Vector and Tensor

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Advanced Fluid Mechanics

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Sharif University of Technology

Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Prof. Davoud Rashtchiyan
Designed by:
F Bayati,
F. Bayati T.
T Hamzeloueian , A A. Noorjahan
E. Vafa, H. Taghdisian
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uid Meechaniccs
V
Vector and
dTTensor
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Presented by:
P f D
Prof. D.Rashtchian
R ht hi
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Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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uid Meechaniccs
Movie 1-10 -- (t=16”)

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4 Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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uid Meechaniccs
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A Curvilinear Coordinates
19
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Description of a fluid motion

uid Meechaniccs
The development of an analytical description of fluid flow is based upon the

expression of the physical laws related to fluid flow in a suitable mathematical
form.
form
To discuss the motion of a fluid we need to look at its properties. If S represents

some scalar pproperty
p y of the fluid ((concentration,, temperature,
p , etc.)) then it will be
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a function of its co-ordinates x1, x2, x3 written as xi (i=1, 2, 3) and time t.
1, 2, 3 , ≡ ,
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A uid Meechaniccs
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A uid Meechaniccs
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= +
15 terms;; 3 equaƟons,
q , i : repeated
p suffix,
ff , j : ffree suffix
ff

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A uid Meechaniccs
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The differential momentum balance

Newton’s second law applied to an element of fluid
1
uid Meechaniccs
= ; , , components of force vector
:‫ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬rate of change of momentum ‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮق را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﺼﻮرت‬
1
=
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= ; =
1
=
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‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ آﻧﺮا ﺑﻪ دو ﻧﻴﺮو ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﺮ اﻟﻤﺎن ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬x ‫ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
A
:‫ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬
1- Body forces
2- Mechanical stresses

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A uid Meechaniccs
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Stress
Linear momentum principle
uid Meechaniccs
The time rate of change of momentum of a body = force acting on the body
= body forces + surface forces
The forces actingg on a bodyy are either internal or external. To discuss the internal forces
consider a small element of area . Define the outward pointing normal to be positive.
Assume that the outside material touching the surface

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exerts a forces on the inside material across an element of

area, where is a vector which is a function of position,
time and orientation of the element. is called the stress
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force/unit area or simply the stress. is a vector so called

stresses act on an area that may in general have
components in each direction.
direction has components normal to
A
(normal stresses) and parallel to (shear stresses).

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STSTIC STRESS IN A FLUID IS ISOTROPIC
Consider a small tetrahedron with three of it’s faces through P and normal to the co-
uid Meechaniccs
ordinate axes, and the fourth face normal to a ggiven direction n i
STSTIC STRESS ON A TETRAHEDRON

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A
Momentum Balance
Rate of change of momentum=Body Forces + Surface Forces
r
0 = ρgδV + τ nn nδA n − e1 τ 11 δA 1 − e 2 τ 22 δA 2 − e3 τ 33 δA 3

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Areas off co-ordinate

A di t planes
l are projection
j ti off th
the oblique
bli plane
l onto
t co-ordinate
di t planes,
l
so n1.δAn = δA1 and ni .δAn = δAi
Also, δV ⎯→ 0 as δAn ⎯
δAn ⎯ ⎯→ 0
uid Meechaniccs
δA δA δA
0= τ nn n − e1τ 11 1 − e2τ 22 2 − e3τ 33 3
δAn δAn δAn
But n= n1 e1 + n 2 e2 + n3 e3
− − −
Hence 0= e1 n1 (τ nn − τ 11 ) + ...
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τ nn = τ 11 = τ 22 = τ 33
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i.e. the normal stress acting on a surface is independent of the orientation of the plane
for fluid at rest.
We associate this stress with the static pressure. As the stress acting the element in the
di ti off th
direction the outward
t d normall (i
(i.e. ttension)
i ) we write
it
A
τ 11 = τ 22 = τ 33 = − P
i.e. τ ij = − Pδ ij for
f flfluids
d at rest.

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FLUID STATIC’S
Definition
A fluid deforms continuously under the action of a shear stress. Thus no shear stress
uid Meechaniccs
can act normallyll to any surface

f within
h the
h fl
fluid
d at rest. Allll stresses act normally
ll to any
surface within the fluid.
Thus τ ij = 0(i ≠ j ) (shear stress zero)
It can be shown (see handout) that, ”the normal stress acting on a surface at a point is
independent of the orientation of the surface including that point for a fluid at rest”.
i τ 11 = τ 22 = τ 33 = − P
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i.e.
τ ij = − Pδ ij (δ ij = 1, i = j;δ ij = 0, i ≠ j )
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Definition
The pressure at the point in a fluid at rest

A
i stress that
is h acts on a surface
f iin a di
direction
i
opposite to the normal vector.

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Newton’s law
uid Meechaniccs
((applied
li d tto a parallelepiped id δx1 , δx 2 , δx3 ).
ll l i d off sides )
{rate of change of momentum}={body forces} + {surface forces}
(Normal Stress or Pressure)

In 1 direction
0 = ρg1δx1δx 2δx3 + τ 11δx 2δx3 | x1 +δx1 − τ 11δx 2δx3 | x1

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− ∂τ 11 ∂p
Hence in the limit δx1 ⎯
⎯→→0 ρg1 = =
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∂x1 ∂x1
∂p
ρg j =
∂x j
A
This is a vector equation. It summaries 3 equations, 1 for each coordinate drin.

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Fluid Dynamics
This is concerned with fluids in motion, in particular the application of Newton’s

uid Meechaniccs
Second Law to an element of fluid. Any element will deform, in general, and
change shape. The rate of change of momentum must be for a specific element,
no matter how it deforms subsequently. The appropriate derivative must follow
th fl
the fluid
id motion-substantial
ti b t ti l ti
time d
derivative.
i ti
Local + Convective = body force + pressure force + viscous force

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Mathematically
U 1 = U 1 ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , t )
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∂u1 ∂u
dU 1 = dxi + 1 dt
∂xi ∂t
A
du1 ∂u1 ∂u
= + ui 1
dt ∂t ∂xi

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Consider a parallelepiped δx 1 , δx 2 , δx 3 are stress forces acting in 1 direction of

this fluid element in a fluid motion are shown in figure. Apply Newton’s Second
law to the element in the 1 direction
uid Meechaniccs
D
{ρδx1δx2 δx3.u1 } = X 1δx1δx2 δx3 + Surface force
Dt
The mass considered in the element = ρδx1δx2 δx3. is constant.
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Du1 surface force

ρ = X1 +
uid Meechaniccs
Dt unit volume
surface force
=
unit volume
(τ11 x +δx
1 1
) ( ) ( )
− τ11 x 1 δx 2δx 3 + τ 21 x 2 + δx 2 − τ 21 x 2 δx 1δx 3 + τ 31 x 3 + δx 3 − τ 31 x 3 δx 1δx 2
δx 1δx 2δx 3
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∂τ11 ∂τ 21 ∂τ 31 ∂
= + + = (τ j1 )
∂x 1 ∂x 2 ∂x 3 ∂x j
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∂
ρ
Dui
Dt
= xi +
∂x j
( )
τ ji
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Body force
Usually due to gravity X i = ρg i
uid Meechaniccs
Stress force
Stress forces include a contribution from a static pressure force and the rate of strain
due to the flow. Stress may be ‘decomposed’ into these two contributions as shown in
the following equation.
τ ji = − Pδ ji + σ ji where Pδ ji = the pressure contribution to the stress tensor(normal)
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σ ji = the dynamic (flow) contribution (normal and shear) for a Newtonian flow, the
dynamic contribution is given by Newton’s
Newton s Law of viscosity (the derivation of which is
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beyond the scope of this course).

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⎧⎪ ∂ u j ∂u i ⎫⎪
σ = µ⎨ + ⎬ for constant ρ
uid Meechaniccs
ji
⎪⎩ ∂ x i ∂x j ⎪⎭
It is interesting to calculate the trace of the tensor τ ji by the contraction j=i.

∂u i ∂u i
τ ii = − Pδ ii + 2µ and = 0 for constant ρ from continuity
∂xi ∂xi
Eq
Eq.
τ ii = −P
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3
The trace of a tensor is a scalar, in this case of magnitude -3p.
Hence substitution in above equation,
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Du i ∂ ⎧⎪ ⎡ ∂u j ∂u i ⎤ ⎫⎪
ρ = ρg i + ⎨ − Pδ ji + µ ⎢ + ⎥⎬
Dt ∂x j ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ i ∂x j ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
∂x
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∂
Now {− Pδ ji } = − ∂p [ δ ji = 1 only if j=i]
∂x j ∂xi
uid Meechaniccs
∂ 2u j ∂ ⎛ ∂u i ⎞
Assume constant density ; µ =µ ⎜ ⎟ = 0 [see cons. Of mass]
∂xi ∂x j ∂xi ⎜ ∂x ⎟
⎝ j ⎠
Du i ∂u i ∂u i 1 ∂P v∂ 2 u i
Hence = +uj = gi − +
Dt ∂t ∂x j ρ ∂xi ∂x j ∂x j
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body force + pressure force + viscouse force

(Local +convective) acceleration =
unit mass
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GENERAL PROBLEM IN FLUID FLOW

uid Meechaniccs
NO. Unknown Unknown

1 Pressure: P
3 Velocity: ui
9 Stresses: τ ij
−9 Newtonian equation and viscosity
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+ --------------------
4
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Thus we need four equations for determining P and ui , continuity equation and three
A
motion equations.

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uid Meechaniccs Simple Solution of the N-S

N S Equations
Consider laminar flow

flo down
do n a vertical
erti al wall,
all
∂u i
(i) Steady flow =0
∂t
∂u i
(ii) Two dimensional = 0, u 3 = 0
∂x3
(iii) Suppose the flow is fully developed
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∂u i ∂u1
= 0, =0
∂x1 ∂x1
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∂u 2 ∂u
(iv) By continuity =− 1 =0
∂x 2 ∂x1
Integrating u2 = u2(x1)
A
At x2 = 0 u2 = 0
u2 = 0 everywhere

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(v) Momentum equation in 3 direction is zero.

(vi) Momentum equation in 2 direction
uid Meechaniccs
∂u2 ∂u2 ∂u2 1 ∂p ⎧⎪ ∂ 2u2 ∂ 2u2 ⎫⎪

+ u1 + u2 =− +ν ⎨ + ⎬
∂t ∂x1 ∂x2 ρ ∂x2 ⎪⎩ ∂x22 ∂x12 ⎪⎭
Steady developed u2=0 u2 = 0 developed
∂p
Hence =0 p = p ( x1 )
∂x2
(vii) At liquid surface (still air) p = p 0 + ρ air g x1
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(viii) Momentum equation in 1 direction.
∂u1 ∂u1 ∂u1 1 ∂p ⎧⎪ ∂ 2u1 ∂ 2u1 ⎫⎪

+ u1 + u2 =− +υ⎨ + +g
2 ⎬
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∂t ∂x1 ∂x2 ρ ∂x1 2

⎪⎩ ∂x1 ∂x 2 ⎪⎭
Steady developed u2=0 developed
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∂p
With = ρair g
∂x1
d 2u1 ρ ⎧ ρ ⎫
υ = − g + air g = − g ⎨1 − air ⎬
dx22 ρ ⎩ ρ ⎭
uid Meechaniccs
B t
But ρair 〈〈 ρliquid = ρ
d 2u1
ν = −g
d 22
dx
Boundary conditions; at x2 = 0 u1 = 0
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du1
at x2 = δ =0 No interfacial shear
dx2
du1
υ = − gx2 + c c = gδδ
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Integrating
dx2
⎧ x22 ⎫ ⎧
2 ⎪ ⎡ x2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎫⎪
2
υ u1 = g ⎨δx2 − ⎬ = gδ ⎨⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ ⎥ ⎬
⎩ 2⎭ ⎪⎩⎣ δ ⎦ 2 ⎣ δ ⎦ ⎪⎭
A
δ
Q gδ 3
W ∫0
Volumetric flow rate = u1 dx2 =
3ν

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Flow Between
Parallel Plates
uid Meechaniccs
At x2 = ± h u1 = 0
Pressure gradient: Flow Between Parallel Plates

⎡ ∂p ⎤
⎢ ⎥ is assumed constant in the x1 direction.
∂x
⎣ 1⎦
∂u i
∂u
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Steady flow: = 0;
∂t
∂ui
2 dimensional: = 0; u3 = 0
∂x 3 Movie 11-20
20 -- (t
(t=5”)
5 )
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∂ui ∂u ∂u
Fully developed flow, = 0; 1 = 0; 2 = 0 u2 = 0 (as before)
∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x2
Continuity is satisfied,
M
Momentumt in
i 3 di
direction
ti is i satisfied,
ti fi d
A
Momentum in 2 direction,
1 ∂p 1 ∂P
0=− + g2 = − where P = p − ρ gi x i
ρ ∂x 2 ρ ∂x 2
P = P(x1) Sharif University of Technology

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(N.B. Manometers connected to wall pressure tapping measure ∆p )
Momentum in 1 direction
uid Meechaniccs
1 ∂P ∂ 2u1
0=− + g1 + υ where P = p − ρ gi xi
ρ ∂x1 ∂x22
d 2u1 1 dP
υ =
dx22 ρ dx1
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du1 1 ⎡ dP ⎤
υ = ⎢ ⎥{x2 + c}
dx2 ρ ⎣ dx1 ⎦
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1 ⎡ dP ⎤ x22
υ u1 = ⎢ ⎥{ + cx2 + D}
ρ ⎣ dx1 ⎦ 2
A
1 ⎡ dP ⎤ 2 2
u1 = ⎢ ⎥{x2 − h }
2 u ⎣ dx1 ⎦

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3. Suppose top plate moves with velocity UT

Bottom plate with velocity UB
Substituting in (1)
µU T 1 ⎡ dp ⎤ ⎧ h 2 ⎫
uid Meechaniccs
= ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ + Ch + D ⎬
ρ ρ ⎣ dx1 ⎦ ⎩ 2 ⎭
µU B 1 ⎡ dp ⎤ ⎧ h 2
⎫
= ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ − Ch + D ⎬
ρ ρ ⎣ dx1 ⎦ ⎩ 2 ⎭
⎡ dp ⎤ 2
µ (U T + U B ) = ⎢
dx
{
⎥ h + 2D }
⎣ 1⎦
⎡ dp ⎤
µ (U T − U B ) = ⎢ ⎥{2Ch}
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dx
⎣ 1⎦
⎧ (U T + U B ) ⎫ 1 ⎡ dp ⎤ ⎧ x 22 − h 2 ⎫ ⎧ (U T − U B ) x 2 ⎫
⎨u1 − ⎬= ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬+⎨ ⎬
⎩ 2 ⎭ µ ⎣ dx1 ⎦ ⎩ 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2h ⎭
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Check when UT = UB=0 simplifies to previous expression

when x2 = + h u1 = UT satisfies B.C.'s
x2 = - h u1 = UB
A
⎡ dp ⎤ ⎧U + U B ⎫ (U T − U B ) x 2
when ⎢⎣ dx ⎥⎦ = 0 u1 = ⎨ T ⎬+
⎩ 2 ⎭ 2h
i.e. linear velocity profile

known as Couette flow Sharif University of Technology

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uid Meechaniccs
ced Flu The following velocity profiles are obtained with various (dp/dx)
Consider flow relative to lower plate.

Advanc
If p decreases in direction of flow (normal pressure gradient)

Velocity is always downstream relative to lower plate
A
If p iincreases iin direction

di i off fl
flow ((adverse
d pressure gradient)
di )
Velocity may become upstream relative to lower plate
This has importance in lubrication theory.

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uid Meechaniccs
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Advanc
A Laminar Flows Between Parallel Boundaries
Movie
i 1-30 -- (t=3’:13”)
( )

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uid Meechaniccs
ced Flu Plate suddenly brought into motion
Plate AB initially stationary. Motion with velocity U starts at time t=0

B.C's t < 0 u1 = 0 at x2 > 0
t≥0 u1 = U at x2 = 0
u1 → 0 at x2 → ∞
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Momentum equation in 2 directions

∂u2 ∂u2 ∂u2 1 ∂p ⎧⎪ ∂ 2u2 ∂ 2u2 ⎫⎪
+ u1 + u2 =− + ν⎨ + ⎬
∂t ∂x1 ∂x 2 ρ ∂x 2 ⎪⎩ ∂x12 ∂x 22 ⎪⎭
A
Assuming an infinite plate and 2D motion

∂u1 ∂u
=0 ∴ 2 =0 ∴ u2 = 0
∂x1 ∂x2
∂p
∴ =0
∂x 2 Sharif University of Technology

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i.e. pressure remains hydrostatic
∂p ∂P
= =0
∂x1 ∂x1
uid Meechaniccs
M
Momentum
t equation
ti iin 1 di
direction
ti
∂u1 ∂u1 ∂u1 1 ∂p ⎧ ∂ 2 u1 ∂ 2 u1 ⎫

+ u1 + u2 =− +υ⎨ 2 + 2 ⎬
∂t ∂x1 ∂x 2 ρ ∂x1 ⎩ ∂x1 ∂x 2 ⎭
∂u1 ∂P ∂u1
=0 u2 = 0 =0 =0
∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x1
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∂u1 ∂ 2 u1
=υ 2
∂t ∂x 2 Plate Suddenly Brought into a Motion
Advanc
c.f. equation in maths course

u1 ⎧⎪ x 2 ⎫⎪
= 1 − erf ⎨ ⎬
U ⎪⎩ 2 υ t ⎪⎭
A
Movie 1-40 -- (t=4”)

erf (0)=0.0 erf( ∞ )=1.0

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uid Meechaniccs Plate Suddenly Brought into a Motion [11]
Movie 1-50
1 50 -- (t=21
(t=21”))
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Vi
Visc.=20
20 cp Vi
Visc.=200
200 cp
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A
M i 1-60
Movie 1 60 -- (t=21”)
(t 21”) M i 1-70
Movie 1 70 -- (t=20”)
(t 20”)

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Cylinder Suddenly Brought into a Motion [11]

Viscosity = 10 cp Viscosity = 100 cp
uid Meechaniccs
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Movie 1-80 -- (t=18”) Movie 1-90 -- (t=20”)

Viscosity = 10000 cp
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A
Movie 1-100 -- (t=21”) Sharif University of Technology

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Cylinder Suddenly Brought into a Motion [11]

Re < 1 Re > 1
uid Meechaniccs
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Movie 1-110 -- ((t=51”)) Movie 1-120 -- (t=55”)

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A

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Solid / Liquid / Gas interfaces [11]

Left:
uid Meechaniccs
At the solid-fluid
solid fluid interface,
interface fluid molecules stick to the
solid boundary.
Down:
At the liquid-liquid interface or gas-liquid
interface, adjacent molecules at the interface have
the same velocity.
velocity In fact adjacent molecules in
ced Flu
Movie 1-130 -- (t=5”)

both layers stick to each other and move together.
Advanc
v v
A
Movie 1-140 -- (t=5”) Movie 1-50 -- (t=5”) Sharif University of Technology

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Solid / Liquid & Liquid / Liquid Interfaces

Liq. A
uid Meechaniccs
Liquid-liquid
Liquid liquid interface
ρ A < ρB
µ A ≅ µB
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Liq. B
Solid liq id interface

Solid-liquid
Advanc
Movie 1-160
1 160 -- (t=1
(t=1’:03”)
:03 )
A
Note to the different convexity in both liquids. Parabolic profile

in the lower part (such as falling film problem) and exponential
profile
file (erf)
(e f) in
i the upper
e partt (such
( h as moving
i plate
l te problem).
ble )

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Conservation of Momentum
Consider parallel piped δ x1, δ x2 , δ x3 fixed in space.

Carry out a momentum balance in the i direction. (Say 1 direction)
uid Meechaniccs
∂
⎧ Rate of accumulation of i directional momentum ⎫ ∂t {ρ ui δx1 δx2 δx3 }
⎨ ⎬=
⎩ unit volume ⎭ δx1 δx2 δx3
⎧ Net Rate off inflow

fl off i directiona
d b convection ⎫ ρ u1 δx2 δx3 ui xi − ρ u1 δx2 δx3 ui x1 + δx1
l momentum by
⎨ ⎬=
+… +
∂
=− (ρ ui u j )
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∂x j
⎧Force acting on element due to gravity ⎫ ρ gi δx1 δx2 δx3
⎨ ⎬=
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⎧Force acting on element in i direction due to stresses ⎫ τ1i δx2 δx3 xi + δx1 − τ1i δx2 δx3 x1
⎨ ⎬=
+ … +
A
∂
= (τ ji )
∂x j
∂
= (− pδ ji + σ ji )
∂x j
∂p ∂
=− + (σ ji ) Sharif University of Technology
53 ∂xi ∂x j Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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∂ ∂ ∂p ∂
Hence. (ρui ) + (ρui u j ) = ρgi − + (σ ji )
∂t ∂x j ∂xi ∂x j
∂u ∂uj ∂ρ ∂ ∂p ∂
uid Meechaniccs
ρ i + ρ ui + {ui + ui ( ρu j )} = ρg i − + (σ ji )
∂t ∂x j ∂t ∂x j ∂xi ∂x j
Du ∂p ∂
ρ i =− + ρgi + (σ ji )
Dt ∂xi ∂x j
Multiply by ui
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D 1 ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u
ρ ( ui ui ) = − (ui P ) + P i = ρgi ui + (ui σ ji ) − σ ji i
Dt 2 ∂xi ∂xi ∂x j ∂x j
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Equation of mechanical energy (scalar)

A

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Energy Equations
Momentum Equation
uid Meechaniccs
∂ ∂ ∂p ∂
(ρui ) + (ρui u j ) = ρgi − + (σ ji )
∂t ∂x j ∂xi ∂x j
∂u ∂u j ∂p ∂ ∂p ∂
ρ i + ρ ui + {ui + ui (ρu j )} = ρg i − + (σ ji )
∂t ∂x j ∂t ∂x j ∂xi ∂x j
Continuity Equation
ced Flu
∂p ∂ Dρ ∂u j
+ (ρ u i ) = 0 i.e. = −ρ
∂t ∂x j Dt ∂x j
Advanc
Du i ∂p ∂
ρ = − + ρgi + ( σ ji )
Dt ∂xi ∂x j
A

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Multiply by ui:
D 1 ∂ ∂ui ∂ ∂ui
ρ ( u iu i ) = − (u i p ) + p + ρgi ui + ( u i σ ji ) − σ ji
Dt 2 ∂ xi ∂xi ∂x j ∂x j
uid Meechaniccs
Physical Interpretation
D 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 1 ∂ρ ∂
(1) ρ ( u iu i ) = ρ { ( u iu i ) + u j ( u i u i )} + u i u i { + ( ρ u j )}
Dt 2 ∂t 2 ∂x j 2 2 ∂t ∂x j
∂ 1 ∂ 1
= ( ρ uiui ) + ( ρ u iuiu j )
∂t 2 ∂x j 2
ced Flu
= {Rate of increase of kinetic energy/ unit volume} + {Net rate of kinetic energy/volume}
∂
(2) − (ui p ) = {Rate of work done on element by pressure forced per unit volume}
∂xi
Advanc
1
D( )
∂u p ⎡ Dρ ⎤ ρ p Dvˆ
(3) p i = − ⎢ ⎥ = pρ = vˆ = specific volume (i.e. per unit mass)
∂xi ρ ⎣ Dt ⎦ Dt vˆ Dt
A
1 DUˆ
= =[ rate of conversion to internal energy / unit volume]
vˆ Dt

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(4) ρ g i ui = [Rate of work done by gravity forces per unit volume]
∂
(5) (ui σ ji ) = [Rate of work done by stress forces per unit volume]
∂x j
uid Meechaniccs
By difference
∂ui ∂u j ∂ui ∂ui

(6) − σ ji = −µ[ + ] (see tutorial 1)
∂x j ∂xi ∂x j ∂x j
= [Rate of conversion to internal energy due to viscous dissipation / unit volume]
ced Flu
This is the equation of mechanical energy (No.2)

It states that
Advanc
[Rate of accumulation of kinetic energy / unit volume]= [Sum of rates of work done by
pressure, gravity and stresses / unit volume] – [Rate of conversion to internal energy / unit
volume]
A

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C
Conservation
ti off EEnergy
uid Meechaniccs
Consider the parallelepiped of side ∂x1 ∂x 2 ∂x3

The first law of thermodynamics will be applied
[Rate of accumulation of internal and kinetic

energy] = [Net rate of internal energy gained by
convection and conduction]] + [Net
[ rate of work
ced Flu
done on the system by surrounds]

Advanc
[Rate of accumulation of internal and kinetic energy / unit volume] =

∂ 1
[ ρ δx1 δx 2 δx3 {Uˆ + V 2 }] / δx1 δx 2 δx3
A
∂t 2
= [net rate of internal and kinetic energy in by convection / unit volume]

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∂ 1
[Rate of accumulation of internal and kinetic energy / unit volume] = [ρ δx1 δx 2 δx 3 {Uˆ + V2 }]/δ ×1 δx 2 δx 3
∂t 2
⎡ ˆ + 1 V2 } − ρu1 δx 2 δx 3 {Uˆ + 1 V2 } ⎤
⎡net rate of internal and ⎤ ⎢ ρu1 δx 2 δx 3 {U ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 2 x 1 + δx 1 ⎥
⎢ x1
= ⎢kinetic energy in by ⎥ = δxLim ⎢ δx1δx2 δx 3 ⎥
+...
i →0
⎢⎣convection / unit volume⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
uid Meechaniccs
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡net rate of heat energy in by ⎤ ⎡ (q1 x1
− q1 x1 + δx1
⎤)δx2 δx3
+⎢ ⎥ = Lim ⎢ ⎥ + ... +
⎣conduction / unit volume ⎦ δx i →0 ⎢⎣ δx1δx 2 δx 3 ⎥⎦
⎡net rate of work done by gravity ⎤ ⎡ u g δx δx δx ⎤
+⎢ ⎥ = Lim ⎢ 1 1 1 2 3 ρ + ... + ⎥
⎣forces / unit volume ⎦ δx i →0 ⎣ δx1δx 2 δx 3 ⎦
⎡net rate of workl done ⎤ ⎡ u1 τ11 δx 2 δx 3 x + δx − u1 τ11 δx 2 δx 3 x
+⎢ ⎥ = Lim ⎢ 1 1 1
⎣byy stress forces / unit volume ⎦ δx i → 0 ⎢⎣ δx 1δx 2 δx 3

ced Flu
u2 τ12 δx2 δx 3 x + δx − u2 τ12 δx 2 δx 3 x

+ 1 1 1
δx1δx2 δx 3
u1 τ 21 δx 1 δx 3 x22 + δx2
δ 2
− u1 τ 21 δx 1 δx 3 x22
Advanc
+
δx 1δx 2 δx 3
+… +
+… + … + ]
∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂q ∂
{ {Uˆ + V 2 }} + { ui (Uˆ + V 2 )} = − i + ρ ui g i +
A
{ρ {ρ { ui τ ji )
∂t 2 ∂x i 2 ∂x i ∂x j
1 ∂ρ ∂ D 1 ∂q ∂ ∂
(Uˆ + V2 ){ + (ρ ui )} + ρ{ (Uˆ + V2 )} = − i + ρ ui gi − { uip) + (uiσ ji )
2 ∂t ∂xi Dt 2 ∂xi ∂xi ∂x j
D 1 ∂q ∂ ∂
ρ{ (Û + V 2 )} = − i + ρ u i g i − { u i p) + (u i σ ji ) (3)
Dt 2 ∂x i ∂x i ∂x j Sharif University of Technology

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Equation of thermal energy
Subtract equation (2) from equation (3) to get

Equation of Thermal Energy
uid Meechaniccs
ˆ
DU ∂q ∂u ∂u
ρ = − i − p[ i ] + σ ji i (4)
Dt ∂x i ∂x i ∂x j
Physical
y Interpretation
p
[Rate of change of internal energy / unit volume] = [Rate of input of internal energy by conduction / vol.] [Rate
of change of internal energy by compression / vol.] [Rate of gain of internal energy by viscous dissipation / vol.]
N.B. the last two terms represent interconversion of thermal and mechanical energy
ced Flu
∂ui p DVˆ
−p =− i.e. compression work
∂x i Vˆ Dt
DVˆ
Advanc
This term is reversible because may be true or –ve

Dt
∂u ∂u ∂u j ∂ui
σ ji i = μ i [ + ]
∂x j ∂x j ∂x i ∂x j
A
and may be written as a sum of squared terms
This term is irreversible because it is always positive.

It represents degradation of mechanical energy to internal energy (+ve in 4)
In this course we seek solution of equation (4). Sharif University of Technology

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uid Meechaniccs Thermodynamic

y Relationships
p
The simplification of equation (4) required the following
(1) dUˆ = TdSˆ − PdVˆ ; dĤ = TdŜ + V̂dp

⎡ ∂Uˆ ⎤ ⎡ ∂Sˆ ⎤ ⎡ ∂Hˆ ⎤ ⎡ ∂Sˆ ⎤
⎢ ˆ⎥ = T ⎢ ˆ ⎥ −P ; ⎢ ⎥ = T ⎢ ⎥ + Vˆ
∂V
⎣ ⎦T ⎣ ∂V ⎦ T ⎣ ∂P ⎦ T ⎣ ∂P ⎦ T
∂P ∂Vˆ
= T[ ]ˆ −P ; = −T[ ]P + Vˆ … (a)
∂T V ∂T
ced Flu
ˆ ∂Uˆ ˆ ∂Uˆ ˆ ∂Hˆ ∂Hˆ

(2) dU = [ ]T dV + [ ]Vˆ dT ; dH = [ ]T dP + [ ]P dT
Advanc
∂Vˆ ∂T ∂P ∂T
∂P ∂Vˆ
= [−p + T[ ]Vˆ ]dVˆ + Cˆ V dT ; = [−T[ ]P + Vˆ ]dP + Cˆ pdT ... (b)
∂T ∂T
A
(3) dĤ = TdŜ + VdP̂

⎛ ∂Ĥ ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ŝ ⎞
Ĉ p = ⎜⎜
C = T⎜⎜ ⎯ρ⎯
=Cons .
⎯
⎯→ Ĉ p dT = TdS
C Ŝ
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p

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Hence at constant pressure
dUˆ = −pdVˆ + Cˆ pdT … (c)

uid Meechaniccs
1
D( )
DVˆ ρ 1 Dρ ∂ui
(4) ρ =ρ =− = … (d)
Dt Dt ρ Dt ∂x i
(5) dHˆ = dUˆ + pd Vˆ + Vˆ dp … (e)

ced Flu
Advanc
A

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DHˆ ∂q ∂u DpD
ρ = − i + σ ji i +
Dt ∂xi ∂x j Dt
And
uid Meechaniccs
ˆ ˆ ˆ ∂Vˆ
dH = CpdT + [V − T( )p ]dp
∂T
Or
DHˆ ˆ DT ˆ ∂Vˆ Dp
= Cp + [V − T( )p ]
Dt Dt ∂T Dt
ced Flu
Hence
ˆ DT ˆ ∂Vˆ DP ∂ ∂T ∂u DP
ρ[Cp + {V − T( )p } ] = − (−K ) + σ ji i +
Advanc
Dt ∂T Dt ∂x i ∂x i ∂x j Dt
ˆ DT ˆ DP ∂Vˆ DP ∂2T ∂u DP
ρCp + ρV − ρT( )p ] =K + σ ji i +
A
Dt Dt ∂T Dt ∂xi∂xi ∂x j Dt
Q ρVˆ = 1

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ˆ DT ∂2T ∂u T ∂Vˆ DP
ρCp =K + σ ji i + ( )p
Dt ∂xi∂xi ∂x j Vˆ ∂T Dt
Or
uid Meechaniccs
ˆ DT ∂2T ∂ui ∂ ln( Vˆ ) DP

ρCp =K + σ ji +[ ]p
Dt ∂ x i∂ x i ∂x j ∂ ln(T) Dt
‫∂ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و اﮔﺮ ﺷﺎر ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ln(Vˆ ) ‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮم اﮔﺮ داﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺣﺎل در راﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮق ﺗﺮم آﺧﺮ را ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ دﻫﻴﻢ‬
.‫ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬DP/Dt ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
ced Flu
∂ln(Vˆ ) DP
.‫در ﻓﺸﺎر ﻳﺎ داﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ‬ ‫در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺮم‬
∂ln(T) Dt
:‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮق را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺼﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬
Advanc
2
∂ T ∂ T ∂ T ∂ui
ρ Cˆ p [ + Uj ]=K + σ ji
∂t ∂x j ∂ x i∂ x i ∂x j
A
.‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬σ ji ‫ و‬Uj ‫اﮔﺮ ﺳﻴﺎل در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

∂T K ∂2T
= :‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻓﻮرﻳﻪ‬
∂t ρ Cˆ p ∂ x i ∂ x i

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References
1 – Bird, B. R., Stewart, W. E., Lightfoot, E. N., “Transport phenomena”, Second

rn Fluiid Mecchanicss
Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

2 – Bennett, C.O. and Myers, J.E., “Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer”,
M G
McGraw-Hill,
Hill 1982.
1982
3 – Fahien, R.W., “Fundamentals of transport phenomena”, McGraw-Hill, 1983.
4 – Rohsenow,
R h W M andd Choi,
W.M. Ch i H.Y.,
H Y “Heat,
“H t Mass
M andd Momentum
M t T
Transfer”,
f ”
Prentice Hall, 1961.
5 – Hin-Ze,
Hin Ze J.O.,
J O “Turbulence
Turbulence, an introduction to its mechanism and theory
theory”,
Moder
McGraw-Hill, 1959.
M
6 – Douglas,
Douglas J.D.,
J D et.
et Al.,
Al “Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics”, Pitman,
Pitman 1985.
1985
7 – Wilkinson, M.A., “Non Newtonian Fluids”, Pergamon Press, 1960.

www.Endbook.net
References
8 - Schlichting, H., “Boundary layer theory”, 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,
rn Fluiid Mecchanicss
1979.
9 – Sissom, L.E., and Pitts, D.R., “Elements of transport phenomena”, McGraw-
Hill, 1972.
10 – White, F.M., “Viscous fluid flow”, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1986.
11 – Munson, B.R., et. Al., “Fundamentals of fluid mechanics”, Fifth ed., John
Wiley & Sons, 2006.
Moder
12 – Shames, I.H., “Mechanics of fluids”, McGraw-Hill, 1982.

13 – Iowa Institute of Hydraulic research, IHR.
M

Vector and Tensor

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Advanced Fluid Mechanics

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Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Movie 1-10 -- (t=16”)

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Description of a fluid motion

The development of an analytical description of fluid flow is based upon the

To discuss the motion of a fluid we need to look at its properties. If S represents

a function of its co-ordinates x1, x2, x3 written as xi (i=1, 2, 3) and time t.

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The differential momentum balance

= ; , , components of force vector

:‫ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬rate of change of momentum ‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮق را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﺼﻮرت‬

:‫ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬

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= body forces + surface forces

Assume that the outside material touching the surface

exerts a forces on the inside material across an element of

force/unit area or simply the stress. is a vector so called

(normal stresses) and parallel to (shear stresses).

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Pressure gradient: Flow Between Parallel Plates