Level 3.
Problem GRA3_01.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graphs of: a) y = x 1 / 3 ; b) y = x 1 / 3 + 2 .
Solution:
4 y = x1/3+2
2 y = x1/3
0
-10 -6 -2 2 6 x
-2
-4
a) y = x1 / 3 b) y = x 1 / 3 + 2
dy 1 − 2 / 3 dy 1 − 2 / 3
= x . = x .
dx 3 dx 3
dy dy
is not defined at x = 0 is not defined at x = 0
dx dx
⇒ (0, 0) is a critical point. ⇒ (0,2) is a critical point .
dy dy
→ ∞ as x → 0 → ∞ as x → 0
dx dx
⇒ the tangent line at (0, 0) is vertical. ⇒ the tangent line at (0, 2) is vertical.
Problem GRA3_02.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graphs of: a) y = x (3 + x ) ; b) y = x (3 + x ).
Solution:
y y = x(3+√ x)
20
16 y = 3x
12
8
y = x(3-√ x)
4
0
-4 0 4 8 x
-4
-8
a) y = 3x + x 3 / 2
dy 3
Domain {x : x ≥ 0} = 3 + x1 / 2 , x > 0.
dx 2
dy
→ 3 as x → 0 + ⇒ y = 3x is the tangent
dx
line at the critical point (0, 0).
b) y = 3x − x 3 / 2
dy 3
Domain {x : x ≥ 0} = 3 − x 1 / 2 , x > 0.
dx 2
dy
→ 3 as x → 0 + ⇒ y = 3x is the tangent
dx
line at the critical point (0, 0).
Problem GRA3_03.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graph of y = x 2 − x .
Solution:
2
y = x2-|x|
y = -x 1 y=x
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 x
-1
y = x2 − x
x 2 − x , x ≥ 0 dy 2 x − 1, x ≥ 0
y= 2 =
x + x , x < 0 dx 2 x + 1, x < 0
dy dy
→ − 1 as x → 0 + → 1 as x → 0 −
dx dx
dy
⇒ is not defined at x = 0, and (0, 0) is a critical point.
dx
Problem GRA3_04.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graph of y = x + x − 2 .
Solution:
y
6
y = |x|+|x-2|
4
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
-2
-4
y = x + x−2
x, x ≥ 0 x − 2, x ≥ 2
x = , x−2 =
− x, x < 0 − x + 2, x < 2
Note that,
if x ≥ 2, y = x + x − 2 = 2 x − 2
if 2 > x ≥ 0, y = x − x + 2 = 2
if x < 0, y = − x − x + 2 = − 2 x + 2
2 x − 2, x ≥ 2 2, x > 2
dy
⇒ y = 2, 2 > x ≥ 0 = 0, 0 < x < 2
dx
− 2 x + 2, x < 0 − 2, x < 0
dy dy
→ 2 as x → 2 + → 0 as x → 2 −
dx dx
dy
⇒ is not defined at x = 2, and ( 2, 2 ) is a critical point.
dx
dy dy
→ 0 as x → 0 + → − 2 as x → 0 −
dx dx
dy
⇒ is not defined at x = 0, and (0, 2) is a critical point.
dx
Problem GRA3_05.
Use the graph of y = ln x to sketch the graphs of: a) y = ln( − x ) , b) y = − ln x .
Solution:
y
2 y = -ln(x)
y = ln(-x)
-1 0 1 x
y = ln(x)
-2
Problem GRA3_06.
Use the graph of y = ln x to sketch the graph of y = ln x .
Solution:
y = |ln(x)|
2
0 1 2 3 4 x
y = ln(x)
-2
Problem GRA3_07.
Use the graph of f ( x) = x 3 − 3 x (an odd function) to sketch (showing critical points) the graph
of y = f (x) . Is this the graph of an even function?
Solution:
y
y = | f (x)|
6
-√ 3 -1 0 1 √3 x
-2
y = x3-3x -6
dy dy dy
→ 3 as x → 0 + , → −3 as x → 0 − ⇒ is not defined at x = 0 , and (0; 0) is a
dx dx dx
critical point.
dy + dy − dy
→ 6 as x → − 3 , → −6 as x → − 3 ⇒ is not defined at x = − 3 , and
dx dx dx
(− 3; 0) is a critical point.
Hence the symmetric about the y-axis point ( )
3, 0 is also a critical point.
Problem GRA3_08.
Sketch the graph of x − y = 1 .
Solution:
y
1 |x| − |y| = 1
0
-1 1 x
-1
x − y = 1 ⇒ x = 1+ y
Clearly y ≥ 0 ⇒ domain {x : x ≥ 1} .
dy dy
If x ≥ 1 , then y = x − 1 or y = 1 − x . Hence = 1, x > 1 , or = −1, x > −1 .
dx dx
dy dy
As y → 0 + , x → 1+ ⇒ → 1 , and as y → 0 − , x → 1+ ⇒ → −1 .
dx dx
dy
Hence is not defined at x = 1 , and (1, 0) is a critical point.
dx
The curve is symmetric about x = 0 , since the transformation x → − x leaves the Cartesian
equation of the curve unchanged. Hence, if x ≤ −1 , then y = − x − 1 or y = 1 + x . And hence the
symmetric point (-1, 0) is also critical.
Problem GRA3_09.
Use the graph of y = sin −1 x to sketch the graphs of:
π
a) y = sin −1 x + b) y = sin −1 ( x + 1) .
2
Solution:
y
π y = sin-1x + π/2
π/2
y = sin-1x
-2 -1 0 1 x
-π/2
y = sin-1(x+1)
π π
a) The graph y = sin −1 x + is obtained by translating the graph y = sin −1 x through units
2 2
up.
b) The graph y = sin −1 ( x + 1) is obtained by translating the graph y = sin −1 x through one unit
to the left.
Problem GRA3_10.
Use the graphs of y = x and y = sin x (both odd functions) to sketch the graph of
y = x + sin x . Is this the graph of an odd function?
Solution:
8 y
6
4
y = x+sin(x)
2
-2π -π 0 π 2π
-2 x
y = sin(x)
-4
y = x -6
-8
Problem GRA3_11.
1 1
Sketch the graph of y = + .
x x2
Solution:
y
5
3 y = 1x + 1
x2
y = 12
x 1
-4 x
-1 0 1 2 3
-1
y = 1x
-3
1 1
The ordinates of the graph y = + are obtained by summing the ordinates of the graphs
x x2
1 1
y= and y = 2 .
x x
Problem GRA3_12.
1 1
Sketch the graph of y = − .
x x2
Solution:
y
5
y = 1x
3
y = 12
x
1
-4 -3 -2 x
-1 0 1 2 3
-1
y = 1x − 12
x -3
-5
1 1
The ordinates of the graph y =− are obtained by applying the procedure of subtraction of
x x2
1 1
ordinates of the graphs y = and y = 2 .
x x
Problem GRA3_13.
1 −1
Use the graph of y = sin −1 x to sketch the graph of: y = sin x .
2
Solution:
y
π/2 y = sin-1x
y = 1sin-1x
2
-1 0 1 x
-π/2
1 −1 −1 1
The graph y = sin x is obtained by enlarging the graph y = sin x by a factor in the
2 2
direction parallel to the y-axis.
Problem GRA3_14.
Use the graphs of y = x and y = e − x to sketch the graph of y = xe − x .
Solution:
y
y=x
2
y = exp(-x)
-1 0 1 2 x
y = x.exp(-x)
-2
Problem GRA3_15.
Use the graphs of y = x and y = sin x (both odd functions) to sketch the graph of y = x sin x .
Is this the graph of an even function?
Solution:
y
y = -x y=x
4 y = x.sin(x)
y = sin(x)
-π 0
-2π π 2π x
-4
Problem GRA3_16.
ln x
Sketch the graph of y = 2
.
x
Solution:
y 1
y= 2 y = ln(x)
1 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ln(x)
y= 2
x
-1
ln x 1
The graph y = 2
is obtained by multiplication of ordinates y = ln x and y = 2
.
x x
Features:
• Domain { x : x > 0}
• y = 0 when x = 1
ln x 1
• y= 2
lies above y = 2
only for x > e (where ln x > 1 ).
x x
ln x
• As x → +∞, x 2 → +∞ more quickly than ln x and hence 2
→ 0+.
x
Problem GRA3_17.
Use the graph of f ( x ) = x 3 − 3 x (an odd function) to sketch the graph of
1
y = . Is this the graph of an odd function?
f (x)
Solution:
y x = √3
4
x = -√3 y = x3-3x
2
y=1
0
y = -1 -3 -1 1 3 x
-2
y = 1/(x3-3x)
-4
1 1 −1 −1 1
= = = ⇒y= 3 is an odd function.
f (−x ) ( − x ) − 3( − x )
3
x − 3x
3
f (x) x − 3x
Features:
1
• f ( x ), have the same sign.
f ( x)
• f ( x ) = 0 when x = ± 3 or x = 0 ⇒ the lines x = − 3 , x = + 3 and x = 0 are the vertical
1
asymptotes of y = .
f (x)
1
• As x → ∞, f ( x ) → ∞ ⇒ → 0.
f ( x)
• ( −1, 2 ) and (1, − 2 ) are maximum and minimum turning points of y = f ( x ) respectively
1 1 1
⇒ ( −1, ) and (1, − ) are minimum and maximum turning points of y = respectively.
2 2 f (x)
Problem GRA3_18.
x −2 x −2
2 2
1
Show that 2 =1− 2 . Hence sketch the graph of y = 2 .
x −1 x −1 x −1
Solution:
y
6
x = -1 x=1
4 2
y = x -2
y=1 2 x2-1
-3 -1 0 1 x
-2
2
y = 1-x -4
x −2 ( x − 1) − 1
2 2
1
= =1−
x −1 x −1 x −1
2 2 2
1
The graph y = − has been translated one unit upward. y = 1 is an asymptote of
x −1
2
x −2
2
1 1
y = as x → ∞ . The graph y = − is a reflection in the x-axis of y = .
x −1 x −1 x −1
2 2 2
1
The graph y = is a reciprocal of y = x 2 − 1 .
x −1
2
1
Consider the graphs y = f ( x ) and y = , where f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 .
f ( x)
Features:
1
• f ( x ), have the same sign.
f ( x)
1
• f ( x ) = 0 when x = ±1 ⇒ the lines x = −1 and x = 1 are vertical asymptotes of y = .
f (x)
1
• As x → ∞, f ( x ) → +∞ ⇒ → 0+ .
f (x)
• Minimum turning point of y = f ( x ) is ( 0 , − 1) ⇒ maximum turning point of
1
y = is ( 0 , − 1) .
f (x)
Problem GRA3_19.
2
x x
Sketch the graphs of a) y = , b) y = .
x −1 x −1
2 2
Solution:
x 1
a) The graph y = is obtained by multiplication of ordinates y = and y = x .
x −1 x −1
2 2
y y
5 y= 1 5 y= x
y = x2-1 x2-1 x2-1
2 2
-4 0 2 x -4 0 2 x
-2 4 -2 4
-2 y=x -2
x = -1 -5 x=1 x = -1 -5 x=1
1
Features of the graph y =
x −1
2
1
The graph y = is a reciprocal of y = x 2 − 1 :
x −1
2
1
• y = x 2 − 1 and y = have the same sign
x −1
2
1
y = 2
x −1
1
• As x → ∞, x 2 − 1 → +∞ ⇒ 2 → 0+ .
x −1
• Minimum turning point of y = x 2 − 1 (0, -1) ⇒ maximum turning point
1
of y = is (0, -1).
x −1
2
x
Features of the graph y = :
x −1
2
• y = 0 when x = 0
x
• As x → ∞ , y = → 0 ⇒ the line x = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
x −1
2
1 1
b) Hence the graph y = 1 + is obtained from the graph y = by translating one unite
x −1 x −1
2 2
upward.
Problem GRA3_20.
−x
e −e
x
Solution:
y
y = exp(x) + exp(-x) 6
4
2 y = [exp(x) − exp(-x)]
[exp(x) + exp(-x)]
0
-3 -1 1 3 x
-2
-4
y = exp(x) − exp(-x) -6
-8
The graph of y = −x
is obtained by division of ordinates of the graphs y = e x − e − x and
e +e
x
−x
y =e +e
x
.
−x
e −e
x
Features of y = −x
:
e +e
x
• y = 0 when x = 0
−x −x
e −e
x
− e +x e
• Let f ( x ) = −x
, then f ( − x ) =
−x +x
= − f ( x ) ⇒ the graph y = f ( x ) is the graph of
e +e e +e
x
• As x → +∞ , y = x −x
= −2 x
→ 1 ⇒ the line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote of
e +e 1+e
−x
e −e
x
y = x −x
.
e +e
Problem GRA3_21.
cos x − sin x
Sketch the graph of y = .
cos x + sin x
Solution:
π ππ π
cos cos x − sin sin x cos x +
cos x +
cos x − sin x 4 4 4 4
y = = = ⇒y= ..
cos x + sin x π π π π
cos cos x + sin sin x cos x − cos x −
4 4 4 4
π π
The graph y = cos x + is obtained by translating the graph y = cos x through units to the
4 4
left.
π π
The graph y = cos x − is obtained by translating the graph y = cos x through units to the
4 4
right.
π
cos x +
4 π
The graph y = is obtained by division of ordinates of the graphs y = cos x +
π 4
cos x −
4
π
and y = cos x − .
4
y
√2
1
y = cos(x +π/4) y = cos(x)
-3π π
2 0 2 x
-5π -π 3π 5π
2 2 2 2
-1
-√2
y
√2
1
y = cos(x −π/4)
-5π -π 3π y = cos(x)
2 2 2 x
0
-3π π 5π
2 2 2
-1
-√2
y
y = cos(x)−sin(x)
cos(x)+sin(x)
x
-7π -3π π 5π
4 4 4 4
π
cos x +
Features of the graph y = 4
:
π
cos x −
4
π π
• y = 0 when cos x + = 0 , i.e., x = + πn , n integral.
4 4
π 3π
• cos x − = 0 , as x = + πn , n integral
4 4
π
cos x +
3π 4 3π
⇒ as x → + πn , y = → ∞ , and hence the lines x = + πn , n integral, are the
4 π 4
cos x −
4
vertical asymptotes.
Problem GRA3_22.
(
Use the graph of y = x 2 − 1 to sketch the graph of y = x 2 − 1 . )
2
Solution:
1.5 2
y = (x2-1)
1
0.5
0 x
-1 1
-0.5
y = x2-1
-1
f (x) = x −1 f '(x) = 2 x
2
Sign of f ' ( x )
− 0 +
0 x
(0,-1)
dy dy
y = [ f ( x)] = 2 f ( x) f ' ( x) = 4 x ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2
dx dx
dy
Sign of
dx
− 0 + 0 − 0 +
-1 0 1 x
Problem GRA3_23.
Use the graph of y = cos x to sketch the graph of y = (cos x ) .
2
Solution:
y y = cos2(x)
1
-2π -π 0 π 2π x
y = cos(x)
-1
0 − 0 + 0 − 0 + 0
-2π -π 0 π 2π x
dx dx
π
Critical points are n , n - integral
2
dy
Sign of
dx
− 0 + 0 − 0 +
-π -π/2 0 π/2 π x
Problem GRA3_24.
3
x
3
x
3
Solution:
64 y
48 3
y= (3x- x )3
4
32
16
-4 -2 00 2 4 x
-2√3 2√3 3
-16 y= 3x- x
4
-32
-48
-64
3
x 3
f ( x) = 3 x − f '(x) = 3 −
2
x
4 4
Sign of f ' ( x )
− 0 + 0 −
-2 2 x
(-2,-4) (2,4)
3
dy dy x 3
y = [ f ( x )] = 3[ f ( x ) ] f ' ( x ) = 3( 3 x − ) (3 −
3 2 2 2
x )
dx dx 4 4
dy 9
= x ( 2 3 − x ) ( 2 3 + x ) ( 2 − x )( 2 + x )
2 2 2
dx 64
dy
Sign of
dx
−0 − 0 + 0 + 0 − 0 −
-2√3 -2 0 2 2√3 x
Problem GRA3_25.
Use the graph of y = 4 sin x to sketch the graph of y = (4 sin x ) .
3
Solution:
y
64 y = (4sin(x))3
y = 4sin(x) 32
0
-2π -π -π π π 2π x
2 2
-64
0 − 0 + 0 − 0
(-π/2,−4) (π/2,4)
dy dy
y = [ f ( x)] = 3[ f ( x ) ] f ' ( x ) = 3(4 sin x ) (4 cos x ) = 96 sin x sin 2 x
3 2 2
dx dx
π
Critical points are n , n - integral
2
dy
Sign of
dx
0 − 0 + 0 + 0 − 0 x
... -π -π 0 π π ...
2 2
Problem GRA3_26.
3
x
For the function f ( x ) = 3 x − use the graph of y = f ( x ) to sketch the graphs of
4
a) y = f ( x ) , b) y = f ( x ) .
2
Solution:
a)
y 4 x3
y = 3x -
4
x3
2 y = √(3x - )
4
-4 -2 0 2 4
x
-2
-4
Features:
• y = f ( x ) is defined only where f ( x ) ≥ 0 .
dy f ′( x )
• f ( x ) = 0 where x = ±2 3 or x = 0 ⇒ = is not defined at
dx 2 f ( x)
x = ±2 3 and x = 0 ⇒ ( ±2 3 ,0 ) and ( 0 ,0 ) are critical points.
3 4−x
2
dy −
• = → ∞ as x → ±2 3 or x → 0 + ⇒ the tangent lines at ( 2 ,0
dx 8 f (x)
x3
2 y2 = 3x -
4
-4 -2 0 2 4
x
-2
-4
Problem GRA3_27.
For the function f ( x ) = 4 sin x use the graph y = f ( x ) to sketch the graphs of
a) y = f ( x ) , b) y = f ( x ) .
2
Solution:
a)
y
4
2 y = √(4sin(x))
0
-2π -π π 2π x
-2
y = 4sin(x)
-4
Features:
• y = f ( x ) is defined only where f ( x ) ≥ 0 .
dy f ′( x )
• f ( x ) = 0 where x = n π , n integral ⇒ = is not defined at x = n π , n integral
dx 2 f (x)
⇒ ( n π, 0 ) , n integral, are critical points.
dy 2 cos x
• = → ∞ as x → ( 2 πn ) + , n integral, or x → (n π) − , n odd ⇒ the tangent lines at
dx f ( x)
( n π,0 ) , n integral, are vertical.
π π
• + 2 πn , 4 , n integral, are maximum turning of y = f ( x ) ⇒ + 2 πn , 2 , n integral, are
2 2
maximum turning points of y = f ( x ) .
• y= f ( x ) lies below y = f ( x ) where f ( x ) < 1 .
y = f ( x ) lies above y = f ( x ) where f ( x ) > 1 .
y = f ( x ) , y = f ( x ) intersect where f ( x ) = 1 or f ( x ) = 0 .
b)
y
4
2 y2 = 4sin(x)
0
-2π -π π 2π x
-2
y = 4sin(x)
-4
y = f ( x ) in the x-axis. The graph y = f ( x ) has vertical tangent lines at the critical points
2
( πn , 0 ) , n integral.
Problem GRA3_28.
Use the graphs of y = ln u and u = sin x ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) to sketch the graph of
y = ln(sin x ) ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) .
Solution:
y u
y x=π
2 1
y = ln(u)
1 x
0
π 2π
0
1 2 3 u
-1 -1 u = sin(x)
-2 y = ln(sin(x))
-2
Features of the graph y = ln(sin x ) :
• y = ln u is defined where u = sin x > 0 ⇒ domain { x : 0 < x < π} .
• Vertical asymptote of y = ln u at u = 0 .
But u = sin x and sin x = 0 at x = 0 or x = π ⇒ x = 0 and x = π are vertical asymptotes
of y = ln(sin x ) .
• u = sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ y = ln u ≤ 0 .
• y = ln u is an increasing function ⇒ y = ln(sin x ) increases as sin x increases and decreases as
sin x decreases.
π
• The maximum turning point ( , 1) of u = sin x corresponds to the maximum turning point
2
π
( , 0 ) of y = ln(sin x ) .
2
Problem GRA3_29.
Use the graphs of y = 2 u and u = cos x ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) to sketch the graph of
y =2 ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) .
cos x
Solution:
y
y u
3
2
2.5 y = 2u y = 2cos(x)
2 1
1.5
x
1 0
π 2π
0.5
-1 u = cos(x)
-2 0 2 u
Problem GRA3_30.
Use the graphs of y = ln u and u = x 2 − 3 (an even function) to sketch the graph of
y = ln( x − 3 ) .
2
Solution:
y u
y
2 6 u = x2-3
y = ln(u)
1 4
0 2 y = ln(x2-3)
1 2 3 u
-1 -3 -1 0 1 3 x
-2 -2
x = -√3 x = √3
-4
• Vertical asymptote of y = ln u at u = 0 .
But u = x 2 - 3 and x 2 − 3 = 0 at x = ± 3 ⇒ x = − 3 and x = 3 are vertical asymptotes of
y = ln( x − 3 ) .
2
Problem GRA3_31.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graph of x 2 − 4 y 2 = 4 .
Solution:
y
y = 1x
2 2
1
x2-4y2 = 4
-4 -2 2 4 x
-1
-2
y = -1x
2
respect to x. Consider y as a function of x and use the chain rule. Then we have
dy dy 1x
2x −8y =0⇒ = .
dx dx 4y
dy
As y → 0 , x → ±2 ⇒ → ∞ and the curve has vertical tangent at the critical points (-2,0) and
dx
(2,0).
dy
As x = 0 , y = ±1 ⇒ = 0 and the curve has horizontal tangent at (0,-1) and (0,1).
dx
Clearly the curve is symmetric about the lines y = 0 and x = 0 as the transformation
y → − y and x → − x leave the Cartesian equation of the curve unchanged.
1
x 4 2
x −4y = 4 ⇒ y = ± 1 − 2 . By expansion for the large values of x we have
2 2
2 x
x 2 x 1
y =± 1 − 2 + ... ⇒ y = ± + 0 . Hence the curve has an oblique asymptotes
2 x 2 x
x
y = ± as x → ±∞ .
2
Problem GRA3_32.
Sketch (showing critical points and stationary points) the graph of x 3 + y 3 = 1 .
Solution:
y = -x y
1 x3+y3 = 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 x
-1
-2
-3
x + y = 1 . Take the derivative of both sides with respect to x. Consider y as a function of x and
3 3
2
x dy dy
use the chain rule. Then we have 3 x + 3 y =0⇒ = − .
2 2
dx dx y
dy
As y → 0 , x → 1 ⇒ → −∞ and the curve has a vertical tangent at (1,0).
dx
dy
As x = 0 , y = 1 ⇒ = 0 and the curve has a horizontal tangent at (0,1),
dx
Clearly the curve is symmetric about y = x , since the transformation y ↔ x leaves the
Cartesian equation of the curve unchanged.
1
1 3
x + y = 1 ⇒ y = − x 1 − 3 . By expansion for the large values of x we have
3 3
x
1 1
y = − x 1 − + ... ⇒ y = − x + 0 . Hence the curve has an oblique asymptote
x
3
3x
y = − x as x → ±∞ .
Problem GRA3_33.
Sketch (showing critical points and stationary points) the graph of x 2 + y 2 + xy = 3 .
Solution:
2x+y = 0
y
2
√3 x2+y2+xy = 3
1
-√3 √3
-2 0 2 x
-1 x+2y = 0
-√3
-2
y = −1 y =1
Hence or .
x=2 x = −2
dy
In either case, 2 x + y ≠ 0 . Hence as x + 2 y → 0 , → ∞ and the curve has vertical tangents at
dx
(2, -1) and (-2,1).
Similarly, 2 x + y = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 1 .
x = −1 x =1
Hence or .
y =2 y = −2
dy
In either case, x + 2 y ≠ 0 . Hence 2 x + y = 0 ⇒ = 0 and the curve has horizontal tangents at
dx
(-1,2) or (1,-2).
Clearly the curve is symmetric about y = x and y = − x , since the transformation
y ↔ x and y ↔ x leave the Cartesian equation of the curve unchanged.
Problem GRA3_34.
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve xy ( x + y ) + 16 = 0 at the point on the curve where
the gradient is –1.
Answer: y + x + 4 = 0 .
Solution:
x y + xy + 16 = 0
2 2
Consider y as a function of x and take the derivative of both sides with respect to x using the
chain and product rules:
dy dy
2 xy + x + y 2 + 2 xy
=0
2
dx dx
dy
( x + 2 xy ) = −( y 2 + 2 xy )
2
dx
dy
= −1 ⇒ − ( x 2 + 2 xy ) = −( y 2 + 2 xy )
dx
⇒ x 2 = y 2 ⇒ y = x or y = − x .
Substitution of y = x in the equation of the curve gives
x x + xx + 16 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = −16 ⇒ x = −2 and hence y = −2 .
2 2 3
Hence the tangent touches the curve at the point ( x 0 , y 0 ) = ( −2 , 2 ) where the gradient k = −1 . So
the equation of the tangent is y − y 0 = k ( x − x 0 ) ⇒ y + 2 = −( x + 2 ) ⇒ y + x + 4 = 0 .
Problem GRA3_35.
x +1 x +1
2 2
Sketch the graph of y = . Use this graph to solve the inequality < 1.
x −1 x −1
2 2
Solution:
x = -1 x=1
y
2 2
y=x -1 10 y = x +1
2 2 x2-1
5 y=1
-4 -2 2 4 x
-5
-10
x +1 x −1 + 2
2 2
2
= =1+
x −1 x −1 x −1
2 2 2
2
The graph y = has been translated one unit upward. y = 1 is asymptote as x → ∞ . The
x −1
2
2
2 1 x 1
graph y = = is a reciprocal of y = − .
x −1
2 2
x 1 2 2
−
2 2
2
1 x 1
Consider the graph y = f ( x ) and y = , where f ( x ) = − .
f ( x) 2 2
Features:
1
• y = f ( x ), y = have the same sign.
f (x)
1
• f ( x ) = 0 when x = ±1 ⇒ the lines x = −1 and x = 1 are vertical asymptotes of y = .
f (x)
1
• As x → ∞, f ( x ) → +∞ ⇒ → 0+ .
f (x)
1 1
• Minimum turning point of y = f ( x ) is 0 , − ⇒ maximum turning point of y = is
2 f (x)
(0, − 2 ) .
x +1
2
Problem GRA3_36.
Sketch the graph of y = sin 2 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π . Use this graph to solve the inequalities a)
1 1
sin 2 x ≥ , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ; b) sin 2 x ≥ , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π .
2 2
π 5 π 13 π 17 π
Answer: a) , ≤x≤ ≤x≤ ;
12 12 12 12
π 5 π 13 π 17 π 7 π 11 π 19 π 23 π
b) ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ .
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Solution:
( π , 1)
12 2 (13π, 1)
y 12 2
5 π 1
(17π, 1)
1 ( , )
12 2
12 2
y = 1/2
0.5
y = sin(2x)
0 π 2π x
y = -1/2
-0.5
(23π, -1)
12 2
-1
( 11 π 1
, - )( 19 π 1
,- )
12 2 12 2
(7π, -1)
12 2
1 1
a) sin 2 x = ⇔ 2 x = ( −1) n sin −1 + πn , n integral
2 2
π n
⇒ x = ( −1) n + π, n = 0 ,1, 2 ,... ( x ≥ 0 ) .
12 2
π 5 13 17
But 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ⇒ there are exactly four values of x, namely , π, π, π.
12 12 12 12
1 π 5π 13 π 17 π
By inspection of the graph, sin 2 x ≥ for ≤x≤ or ≤x≤ .
2 12 12 12 12
1 1 1
b) sin 2 x ≥ ⇔ sin 2 x ≥ or sin 2 x ≤ −
2 2 2
1 −1 1
sin 2 x = − ⇔ 2 x = ( −1) sin − + πn , n integral
n
2 2
π n
⇒ x = ( −1) n +1 + π, n = 1, 2 ,... ( x ≥ 0 ) .
12 2
7 11 19 23
But 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ⇒ there are exactly four values of x, namely π, π, π, π.
12 12 12 12
1
The equation sin 2 x = was solved in a).
2
1
By inspection of the graph, sin 2 x ≥ for
2
π 5 π 13 π 17 π 7 π 11 π 19 π 23 π
≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ .
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Problem GRA3_37.
9 18
Sketch the graph of f ( x ) = 1 − 2
+ 4
. Use this graph to find the set of values of the real
x x
number k such that the equation f ( x ) = k has four real distinct roots.
1
Answer: − < k <1.
8
Solution:
y
2 4
y = 1− 9/x + 18/x
1.5
y=1
0.5
-2 2
0 x
(-2,-1/8) (2,-1/8)
-0.5
9 18
y =1− 2
+ 4
x x
Domain { x : x ≠ 0}
dy 18 72
= 3
− 5
dx x x
dy
Sign of
dx
− 0 + − 0 +
-2 0 2 x
(-2,-1/8) (2,1/8)
Problem GRA3_38.
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = e x which passes through the origin. Hence
find the values of the real number k for which the equation e x = kx has exactly two real
solutions.
Answer: e , k > e .
Solution:
y
5
y = e. x
3
(1,e)
y = exp(x) 1
-2 -1 0 1 2 x
-3
-5
y = k.x, k > e
Let the gradient of the tangent from the origin to the curve be equal to a. Then
x ′
( )
a = e , i.e., a = e . In addition at the point (x, y) where the tangent touch the curve y = e
x x
y = ax y = ax y = ax y = e
Real solutions of the equation e x = kx are given by x-values where y = e x and y = kx intersect.
Hence the equation has two real distinct roots for the following set of k { k : k > e} .
Problem GRA3_39.
The chord AB of a circle of radius r subtends an angle of 2 θ radians at the centre O. The
perimeter of the minor segment AB is k times the perimeter of the triangle OAB. Show that
1
k + (k − 1) sin θ = θ . Use a graphical method to obtain an estimate of θ in the case when k = .
2
Answer: 0.34.
Solution:
A B
2θ r
The perimeter of the triangle OAB is 2 r + 2 r sin θ . The perimeter of the minor segment
2 r sin θ + 2 θr .
Hence 2 r sin θ + 2 θr = k ( 2 r + 2 r sin θ)
sin θ + θ = k (1 + sin θ)
k + (k − 1) sin θ = θ
1 1 1
If k = , then − sin θ = θ
2 2 2
⇒ sin θ = 1 − 2 θ .
Clearly solution of the equation sin θ = 1 − 2 θ are given by θ -values where y = sin θ and
y = 1 − 2 θ intersect.
π
Note that 0 < 2 θ < π ⇒ 0 < θ < .
2
y
2
1.5 θ ≈ 0.34
1
y = sin(θ)
0.5
π
0
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 θ
-1
-1.5
-2 y = 1−2 θ
Problem GRA3_40.
A taut belt passes round two circular pulleys of radius 6 cm and 2 cm respectively. The straight
portions of the belt are common tangents to the two pulleys and are inclined to each other at an
π 11
angle of 2 θ radians. The total length of the belt is 44 cm. Show that + θ + cot θ = and
2 4
hence use a graphical method to obtain an estimate of θ .
Answer: θ ≈ 2 .48
Solution:
A’
6 cm 2 cm
O
2θ P
B’
B
4 y x=π
y = cot(θ)
2
π/2 2
0
1 3 4 θ
-2
θ ≈ 2.48
y = 11/4 − π/2 − θ
-4