–57; happiness and, 41–46,

51; inequality and, 86–88, 94–95; mate-
rialism, 51–52, 207; personal responsi-
bility and, 115
pleasure, 170; Bentham on, 4–5, 204;
drugs and, 50; enlightenment and,
172; governmental maximization of,
4–5; hedonism and, 6, 18f, 50; Huxley
on, 49–51; location and, 206; mate-
rialism and, 40, 50, 52, 67, 115, 206;
mechanical process for, 32; pain and,
4–5; poverty and, 55; selfishness and, 5;
superficial, 50; television and, 3, 17, 40,
50, 54, 67–68, 76, 83, 95, 160, 174, 193,
195; trivial pursuits and, 45
policy, 31; Bhutan and, 1–4; Declara-
tion of Independence and, 4, 48–49;
defined contribution plan and, 100–101;
definitions for, 41–43; depression and,
134–38; economic growth and, 63–78;
Education for America Act and, 152; en-
vironmental, 2–3, 22, 63, 66–67, 71–72,
77–78, 206–8; Fair Labor Standards Act
(FLSA) and, 73, 75; family programs
vs. cultural values and, 142–43; Federal
Controlled Substances Act and, 125–26;
Federal Mental Health Parity Act and,
136–37; Great Depression and, 64–65,
68–70; Great Society and, 69; Gross
National Happiness and, 1–2; happiness
as proper aim for, 45–54; improving pro-
cedures and, 188–91; inequality and, 79–
98; inflation and, 64–65, 100, 115, 150,
180; lawmakers’ imposed values and,
42–43; No Child Left Behind program
and, 158; objective of liberty and, 46;
opinion polls and, 39–40, 179, 192, 205;
other goals for, 54–57; personal respon-
sibility and, 112–17; public schools and,
157–65; reform and, 117–23; religion
and, 46; research accuracy and, 43–44;
sleep disorders and, 132–33; threat of
financial hardship and, 117–23; use of
happiness research in, 57–59, 204–12;
utilitarianism and, 5
political equality, 89–94
politics: affluent constituents and, 89–94;
big city machines and, 192; campaign
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I NDEX | 257
donations and, 89–90; Communism
and, 14, 22–23, 26, 52–54; concern for
others’, 188, 190, 209; conservatives and,
4, 7, 69, 87, 113, 184; constituent opin-
ion and, 58–59; corruption in, 46–47; de-
mocracy and, 1–2, 22–23, 23f, 30, 45–48,
56–62, 68, 88, 115, 160, 197–202, 205,
210–11; desire to hold on to power and,
189; higher education and, 166, 168;
honesty and, 191–95; libertarians and,
46–47, 49; lobbyists and, 43; media por-
trayal of, 193–95; pork barrel projects
and, 71, 188, 190, 209; proliferation
of regulations and, 185–86; restoring
confidence in, 190; science of happiness
and, 4–5; special interest groups and, 46,
167, 182, 188–90, 192, 197, 209; stabil-
ity and, 181–84; trust issues and, 201–3;
unrealistic expectations and, 196–201;
welfare and, 188, 190, 209
“Politics of Happiness, The: On the Politi-
cal Determinants of Quality of Life in
the American States” (Alvarez-Diaz,
Gonzalez, and Radcliff), 113f
poor people, 5, 12, 135, 205; basic needs
and, 13–16; Bhutan and, 2; charitable
giving and, 69; child care and, 148–51;
childhood literacy and, 149–50;
cohabitation and, 145; earned income
tax credits and, 145, 148; East German
integration and, 53; economic growth
and, 67–72; education and, 136–37,
150–53, 161, 166; equality of oppor-
tunity and, 94–98; global surveys on,
10–11, 181–84; health care costs and,
100, 106–8; inequality and, 6–7, 12–14,
28–29, 79–98, 202; job satisfaction and,
39; marriage and, 142–48; pensions and,
101; personal responsibility and, 112–17;
political equality and, 89–94; quality of
government and, 182, 186–87; reform
and, 117–23; sleep and, 29; social protec-
tion and, 186; welfare and, 113 (see also
welfare). See also social issues
pork barrel projects, 71, 188, 190–91, 209
poverty, 1, 40, 56, 102–3, 233n60; basic
needs and, 13; economic growth and,
258 | INDEX
poverty (continued)
67–72; happiness and, 25–26; homeless
people and, 68; hunger and, 68, 81–82,
85; mortality rates and, 1–2, 84, 96,
106f, 149; number of elderly in, 233n61;
official figures of, 40; quality of govern-
ment and, 184–87, 191; reform and,
117–23; relativity of, 68; Social Security
and, 101
pregnancy: alcohol and, 149; HIV-AIDS
and, 164; prenatal care and, 148–49;
smoking and, 149; teenage, 142–43, 164
prenatal care, 148–49
pre-school programs, 151–54, 208, 240n10
Princeton University, 96
professional programs, 167, 172–76
psychiatry, 38, 137–38, 176
psychology, 78, 134, 163, 208, 227n29;
adaption time and, 40; climate choice
and, 17, 40; debt and, 231n34; divorce
and, 140; drug addiction and, 127–28;
education and, 173f, 177; goals of wealth
and, 15; happiness research and, 5, 7, 25,
41–43; limitations of, 60–61; marriage
and, 17–19, 148; policy-makers and,
52–53, 57f; pop, 164–65; retirement and,
105–6; unemployment and, 21
public schools: alcohol and, 164; the arts
and, 161–62; breadth of interest and,
159; curriculum issues and, 159, 161;
dropouts and, 161; drugs and, 164;
English and, 159; exercise and, 162–64;
global economy and, 158; government
and, 156f, 157–61; happiness and,
160–65; mathematics and, 159; music
and, 162; No Child Left Behind program
and, 158; parents’ expectations of,
157; pregnancy and, 164; progress in,
161; science and, 157, 159; sports and,
162–63; standards for, 158, 160–61; sui-
cide and, 164; teacher quality and, 162,
164–65; test scores and, 158–59
Putnam, Robert D., 20, 82–83
quality of government, 1–2, 22–23, 28;
accountability and, 181–84; assessment
of government and, 179–203; children
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and, 187; civil service and, 187; curbing
unrealistic expectations and, 196–201,
209–10; desire to hold on to power and,
189; education and, 184; effectiveness of
government and, 181–84; encouraging
more accurate perceptions of govern-
ment and, 191–95; fragmentation of
authority and, 185; health issues and,
184–87, 192; impartial bodies and,
189; improved procedures and, 188–91;
improving performance and, 184–88;
inspired leadership and, 188; media and,
193–95, 198; performance standards
and, 181–84; political stability and,
181–84; poor people and, 182, 186–87;
pork barrel projects and, 71, 188,
190–91, 209; poverty and, 184–87, 191;
proliferation of regulations and, 185–86;
reducing distrust and, 201–3; rule of law
and, 181–84; trust issues and, 191–95,
201–3; voice and, 181–84; waste and,
189; World Bank ratings and, 181–84
racial issues, 3, 16–17; anti-discrimination
laws and, 94; Civil Rights Act and, 187;
economic growth and, 69–70; impris-
oned fathers and, 142, 145–46; improve-
ment in, 69–70; Ku Klux Klan and, 55;
marriage and, 224n18; Perry Pre-School
Project and, 151–54; prison effects and,
142; segregation and, 55
Radcliff, Benjamin, 112f
Rawls, John, 42, 86–88, 228n30
Raz, Joseph, 42
Reagan, Ronald, 136
religion, 30, 204, 219n55; birth control
and, 143; family programs and, 142–43;
fundamentalists and, 69; happiness and,
21–22, 41–42, 45, 69; public policy
and, 46
research: accuracy of, 33, 35–44; as boom
industry, 9; brain scans and, 38; cultural
bias and, 36; day-reconstruction method
and, 32; exaggeration and, 36; experi-
ence sampling and, 27–30, 32–35 (see
also experience sampling); families
and, 139–55; findings in, 9–31; further

reservations of, 41–43; hedonism and, 6;
higher education and, 165–66; inequal-
ity and, 6–7, 79–98, 202; limitations of,
59–62; marriage and, 17–19; measuring
happiness and, 1, 5, 14, 32–34, 204; me-
dia agendas and, 193–95; national com-
parisons and, 23–27; plethora of articles
in, 9; practical uses of, 59–62; public
schools and, 157–65; quality of govern-
ment of, 179–203; relation of income
to happiness and, 10–16; reliability of,
32–44; retirement and, 102–6; retrospec-
tive evaluation and, 33–41; satisfaction
and, 5–17, 20–30, 33–41, 44, 47, 50,
52–64 (see also satisfaction); significance
of, 204–12; transient conditions and,
35–36; trends and, 36; use of by policy-
makers, 43–62; virtual manifest destiny
for, 71. See also psychology
retirement, 179, 208; children and, 102;
defined benefit plans and, 100; defined
contribution plans and, 100–104, 109,
114, 118–19; living on the edge and,
111–12; pensions and, 48, 99–106,
229n2; personal responsibility and,
112; psychology of, 105–6; reform and,
117–19; satisfaction and, 102–3; Social
Security and, 99–105; threat of financial
hardship and, 99–106; voluntary, 103
retrospective evaluation: accuracy of,
35–41; adaption time and, 40; environ-
mental effects and, 36; health issues and,
37–38; human judgment and, 33–41;
immediate reactions and, 37; inaccurate
vs. unreasonable responses and, 35–36
Rhodes scholars, 187
riots, 69
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 136
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 65–66
Rozell, Mark J., 193f, 194, 198
rule of law, 181–84
Russia, 26, 77
Rutgers University, 153
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 4
satisfaction, 125, 215n16, 217n37, 218n45,
232n51; confusion over source of,
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I NDEX | 259
30–31; crime and, 56; economic growth
and, 63–4, 67, 74–79; education and,
156–66, 169–79; family and, 12–13; fa-
vorable circumstances and, 38; hedonism
and, 6, 18f, 50; immediate gratification
and, 6; inequality and, 6–7, 13–14, 80,
85–86, 97, 99; job, 15, 20, 30, 33, 39,
75, 232n51; leisure time and, 2, 30, 66,
74–76, 156–57, 160, 206, 208, 211;
money and, 10–11 (see also money); na-
tional comparisons on, 23–27; philoso-
phers on, 86–87; policy-makers and, 47,
50, 52–62; quality of government and,
191, 194, 201; racial issues and, 16–17;
research discoveries and, 5–17, 20–29,
33–41, 44, 201–7, 210–11; retirement
and, 102–3; retrospective evaluation and,
33–41; slavery and, 56; terrorism and,
35–36; threat of financial hardship and,
102, 111, 113, 118f; U.S. levels of, 10–11
Schneider, Carol, 200
Schoen, Cathy, 106f
Schoenbaum, Stephen C., 106f
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 51
Schor, Juliet B., 66–67
science, 157, 159, 170, 184, 207
segregation, 55
self-respect, 47, 83, 86–87, 109–10, 113,
156
Seligman, Martin E. P., 163–64, 171
Sen, Amartya, 55–56, 87, 95
separation, 17–18, 139–40, 144, 205,
217n34
sex, 29; contraceptives and, 143; out-of-
wedlock births and, 69, 141–44; teenage
pregnancy and, 142–43
Shea, Katherine K., 106f
slavery, 56
sleep disorders, 129–33, 208–9, 234n18
Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An
Unmet Public Health Problem (Institute
of Medicine), 131
smiling, 38
Smith, Tom W., 173f
smoking, 3, 48, 60, 85, 149
social issues: affluent constituents and,
89–94; anti-discrimination laws and, 94;
260 | INDEX
social issues (continued)
Civil Rights Act and, 187; crime and, 11,
21, 56–57, 142, 145, 152–55, 180–81,
191, 208–9; decreasing social capital
and, 82–83; democracy and, 1, 22, 23f,
30, 45–48, 56, 58, 61–62, 68, 88, 115,
160, 177, 197–202, 205, 210–11; depres-
sion and, 136 (see also depression);
divorce and, 11, 17–18, 21, 28–29, 53,
139–44, 147–48, 174, 205; equality of
opportunity and, 94–98; freedom and,
3, 13, 22–23, 39, 46–49, 54, 66, 87, 101,
181, 205; friendships and, 10–15, 19–22,
29–34, 38, 42–43, 76–77, 82, 109, 139,
156–57, 187, 204–5; Gallup surveys and,
14, 24, 25f, 67, 104, 215n16, 224n18,
240n5; General Social Survey and, 59–
60; Great Depression and, 64–65, 68–70;
group membership and, 20; homeless
people and, 68; libertarians and, 46–47;
loneliness and, 19; Louis Harris poll
and, 108; opinion polls and, 39–40, 179,
192, 205; organizations and, 20; out-of-
wedlock births and, 69, 141–44; personal
responsibility and, 112–17; political
equality and, 89–94; quality of govern-
ment and, 179–203; self-reliance and,
47; sleep disorders and, 129–33, 208–9,
234n18; smoking and, 3, 48, 60, 85,
149; special interest groups and, 46, 167,
182, 188–90, 192, 197, 209; terrorism
and, 35–36; third way and, 64; threat of
financial hardship and, 99–123
Social Security, 187, 233n60; policy-
makers and, 48–49, 61; poverty and,
101; quality of government and, 192;
reliance upon, 101; retirement and,
99–105; threat of financial hardship and,
99–105, 113, 118–19
Socrates, 45
Soviet bloc, 14, 22, 25–26, 52–53, 157
special interest groups, 46, 167, 182,
188–90, 192, 197, 209
Speth, James Gus, 66–67
sports, 17, 162–63, 200
standard of living, 6, 12–13, 53, 104:
economic growth and, 63–78; inequal-
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ity and, 79–98; “keeping up with the
Joneses” and, 82
“Stepping Off the Hedonic Treadmill: La-
tent Class Analyses of Individual Differ-
ences in Response to Major Life Events”
(Mancini, Bonanno, and Clark), 18f
Stiehm, Judith, 161f
Stutzer, Alois, 61
subsidies, 61, 208; economic growth and,
71; families and, 145, 147, 151; inequal-
ity and, 94; quality of government and,
188, 190; relieving suffering and, 138;
threat of financial hardship and, 101–2,
116, 118, 123
suffering: chronic pain and, 21, 61,
124–29, 179, 205, 208–11; depression
and, 133–38 (see also depression); fail-
ure of doctors and, 125; sleep disorders
and, 129–33
suicide: depression and, 17, 21, 38, 109,
134, 140, 164, 174, 235n30; divorce
and, 140; education and, 164, 174; fami-
lies and, 140; public schools and, 164;
relieving suffering and, 134; research
and, 17, 21, 38; threat of financial hard-
ship and, 109; teenage, 140; unemploy-
ment and, 21
Sull, Don, 110
Summers, Lawrence, 66
Sweden: paternal leave and, 147; prenatal
care and, 149; quality of government
and, 181–84; “third way” of, 64; as
welfare state, 6–7, 112f
Switzerland, 12, 24, 61, 201
taxes, 7, 154, 206; earned income tax
credits and, 145, 148; economic growth
and, 64, 70, 73, 78; general welfare and,
48–49; health care reform and, 120;
incentives and, 2, 48; inequality and, 89;
pensions and, 48; policy-makers and,
60–61; pork barrel projects and, 71,
188, 190–91, 209; quality of government
and, 184–91, 202; threat of financial
hardship and, 101–3, 114–20
technology, 157–58, 184
teenage pregnancies, 142–43, 164

teenage suicide, 140
television, 174, 216n28; Bhutan and, 3;
First Amendment and, 54; inequality
and, 83; less satisfaction from, 17, 40;
loss of, 67; media agenda and, 193, 195;
need for less, 95; passivity from, 50;
poor people and, 68; time spent with,
76, 95, 160
Tellegen, Auke, 52
terrorism, 35–36
test scores, 158–59, 177
Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth, 195, 197, 201
third way, 64
threat of financial hardship: government
reform and, 117–23; illness and, 106–8;
layoffs and, 121–23; life’s risks and, 99;
living on the edge and, 111–12; Medi-
care and, 100; personal responsibility
and, 112–17; retirement and, 99–106;
risk and, 112–13; Social Security and,
99–105, 113, 118–19; unemployment
and, 108–11
Trump, Donald, 82
unemployment, 208, 210; alcohol and,
21; corporate bottom line and, 109;
depression and, 11, 21, 109–10; drugs
and, 21; economic growth and, 64, 66,
72–73; education and, 156; emotional
effects of, 20–21; families and, 142,
145–46, 153–54; Federal Employment
Service and, 110; 401(k) accounts and,
100–104, 109; global competition and,
108–9, 111; illegal firings and, 120–21;
layoffs and, 121–22; official figures of,
40; personal responsibility and, 112;
policy-makers and, 51, 53, 62; quality of
government and, 179–80, 186; reform
and, 120–23; research discoveries and,
3, 6–7, 26, 40; self-esteem and, 109–10;
suicide and, 21; threat of financial
hardship and, 99, 108–16; U.S. policy
weakness on, 110–11; worker redress
and, 121–22
“Unemployment Alters the Set Point for
Life Satisfaction” (Lucas, Clark, Georgel-
lis, and Diener), 21f
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I NDEX | 261
unemployment insurance, 109
United States: age factor and, 16; American
dream and, 12–13; bailout bill and, 137;
belief in God and, 22; child care in, 150;
comparison with other countries, 23–27;
Declaration of Independence and, 4,
48–49; depression rates in, 134; differ-
ing state policies and, 61–62; divorce
rate in, 141–42; economic growth and,
10–16, 63–78; experience sampling and,
27–30; failing educational standards of,
157; Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
and, 73, 75; First Amendment and, 54;
fragmentation of authority in, 185;
Great Depression and, 64–65, 68–70;
health care failure of, 106–8; hedonism
and, 6, 18f, 50; homeless people and, 68;
income distribution and, 7, 12, 79–83,
86–88; inequality in, 79–98; liberty and,
57; one-parent families and, 141–42;
paternal leave and, 146–47; personal
responsibility and, 112–17; post-World
War II era and, 64; prenatal care and,
149; progress in, 180–81; quality of
government and, 179–203; satisfaction
levels in, 10–11; security and, 54; sleep
disorders and, 129–33; technological
innovation and, 157–58; Vietnam War
and, 69, 208; wanting more money and,
6 (see also money); weak unemployment
policy of, 110–11; worker redress and,
121–22
University of Illinois, 9
University of Pennsylvania, 163
U.S. Congress, 212; economic growth
and, 63, 78; families and, 145; media
portrayal of, 193–95, 198; quality of
government and, 187–89; relieving
suffering and, 137; threat of financial
hardship and, 108–9, 116–19; unrealistic
expectations and, 196–201
U.S. Constitution, 54–55, 57, 198, 210
U.S. Department of Education, 157,
160–61
U.S. Department of Justice, 125–26
U.S. Senate, 90
U.S. Supreme Court, 92–93
262 | INDEX
utilitarianism, 5, 55, 57f, 85
Utkus, Stephen P., 118f
vacations, 75
valedictorians, 159–60
Veenhoven, Ruut, 6–7, 14, 112f, 221n8
Vietnam War, 69, 208
virtue, 7, 46, 89, 178
vocational education, 145, 158–59,
166–67, 174, 177–78, 200, 211
voice, 181–84
volunteering, 22, 45, 51, 219n59, 242n40
Wanchuk, Jigme Singye, 1–2
Warren, Elizabeth, 108
welfare, 105; concern for others’, 7, 30,
45–46, 48; crime and, 152–53, 155;
government ambitions and, 46–47;
marriage and, 147; measurement of,
40, 63; mentally ill and, 138; personal
responsibility and, 112–17; political
economy and, 188, 190, 209; public cost
of, 154; reforms in, 151; social programs
for, 6–7, 47–48, 70, 80, 93, 112–13, 138,
144–47, 151–55; women on, 113, 144
Welfare State and Quality of Life, The:
A Cross-National Analysis (Pacek and
Freeman), 112f
Welzel, Christian, 57f
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We the People: A Review of U.S. Govern-
ment and Civics Textbooks (Carroll,
Broadnax, Contreras, Mann, Ornstein,
and Stiehm), 161f
White House Economic Council, 66
Wilkinson, Will, 43
Wilson, James Q., 141
women: anti-discrimination laws and, 94;
black, 17, 113; child care and, 76, 150;
divorce and, 113 (see also divorce); in-
creased opportunities for, 143; increased
work hours of, 76; leisure time and, 76;
marriage and, 145–50; paternal leave
and, 146–47; prenatal care and, 148–49;
satisfaction levels of, 16, 146; social pro-
grams for, 147; teenage pregnancy and,
142–43; welfare and, 113, 144; working
mothers and, 76, 150, 239n41
Woolf, Leonard, 133
World Bank, 3, 181–84
World Trade Center, 36
World Values Survey, 23, 57f, 219n62
World War II era, 64, 72
Young Democrats, 166
Young Republicans, 166
Zimbabwe, 26, 54
Zizek, Slavoj, 43