What Is This Module About?

The module Matter 1A: Forms, Properties and Changes introduced to you the
concept of mixtures. You may recall that a mixture is either homogeneous or
heterogeneous. In this module, you will learn more about mixtures, including how to
prepare and separate them. You will also learn that mixtures are further classified into
solutions, colloids and suspensions.
This module will also help you gain knowledge on how to remove certain substances
from mixtures or what to add to certain mixtures to make them suitable for your purposes.
This module is divided into four lessons. These are:
Lesson 1 – Preparing Mixtures
Lesson 2 – Heterogeneous Mixtures: Solutions
Lesson 3 – Heterogeneous Mixtures: Colloids and Suspensions
Lesson 4 – Separating Mixtures

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After reading this module, you should be able to:

♦ define mixture;
♦ explain why solutions are homogeneous mixtures;
♦ classify solutions as solid, liquid or gaseous;
♦ discuss the two types of heterogeneous mixtures;
♦ give examples of solutions, colloids and suspensions;
♦ describe the different ways of separating the components of mixtures; and
♦ explain the importance of solutions, colloids and suspensions in your daily life.

1
 Let’s See What You Already Know

Before you start studying this module, take the following test first to find out how
much you already know about the topics to be discussed.
Encircle the correct answer.
1. Which of these statements correctly describes a mixture?
a. A mixture is composed of different substances.
b. A mixture is made up of different elements and compounds.
c. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are chemically
combined.
d. A mixture consists of two or more substances that are physically combined.
2. Which of the following is not a mixture?
a. antibiotic
b. evaporated milk
c. brewed coffee
d. hydrogen chloride
3. Rubbing alcohol is a solution. What is the solute in rubbing alcohol?
a. alcohol
b. water
c. water vapor
d. alcohol vapor
4. Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures. Which of these mixtures is not a colloid?
a. soft drink
b. shampoo
c. mayonnaise
d. shaving cream
5. Almirol is added to water for the final rinse of blankets and pants to make them
stiff upon drying. What type of mixture is almirol?
a. solution
b. colloid
c. suspension
d. coarse mixture
6. Filtration is one method of purifying mixtures in which _________.
a. water is allowed to evaporate
b. suspended solids are removed from a liquid by using a porous material
c. substances are separated by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
d. suspended solids are allowed to settle to the bottom of the container

2
 7. A salt solution is composed of salt and water. What is the process used for
separating salt from water in the solution?
a. filtration
b. evaporation
c. mechanical separation
d. decantation
8. In construction sites, sand is mixed with cement and water to produce concrete.
What kind of mixture is concrete?
a. solution
b. colloid
c. suspension
d. emulsion
9. Ink is a mixture too. It comes in various colors. Each ink color is a combination
of two or more dyes. What method is used in identifying the dyes in an ink?
a. filtration
b. distillation
c. decantation
d. chromatography
10. Clear water may be collected from muddy water. Place a glass of muddy water
on top of a table. Allow the mud to settle. What do you call this method of
separation?
a. filtration
b. evaporation
c. decantation
d. chromatography

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those found
in the Answer Key on page 38.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much
about the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you already
know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will
help you understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you
study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot
more! Are you ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

3
 LESSON 1

Preparing Mixtures

Mixtures are prepared in different ways. Proof of this is the varying degrees of
sweetness of sugar solutions. Evaporated milk tastes different from condensed milk.
Cosmetics come in different colors. There are different flavors of ice cream. Different
alcoholic drinks have different biting tastes. There are all sorts of soaps, shampoos, lotions
and toothpastes available in the market. These products are prepared in many different
ways. In this lesson, you will find out the simple methods of preparing common mixtures.
Are you eager to learn all about preparing mixtures? Read on!

Let’s Try This

Do you want to know how mixtures are prepared? Then do the following activity.
You will need the following materials:
water
powdered dye (tina)
rubbing alcohol
sand
piece of rock that easily crumbles
mortar and pestle
Do the following:
1. Place a tablespoon of the powdered dye in a glass of water. Stir the powder until
all of it has dissolved.
2. Mix half a glass of the rubbing alcohol with half a glass of water. Shake the
container a little to mix the two liquids well.
3. Pound the piece of rock with the mortar and pestle. Place in a washbasin. Add
some sand to the powdered rock. Add water and stir until you come up with a
mixture that resembles concrete.

4
 Let’s Think About This

1. All the materials that you prepared in the activity are mixtures. How were you
able to obtain each mixture?
_________________________________________________________________
2. Based on the activity, how do you think mixtures are made?
_________________________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 38 and 39.

Let’s Learn

How do you define a mixture? A mixture is two or more materials combined in any
proportion and held together by physical forces instead of chemical forces. There are an
infinite number of mixtures around you. Air is a mixture. It is made up of different gases
that vary in amount at different times of the day. When you prepare coffee, you are
preparing a mixture made up of coffee powder, sugar and hot water. The amount of each
component that you put into the mixture varies according to how you want your coffee to
taste.
Many products that you buy are mixtures. Rubbing alcohol, for instance, is a mixture
of isopropyl alcohol and water. The ratio most often used in preparing rubbing alcohol is
70% isopropyl alcohol to 30% water. This means that for every 100 milliliters (mL) of
rubbing alcohol, 70 mL is isopropyl alcohol and 30 mL is water. This is the ratio found to
be most effective against bacteria.

5
 We prepare mixtures in different ways. The method of preparation depends on the
properties of the components of the mixture to be prepared. For example, when you are
preparing a mixture of a solid and a liquid, it is best to dissolve the solid in the liquid.
When the solid is large or chunky, you change it first into smaller particles to help it
dissolve faster. When you are making a mixture from two solids, you also make the
particles smaller in order for them to blend well with one another. A mixture made from
liquids is shaken or stirred to ensure that the two liquids dissolve in each other.
But what if the two liquids are immiscible, that is, they cannot be dissolved in each
other? Let’s take oil and water, for instance. When you mix these two liquids, the oil floats
on the water. You have probably seen this when you put water on a greasy bowl or plate.
How do you make such liquids dissolve in each other?

Oil and water are

immiscible.

You will need an emulsifying agent. The molecules of the emulsifying agent will
combine with both the oil molecules and the water molecules, thus bringing them together.
Can you think of a proper emulsifying agent for oil and water? Soap is a good emulsifying
agent. That’s why you need to use soap in order to remove grease from dirty dishes.

Oil and water mix when

soap is added.

6
 Let’s Try This

Do you like mayonnaise? You can use it as a sandwich spread and as a salad dressing.
Do you know how it is made? Why don’t you do the following activity to find out how?
You will need the following materials:
1 cup of water
egg yolk
1
1 tablespoons vinegar
2
1
teaspoon sugar
2
1
teaspoon salt
2
a pinch of ground pepper
1 cup vegetable oil
fresh kalamansi juice
medium-size bowl
fork
Do the following:
1. Boil the water and vegetable oil in the
casserole on a stove. As soon as the
water boils, remove the casserole from
fire.
2. In the bowl, mix the egg yolk with the
vinegar, sugar, salt and pepper. Beat
the mixture thoroughly with the fork
until well mixed.
3. While beating the mixture constantly,
gradually add half of the vegetable oil-
water mixture until it is incorporated
into the mixture.
4. Add the rest of the oil-water mixture
Vegetable
in a steady stream while beating until Oil

the oil-water mixture has been

absorbed and the resulting mixture is
thick.
5. Season with salt, pepper and fresh
kalamansi juice to taste.
Did you enjoy making the mayonnaise? Be sure to refrigerate it so it won’t spoil
quickly. Homemade mayonnaise can last only up to 5 days so make sure that you use it
within that period.

7
 Mayonnaise has oil and water in it. What serves as the emulsifying agent in this
mixture? The egg yolk is the one that serves as the emulsifying agent. It contains proteins
that form a thin coating that surrounds each tiny drop of oil. These drops remain so small
that the continual bumping by the water molecules is enough to keep them from combining
and rising to the top.

Let’s Review

Tell how you will prepare the following mixtures. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. orange juice
2. halu-halo
3. hot chocolate
4. gelatin
5. ice cream
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 39.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

Answer the following questions:

1. What makes a mixture different from other types of matter?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. How do you prepare a mixture?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. When do you use an emulsifying agent?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 39.
Did you get a perfect score? If you did, that’s very good! It means you understood this
lesson well. You may move on to the next lesson. If you did not get everything right, don’t
worry. Just review the parts of the lesson that you did not understand very well. Afterward,
you may proceed to Lesson 2.

8
Let’s Remember

♦ A mixture is made up of two or more materials combined in any proportion and

held together by physical forces.
♦ A mixture is prepared in many ways, some of which are stirring, shaking
pounding and crushing.

9
 LESSON 2

Homogeneous Mixtures: Solutions

In the module Matter 1A: Forms, Properties and Changes, you found out that a
homogeneous mixture is one whose components are evenly distributed throughout the
mixture. It is known as a single-phase mixture because only one phase is present. A
homogeneous mixture is also known as a solution. You may remember that phase refers to
that part of a mixture that is physically distinct. That part may be in the solid, liquid or
gaseous state. An alloy is a homogeneous mixture. It is a solid solution of two or more
metallic substances. Air is a homogeneous mixture of gases. It is composed mainly of
nitrogen and oxygen. Rubbing alcohol is also a homogeneous mixture of isopropyl alcohol
and water. It is a liquid solution.
In this lesson, you will find out how important solutions are to your daily life. You
will also be able to identify solutions and their characteristics.

Let’s Try This

Solutions may be solids, liquids or gases. Below is a list of solutions. Identify the
state of each solution.
Write your answers in the blanks provided.
______________ 1. soft drink
______________ 2. bronze
______________ 3. air
______________ 4. ammonia water
______________ 5. amalgam
Compare your answers with these:
1. liquid
2. solid
3. gas
4. liquid
5. solid

10
 Let’s Learn

Solutions are classified into three — solid, liquid and gas.

Each of these solutions is made up of a solute and a solvent. The
solute is the component that is dissolved and the solvent is the one
in which the solute is dissolved. When water is used as a solvent,
you call the resulting solution an aqueous solution. Salt solutions
and sugar solutions are aqueous solutions. A salt solution is made up
of salt dissolved in water; a sugar solution is made up of sugar
dissolved in water.
In a bottle of soft drink, a gas is dissolved in a liquid. The gas
is carbon dioxide. The liquid is water.
Bronze is a solid. It is an example of an alloy. As mentioned
previously, an alloy is a solid solution of two or more
metals. Bronze is composed of copper and tin. The
solute is tin and the solvent is copper.
Air is a mixture of gases in the atmosphere. Dry
air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
Since there is more nitrogen than oxygen in the air,
we consider nitrogen as the solvent and oxygen as the
solute.
Ammonia water is a liquid solution made up of
ammonia gas dissolved in water. Ammonia gas is the
solute and water is the solvent.
An amalgam is a solid solution. It was used before as a tooth filling. Silver is dissolved in
mercury. Silver is the solute and mercury is the solvent. However, many dentists today no
longer use amalgams; they use lasers instead.
Types of Solutions

Type of Solution Mixture Solute

Liquid Soft drink Carbon dioxide (gas)
Solid Bronze Tin (solid)
Gas Air Oxygen (gas)
Liquid Ammonia water Ammonia (gas)
Solid Amalgam Silver (solid)

Look at the table above. How can you tell if a solution is solid, liquid or gaseous? The
state of the solvent determines the type of solution it will form with the solute. Thus, a
liquid solvent will form a liquid solution; a gaseous solvent will form a gaseous solution;
and a solid solvent will form a solid solution.

11
 Let’s Review

Identify the solute and solvent in each of the following solutions. Then identify what
type of solution it is.
1. sugar solution
2. brass
3. rubbing alcohol
4. tincture of iodine
5. seawater
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 39.

Let’s Try This

Put 1 teaspoon of salt in a glass of water. Stir the

mixture well until all of the salt has dissolved. Then
study the mixture that you made. How many phases
can you see in the mixture? Let it stand for about 2
minutes. Did the salt particles settle to the bottom of
the glass? Focus a beam of light from a flashlight onto
the glass. Was the path of light visible through the
glass? Get a piece of cheesecloth and pass the mixture
through the cloth into another glass. Study the
cheesecloth. Were any solid particles retained on the
cloth?

Let’s Think About This

The salt-and-water mixture that you prepared is a solution. Based on what you
observed, name the characteristics of a solution. Write your answers in the space below.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Is your answer the same as this?
A solution is made up of only one phase. The solid particles in a solution do not settle
to the bottom and are not retained on a filter. When a beam of light is focused onto a
solution, the path of the light is not visible.

12
 Let’s Learn

Water is considered the universal solvent. Many solutions contain water as their
solvent. Carbon dioxide mixes with water to form carbonic acid that gives soft drinks their
distinct taste. Commercial vinegar is made up of acetic acid dissolved in water. This is
because many substances are soluble in water, that is, they can dissolve in water. Coffee,
milk powder, chocolate granules, sugar, salt, orange juice, alcohol and detergent are all
soluble in water.
However, there are substances that cannot be dissolved in water. Oil and other similar
substances are insoluble in water.
When a liquid is not soluble in another liquid, we say that these two liquids are
immiscible. Hence, oil and water are immiscible. On the other hand, alcohol and water are
miscible because alcohol can be dissolved in water.

Let’s Try This

A. Test whether each of the following substances can be dissolved in water.

1. powdered chalk
2. sand
3. candle wax
4. margarine
5. soy sauce
B. Test the substances again, this time using kerosene as the solvent.
Write your results in the following table.

Material Water Kerosene

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 40.

13
 Let’s Study and Analyze

Consider the following situation:

Aling Malou wants to find out how she can prepare leche flan syrup faster. Should she
use sugar cubes or powdered sugar? Hot water or cold water?
Compare your answer with mine:
The fastest way of preparing the syrup is to use powdered sugar instead of sugar cubes
and hot water instead of cold water.

Let’s Learn

The amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent is called its
solubility. There are different factors that affect the solubility of different substances.
Why is alcohol highly soluble in water? Why is oil insoluble in water? The answer
lies in the nature of these substances. The phrase “like dissolves like” describes the kind of
interaction that goes on between a solute and a solvent. We can divide substances into
polar and nonpolar substances. Polar substances are those whose molecules have positive
and negative charges. Nonpolar substances are those whose molecules are neutral. Water
is a polar substance, hence, it will dissolve other polar substances, such as alcohol and salt.
Oil, on the other hand, is nonpolar and therefore cannot be dissolved in water.
Another factor that affects solubility is temperature. Sugar dissolves faster in hot
water than in cold water. Heating often allows a solid or liquid solute to dissolve more
quickly. However, in the case of gaseous solutes, solubility decreases with an increase in
temperature.
If you want to prove this, try heating a glass of soft drink. You will see bubbles on the
surface of the soft drink. This means that carbon dioxide is rising to the surface and
escaping into the air.
Still another factor that affects solubility is surface area. The smaller the solute
particles, the greater the surface area of the solute. Thus, powdered sugar dissolves faster in
water than sugar cubes.

14
 Let’s Review

Tell which member of each pair will dissolve faster in water.

1. vinegar and thinner
2. floor wax and alcohol
3. sugar cube and powdered sugar
4. rock salt and iodized salt
5. oxygen gas and rubbing alcohol
6. baking soda and gasoline
7. orange juice powder and glue
8. butter and salt
9. lye and cornstarch
10. glue and rubbing alcohol
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 40.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. Identify what is being described in the sentence.

_______________ 1. It is the substance that is dissolved in a solution.
_______________ 2. It is the largest amount of solute that can dissolve in a
given amount of solvent.
_______________ 3. It is a term that refers to a substance that contains
electrically charged molecules.
_______________ 4. This refers to two liquids that can dissolve in each
other.
_______________ 5. When this is high, a gas has low solubility in a liquid.

B. Identify which member of each pair is the solute and which is the solvent. Then
identify the solution as solid, liquid or gaseous.
Solute Solvent Type of Solution
1. soft drink
2. brass
3. vinegar
4. rubbing alcohol
5. instant coffee
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 40.
Did you get a perfect score? If you did, that’s very good. It means that you understood
the lesson well. If you did not get everything right, don’t worry. Just review the items that
you missed. Afterward, you may proceed to Lesson 3.

15
Let’s Remember

♦ Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. They are classified as solid, liquid or

gaseous.
♦ A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that is
dissolved. The solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute.
♦ Water is the universal solvent.
♦ The particles of a solution are too small that they cannot be seen by the naked
eye. They do not settle upon standing and cannot be filtered.
♦ The solubility of a solute in a given solvent depends on temperature, the nature
of the solute and the solvent and surface area of the solute.

16
 LESSON 3

Heterogeneous Mixtures:
Colloids and Suspensions

Like homogeneous mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures are very important to your daily
life. They are all around you. The clouds in the sky and the fog you see on cold days are
heterogeneous mixtures. The salad that you eat as well as the mayonnaise you prepared in
Lesson 1 are heterogeneous mixtures.

This lesson will introduce to you the two kinds of heterogeneous mixtures—colloids
and suspensions. You will find out how important colloids and suspensions are and how
you can distinguish one from the other.
Let us look at colloids first.
The term colloid was taken from the Greek words kolla and oidos. Kolla means
“glue” and oidos means “appearance.” The term colloid was first used to refer to sticky
materials such as paste and glue.
Today, the term refers to a mixture made up of two phases—the dispersed substance
or material and the dispersion medium. Find out the characteristics of colloids in the
following activity.

17
 Let’s Try This

Prepare a glass of milk using powdered milk and warm water. As you put the
powdered milk in the glass of water, observe the movement of the milk particles in the
water. How do they move? Afterward, focus a beam of light from a flashlight onto the
glass of milk. What do you see? Filter the milk through a piece of cheesecloth. Observe the
cheesecloth through which the milk passed. Do you see any residue?
Did you observe the following?
When powdered milk is added to a glass of water, the particles do not settle to the
bottom of the glass. They move in a haphazard zigzag motion. When a flashlight is focused
onto the glass of milk, the beam of light can be seen as it passes through the mixture. When
the milk is filtered through a piece of cheesecloth, no residue is deposited on the
cheesecloth. This means that all the colloid passed through the filter.

Let’s Think About This

Describe the characteristics of the milk-and-water mixture that you prepared.

Compare it with the salt solution that you prepared in Lesson 2. How are they similar?
How are they different?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 40.

18
 Let’s Learn

A colloid appears to be similar to a solution because it looks like a homogeneous

mixture. Actually, it is a heterogeneous mixture made up of two phases, as mentioned
earlier. A colloid also appears cloudy unlike a solution, which is clear. The dispersed
particles in a colloid are bigger than solute particles in a solution. Solute particles are less
than .000000001 meter or 1 nanometer in size whereas colloidal particles range from 1 to
100 nanometers in size. However, colloidal particles are still small enough to pass through
a filter such as cheesecloth.
A colloid also exhibits properties that are different from those of a solution. A colloid
exhibits the Tyndall effect, which is the ability to scatter light so that a beam of light
becomes visible. Try focusing the beam of light on a salt solution. Was the beam of light
visible? In a solution, the path of a beam of light is not visible.

The path of a beam of light is visible in milk (left) but not in a salt solution (right).

The particles of a colloid do not settle to the bottom of the container. Instead, they
move throughout the colloidal system in a haphazard, zigzag motion. This movement of
colloidal particles is called Brownian movement.
A colloid also has the ability to physically hold other substances on its surface. This
ability is called adsorption. Can you name a material that has this property? What do
people put in their refrigerators to remove foul odor? They use charcoal for this purpose.
Charcoal is a colloid.

19
 Let’s Review

What makes a colloid different from a solution? Write your answer in the space below.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 40.

Let’s Learn

There are different types of colloids. They are classified according to the phases of the
dispersed material and the dispersion medium. Look at the following table:
Dispersed Dispersion Name Examples
Material Medium
Gas Liquid Foam Beaten egg white, whipped
cream
Gas Solid Solid foam Marshmallow, rubber foam
Liquid Gas Liquid aerosol Clouds, hair spray
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, mayonnaise
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese, butter
Solid Gas Solid aerosol Smoke, dust in air
Solid Liquid Sol Paint, starch mixture
Solid Solid Solid sol Colored glass

Let’s Study and Analyze

Can you classify the following colloids according to the categories listed in the
preceding table? Write your answers in the spaces beside the items.
1. fruit jelly
2. fog
3. shaving cream
4. deodorant
5. blood
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 41.

20
 Let’s Learn

Can you name some colloids that are important to you? Clouds are colloids. They are
mixtures of water droplets dispersed in air. The formation of clouds is an important part of
the water cycle. If the water cycle were not complete, we wouldn’t have water to drink and
wash with.

A lot of foods are colloids. Jellies, sandwich spreads, gelatin, ice cream and margarine
are just some examples. There are also colloids that are harmful to you. For instance, the
combination of the two colloids, smoke and fog, can lead to the formation of smog, which
is an air pollutant.

Smog is made up of fog and smoke.

21
 Let’s Review

Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct words from the list below.
Colloidal particles are _________ than solute particles. Colloids are _________
mixtures. Colloidal particles can _________ a filter paper. Colloidal particles exhibit
_________ motion and _________ light.

smaller focused not penetrate

homogeneous bigger scatter
Brownian pass through heterogeneous

Let’s Try This

Get a bottle of milk of magnesia. Milk of magnesia is used for relieving hyperacidity.
Study the mixture. Let it stand for a while. What do you see at the bottom of the container?
Shake the bottle. What happened to the mixture?

Let’s Think About This

Is milk of magnesia a solution or a colloid? Why do you say so?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Is your answer the same as this?
Milk of magnesia is neither a solution nor a colloid. Unlike colloidal particles and
solute particles, the particles of milk of magnesia settle to the bottom when the mixture is
left to stand for some time. Therefore, you can conclude that milk of magnesia is a
different mixture from a solution and a colloid.

Let’s Learn

The milk of magnesia that you tested in the preceding activity is a suspension. A
suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which fine particles are suspended in another
material. The suspended particles are called the dispersed particles while the continuous
phase is the suspension medium.

22
 What distinguishes suspensions from solutions and colloids? The dispersed particles
in a suspension are larger than those in solutions and in colloids. The particles in a
suspension are larger than 100 nanometers. Because of the large particle size, the phases of
a suspension separate upon standing. Hence, the solid particles of the milk of magnesia
settled to the bottom after some time.
When a suspension is passed through a filter paper, the dispersed particles are retained
on the filter paper. A suspension also appears cloudy.
Can you think of some suspensions? Clay mixed with water creates a suspension. So
does sand in water. Mais con hielo is another suspension. Can you think of other examples?

dirty canal water

mais con hielo

muddy water halu-halo

gravel and sand

sawdust and nails sand and pebbles

salt and sugar palay and rice grains

Some examples of suspensions

Let’s Review

Name the characteristics of a suspension. Write your answer in the space below.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 41.

23
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

Classify the following mixtures as colloids or suspensions.

______________ 1. fabric softener
______________ 2. ice cream
______________ 3. ginataang mais
______________ 4. coconut milk (unfiltered)
______________ 5. newly grated cassava and brown sugar
______________ 6. glue
______________ 7. condensed milk
______________ 8. almirol
______________ 9. dew
______________10. hair spray
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 41.
Did you get everything right? If you did, that’s good. It means that you are ready for
the next lesson. If you did not get a perfect score, that’s okay. Just review the parts of the
lesson that you did not understand well. Afterward, you may proceed to Lesson 4.

Let’s Remember

♦ Heterogeneous mixtures are divided into colloids and suspensions.

♦ A colloid is made up of dispersed particles and a dispersion medium. Its particles
range in size from 1 to 100 nanometers. A colloid also exhibits such properties as
Tyndall effect, Brownian movement and adsorption.
♦ A suspension is made up of dispersed particles and a suspension medium. Its
particles are larger than those of a solution and a colloid. It appears cloudy and
its particles are retained on filter paper.

24
 LESSON 4

Separating Mixtures

Unlike the components of pure substances, the components of mixtures retain their
physical properties. It is thus possible to separate these components using mechanical
means. But which method of separation should you use for a particular mixture? You will
find out in this lesson.

Let’s Try This

Below is a list of mixtures. Classify each as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

1. carbonated drink
2. powdered mothballs and salt
3. bagoong isda
4. salt solution
5. water from a well
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
_______________________ ________________________
_______________________ ________________________
_______________________ ________________________
Are your answers the same as these?
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
carbonated drink powdered mothballs and salt
salt solution bagoong isda
water from a well
The components of these mixtures can be separated in many ways. Find out how in
the following activities.

25
 Let’s Try This

A salt solution is made up of water and salt. How do you separate these two
components? Find out in the following activity.
You will need the following materials:
1 teaspoon salt
2 tablespoons water
tin container
stove
Do the following:
1. Mix the water and the salt in the
tin container until all of the salt
has dissolved in the water.
2. Heat the tin container over the
stove until all of the water has
evaporated. Observe the residue
on the bottom of the container.
What is it? Take care not to touch
the container while it is still hot.

Let’s Think About This

Were you able to separate the water and the salt? Why do you say so?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 41.

26
 Let’s Learn

For a solution made up of a solid and a liquid, the process of evaporation can be an
effective method of separation. If you recall, evaporation is the process of transforming a
liquid into a gas. When the liquid evaporates, it leaves behind the solid component of the
solution. In the case of the salt solution that you tested in the preceding activity, the water
evaporated and left the salt as residue in the container.
Can you name other mixtures that can be separated through evaporation?

Let’s Try This

Another method of separating a mixture of a solid and a liquid is filtration. Filtration

is the process of separating an insoluble solid from the liquid substance by allowing the
liquid to pass through a porous material. The porous material is usually a filter paper. The
method of separation applies only to suspensions because solute and colloidal particles are
too small to be retained on the filter paper. In this process, the filter paper allows the liquid
to pass through it and retains the solid particles. The solid is called the residue, while the
liquid is called the filtrate.
Find out how filtration is carried out in this activity.
You will need the following materials:
mixture of sand and water
plastic funnel
2 glass jars
sheet of long bond paper
Do the following:
1. Put the sand-and-water mixture in one of the glass jars.
2. Let the mixture stand for around 10 minutes.
3. Prepare the filter paper from the bond paper as follows.
a. Fold the bond paper into four equal parts. Cut out one of the parts.

27
 b. Fold the paper twice.

c. Cut the folded paper to produce a cone.

d. You will see that the folded cone has two flaps. Open one flap to open the
cone and fit the cone into the plastic funnel.

4. Carefully pour the sand-and-water mixture through the plastic funnel into the
other glass jar. Observe what happens.

28
 Let’s Think About This

1. What happened when you allowed the mixture to stand?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which is the filtrate in the mixture? Which is the residue? Why do you say so?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 41.

Let’s Learn

Another method of separating the components of a suspension is decantation. This

method allows the heavy particles in a mixture to settle to the bottom of the container. This will
make it possible for the clear liquid to be poured into a separate container.
Sometimes, decantation is used in combination with filtration. This is what you did in the
preceding activity.

Let’s Study and Analyze

How would you separate a mixture of sand and salt? Write your answer below.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 42.

29
 Let’s Try This

Ink is a mixture of different dyes. The identities of these dyes can be determined by
using a separation method called paper chromatography. Do the following activity to
find out how this is done.
You will need the following materials:
ruler
pencil
paper
white bond paper
alcohol
small glass jar
toothpick jar
black ball pen or marking pen
spot

alcohol

Do the following:
1. Cut out from the bond paper a rectangle measuring 3 centimeters wide and 15
centimeters long.
2. Use the pencil draw a line lightly 3 centimeters from one end of the rectangle.
Make sure that you do not puncture the paper with the pencil tip.
3. Use the toothpick to collect ink from the ball pen or marking pen.
4. Spot it along the line you drew on the paper. Do this by pressing the ink-covered
tip of the toothpick very briefly against the paper. Make sure that only a tiny dot
is formed on the paper.
5. Pour the alcohol into the glass jar. The alcohol level should be lower than 3
centimeters.
6. Carefully place the paper in the glass jar with the spotted portion nearest the
bottom of the jar. Do not disturb it. Observe what happens.

Let’s Think About This

1. What did you see on the piece of paper after you left it in the jar?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What colors were produced from the black ink? What do you think these colors are?
__________________________________________________________________________________

30
 Are your answers the same as these?
After the piece of paper was left in the jar for some time, colors developed along a
line extending from the original black spot. The colors are spread out at different distances
from the original spot.
The colors produced from the black spot are blue, red, yellow and violet. These colors
are the dyes present in the ink.

Let’s Learn

One method of separating mixtures is chromatography. Chromatography is used

when only very small amounts of the mixture are available. It is based on the varying
degrees of attraction the different components of the mixture have for the solvent. In the
preceding activity, you used paper chromatography with alcohol as the solvent. The
component dyes of the ink are attracted to alcohol in varying degrees. Hence, they moved
along with the alcohol as it moved up the paper. The stronger the attraction of a dye to
alcohol, the farther it traveled up the paper. Hence, the spots are found at different
distances from the starting line.

Let’s Review

How would you separate each of the following mixtures?

1. salt and powdered charcoal
2. air pollutants mixed in water
3. plant extract
4. muddy water
5. bagoong isda
6. freshly squeezed coconut milk
7. sugar solution
8. kalamansi juice and its seeds

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 42.

31
 Let’s Learn

How do you separate a mixture made up of miscible liquids? Remember that different
substances have different physical properties. Liquids have different boiling points. You
can use this property to separate these liquids.
The method of separating liquids in a mixture through evaporation and condensation
is called distillation. The liquid with the lowest boiling point boils first, evaporates and
condenses. The distillate is the liquid formed from the condensation of the vapor.
Look at the diagram below. It shows the process of simple distillation. The mixture of
liquids in the flask is heated. The liquid with the lowest boiling point boils and evaporates.
The vapor passes through the delivery tube into the test tube in the beaker with cold water.
The cold water cools the vapor, transforming the vapor into a liquid. The process is
continued until all the liquids to be collected have evaporated and condensed.

delivery tube

flask ink
distillate

burner cold water

tripod beaker

Simple distillation

Did you know that gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil and lubricating oil are obtained
through fractional distillation? Fractional distillation is a method used for separating a
mixture of liquids with a small range of boiling points. The components are separated one
after another in a decreasing order of boiling points. Petroleum industries use this
technique on a large-scale basis to separate the various components of crude oil. Crude oil
is separated into fractions of gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oil and other components.

32
 The following diagram shows the products obtained from the fractional distillation of
crude oil. Below the name of each product is the boiling range of that substance.

Gas

Naphtha
50–120°C

Gasoline
120–180°C

Kerosene
180–250°C

Lubricating oil
Crude oil 250–350°C
heated at
370°C
Paraffin, asphalt
350–370°C

Let’s Review

What is the difference between simple distillation and fractional distillation?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 42.

33
 How would you separate heterogeneous mixtures of solids? Usually, the method used
for separating this kind of mixture is mechanical separation. Mechanical separation
involves the use of forceps, sieves, magnets and other similar tools. Gravel and sand can be
separated by picking the gravel or passing the mixture over a wire sieve. If you want to
separate a mixture that has metallic components, you may use a magnet to get the metallic
components.

Using a magnet is a form of mechanical separation.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

State which method of separation can be used for each of the following mixtures.
1. iron nails and plastic paper clips __________________________
2. green extract from grass __________________________
3. rice grains and rice hulls __________________________
4. tap water __________________________
5. rubbing alcohol __________________________
6. tamarind extract __________________________
7. sand and gravel __________________________
8. sugar and salt __________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 42.
Did you get a perfect score? If you did, that’s very good. If you did not, don’t worry.
Just review the parts of the lesson that you did not understand well.

34
 Let’s Remember

♦ Mixtures can be separated using such methods as evaporation, filtration,

chromatography, distillation and mechanical separation.
♦ Evaporation involves the transformation of the liquid component of a
homogeneous mixture into a gas, leaving behind the solid component as a
residue.
♦ Filtration is done by passing a suspension through a filter paper that retains the
solid components of the mixture.
♦ Chromatography is a method used when there’s only a small amount of mixture
available. It works on the principle of attraction of the components in the mixture
for the solvent used in the process.
♦ Distillation is the separation of a mixture of liquids with low boiling points. It
involves evaporation and condensation of the liquids.
♦ Mechanical separation involves the use of tools such as magnets, forceps and
sieves to separate solids mixed together.
You have now reached the end of the module. Congratulations! Did you enjoy
studying this module? Did you learn a lot of new things from it? The following is a
summary of its main points to help you remember them better.

Let’s Sum Up

This module tells us that:

♦ A mixture is made up of two or more materials combined in any proportion and
held together by physical forces.
♦ A mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. A solution is a homogeneous
mixture; a colloid and a suspension are heterogeneous mixtures.
♦ A solution is made up of a solute and a solvent and can be classified into a liquid,
solid or gaseous solution. The state of the solvent determines the type of solution
formed.
♦ The solubility of a substance in a solvent is determined by the nature of both the
solute and the solvent, temperature and surface area of the solute.
♦ Water is the universal solvent.
♦ A colloid is made up of dispersed particles and a dispersion medium. Its particles
are bigger than those of a solution. A colloid exhibits such unique characteristics
as the Tyndall effect, Brownian movement and adsorption.
♦ A suspension is made up of dispersed particles and a suspension medium. Its
particles are larger than those of a solution and a colloid. They settle to the
bottom of the container and are retained on filter paper.
♦ Solutions can be separated in different ways. Among the methods of separating
mixtures are evaporation, filtration, decantation, chromatography, distillation and
mechanical separation.

35
 What Have You Learned?
A. Encircle the item that does not belong to the group.
1. distillation, filtration, electrolysis, chromatography
2. air, brewed coffee, pure water, hot chocolate
3. ink, dye, plant extract, acetone
4. distilled water, tap water, seawater, muddy water
5. hair spray, cloud, fog, smoke
6. cheese, cream, mayonnaise, milk
7. oil in water, kerosene in water, butter in water, alcohol in water
8. ginataang mais, sago-gulaman drink, maja blanca with corn bits, cooked
gulaman
9. halu-halo, shaving cream, sugar solution, paint
10. concrete, sand and gravel, sand and cement, paint
B. Fill up the following table.
Property Solution Colloid Suspension

Particle size
Appearance
Separation on standing
Filterability
Example

C. Identify what is being described in each of the following items.

__________ 1. A method of separating mixtures that involves evaporation
and condensation
__________ 2. The random motion of colloidal particles
__________ 3. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given
solvent
__________ 4. A method of separation that involves the use of tools such
as forceps and magnets
__________ 5. A type of mixture that appears clear
__________ 6. The process of separating miscible liquids that have a
small range of boiling points
__________ 7. The ability of a colloid to hold another material on its
surface
__________ 8. A tool used for separating metallic components in a
mixture
__________ 9. The continuous phase in a suspension
__________10. The solid retained on the filter paper after filtration of a
mixture
D. Answer the following questions.
1. How would you separate a mixture of rock salt and iodized salt?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

36
 2. How would you separate a mixture made up of the following components:
iron filings, sand, gravel, sugar?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 43 and 44.
If you got a score of:
0–18 You should study the whole module again.
19–30 Good! Just review the parts of the module that you did not understand
well.
31–37 Very good! It means that you understood this module well. Keep up the
good work. You are now ready to move on to the next module.

37
Answer Key

A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 2–3)

1. (d) The components of a mixture are physically combined. (c) is describing
a compound, not a mixture; (a) and (b) do not completely describe a mixture.
2. (d) Hydrogen chloride is a compound, not a mixture. All the other options
are mixtures.
3. (a) The solute in rubbing alcohol is the alcohol while water is the solvent.
4. (a) A soft drink is a solution of a gas in a liquid. All the other options are
colloids.
5. (b) Almirol is a heterogenous mixture of water and starch. When heated, it
produces a sticky mixture that cannot be filtered. It is therefore a colloid.
Options (c) and (d) both refer to suspensions, which can be filtered.
Solutions, (a), on the other hand, are homogeneous mixtures.
6. (b) Filtration is the process of removing suspended solids from a liquid by
using a porous material. Option (a) describes evaporation; (c) describes
osmosis; and (d) describes decantation.
7. (b) In the process of evaporation, water is made to evaporate, leaving
behind salt as the residue. Option (a) is not possible because a salt solution
cannot be filtered. It is a homogeneous mixture. Option (c), mechanical
separation, will not work because salt particles are dissolved in water and
cannot be picked by any tool; option (d), decantation, won’t work either
because salt will not settle to the bottom of the container.
8. (c) Concrete is a suspension of sand and cement in water.
9. (d) Chromatography is the best method. It is used for separating colors,
dyes and pigments. Options (a) (b) and (c) are not applicable because they
will not be able to separate the dyes effectively.
10. (c) Decantation is the process of allowing a suspended solid to settle to the
bottom of the container, making it possible for the liquid component to be
poured off.

B. Lesson 2
Let’s Think About This (page 5)
1. The first mixture (dye in water) was obtained by stirring the dye in the
water. The second mixture (alcohol and water) was obtained by mixing the
two liquids and shaking the mixture. The third mixture (sand and rock) was
obtained by pounding the rock into fine particles and stirring the two
materials well.
2. (Answers will vary depending on learners’ opinions. The following,
however, is the expected answer.)

38
 A mixture can be prepared in many different ways. When preparing a
mixture of a solid and a liquid, you can stir the solid in the liquid. If the
solid is large, you can powder it first before mixing it with another material.
Liquids are just blended with each other.
Let’s Review (page 8)
1. When preparing orange juice from powdered juice, just stir in a small
amount of the powder in water. When preparing the juice from fresh
oranges, squeeze the fruits into a container until the desired amount of juice
is obtained. Add sugar and water to taste.
2. Mix diced camote, banana, nangka, ube, sweet beans, munggo, sago and
sugar in a glass or cup. Add crushed ice and evaporated milk.
3. Hot chocolate is prepared by stirring in chocolate powder in a cup of hot
water.
4. Gelatin is prepared by dissolving gelatin powder in boiling water. The
mixture is then cooled and allowed to set.
5. In preparing ice cream, you first place milk and cream in the upper section
of a double boiler. Then you beat in eggs and some milk powder. You mix
some gelatin with sugar and add the mixture to the double boiler. Then heat
the mixture in the boiler while stirring. Place the container in cold water and
cool. Store the mixture in the refrigerator overnight. Then stir in the
flavoring and freeze the mixture until it has solidified.
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 8)
1. A mixture is different from other types of matter—elements and
compounds—in that it is made up of materials that are held together by
physical forces and that can therefore be separated by physical means.
2. A mixture is prepared in different ways. It may involve stirring, shaking,
pounding and crushing of materials in order to make them blend with one
another.
3. An emulsifying agent is used in order to help two immiscible liquids
dissolve in each other.

C. Lesson 2
Let’s Review (page 12)
Solute Solvent Type of Solution
1. sugar solution sugar water liquid
2. brass zinc copper solid
3. rubbing alcohol alcohol water liquid
4. tincture of iodine iodine crystals alcohol liquid
5. seawater salt water liquid

39
 Let’s Try This (page 13)
Material Water Kerosene

Powdered chalk Soluble Insoluble

Sand Insoluble Insoluble
Candle wax Insoluble Soluble
Margarine Insoluble Soluble
Soy sauce Soluble Insoluble

Let’s Review (page 15)

1. vinegar
2. alcohol
3. powdered sugar
4. iodized salt
5. rubbing alcohol
6. baking soda
7. orange juice powder
8. salt
9. lye
10. rubbing alcohol
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 15)
A. 1. solute
2. solubility
3. polar
4. miscible
5. temperature
B. Solute Solvent Type of Solution
1. soft drink carbon dioxide water liquid
2. brass zinc copper solid
3. vinegar acetic acid water liquid
4. rubbing alcohol alcohol water liquid
5. instant coffee coffee powder water liquid

D. Lesson 3
Let’s Think About This (page 18)
The milk-and-water mixture and the salt solution both have particles that do
not settle to the bottom and are not retained on the filter. The difference is that
the salt solution is clear while the milk-and-water mixture is cloudy. Aside from
this, the path of a beam light is visible in the milk-and-water mixture but not in
the salt solution.
Let’s Review (page 20)
A colloid exhibits properties that are not seen in a solution. A colloid is
cloudy; it exhibits unique properties such as the Tyndall effect, Brownian
movement and adsorption.

40
 Let’s Study and Analyze (page 20)
1. sol
2. liquid aerosol
3. foam
4. liquid aerosol
5. emulsion
Let’s Review (page 20)
bigger; heterogeneous; pass through; Brownian; scatter
Let’s Review (page 23)
A suspension has particles bigger than those of a solution and a colloid.
These particles settle to the bottom of the container and are retained on filter. A
suspension also appears cloudy.
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 24)
1. colloid
2. colloid
3. suspension
4. suspension
5. suspension
6. colloid
7. colloid
8. colloid
9. colloid
10. colloid

E. Lesson 4
Let’s Think About This (page 26)
(Answers will vary according to the learners’ findings. The following,
however, is the expected answer.)
Yes, the water and the salt were separated. This can be seen in the tin
container on which only a solid residue was left. This solid residue is the salt left
behind by the water, which has evaporated.
Let’s Think About This (page 29)
1. When the mixture was allowed to stand, the sand settled to the bottom of
the container.
2. Water is the filtrate because it passed through the filter paper; sand is the
residue because it was retained on the filter paper.

41
Let’s Study and Analyze (page 29)
To separate a mixture of sand and salt, add water first in order to dissolve
the salt. Filter the mixture. The salt solution will pass through the filter but the
sand will be retained. Thus, you have separated the sand from the salt. In order to
recover the salt, heat the solution to evaporate the water off.
Let’s Review (page 31)
1. Salt and powdered charcoal can be separated by adding water to the
mixture. The salt will dissolve in water but the charcoal will not. You can
then filter the mixture—the salt solution will pass through the filter while
the charcoal will be retained.
2. Air pollutants in water can be separated by means of chromatography. You
can combine the mixture with a solvent for which the mixture’s components
have varying degrees of attraction.
3. The components of a plant extract may be separated through
chromatography.
4. Muddy water can be separated through decantation. Allow the water to
stand for some time and then when all the mud has settled, pour off the
liquid into another container.
5. Bagoong isda can also be separated through decantation. Allow the solids to
settle, then carefully pour the fish sauce into another container.
6. Freshly squeezed coconut juice can be separated through filtration, usually
through a piece of cheesecloth.
7. A sugar solution can be separated through evaporation of the water.
8. Kalamansi juice can be separated from its seeds through filtration.
Let’s Review (page 33)
Simple distillation is the evaporation and condensation of liquids that have
different boiling points while fractional distillation is the evaporation and
condensation of liquids whose boiling points are almost the same.
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 34)
1. mechanical separation (using a magnet)
2. chromatography
3. decantation (Rice hulls will float; rice grains will sink.)
4. distillation
5. distillation
6. filtration
7. mechanical separation (using a sieve)
8. mechanical separation (using a sieve)

42
 F. What Have You Learned? (pages 36–37)
A. 1. electrolysis. Distillation, filtration and chromatography are all methods for
separating mixtures; electrolysis is a method for separating compounds.
2. pure water. Air, brewed coffee and hot chocolate are all mixtures; pure
water is a substance.
3. acetone. Ink, dye and plant extracts can be separated through
chromatography; acetone cannot. It is separated instead through distillation.
4. distilled water. Tap water, seawater and muddy water are mixtures; distilled
water is a pure substance.
5. smoke. Hair spray, cloud and fog are all liquid aerosols; smoke is a solid
aerosol.
6. cheese. Cream, mayonnaise and milk are emulsions; cheese is a gel.
7. alcohol in water. Alcohol and water are miscible; oil, kerosene and butter,
on the other hand, are not miscible with water.
8. cooked gulaman. Ginataang mais, sago-gulaman drink and maja blanca with
corn bits are suspensions; cooked gulaman is a colloid.
9. sugar solution. Halu-halo, shaving cream and paint are all heterogeneous
mixtures; sugar solution is a homogeneous mixture.
10. paint. Concrete, sand and gravel and sand and cement are suspensions; paint
is a colloid.
B.
Property Solution Colloid Suspension

Particle size Less than 1 nanometer 1–100 nanometers More than 100
nanometers
Appearance Clear Cloudy Cloudy
Separation on standing Does not separate Does not separate Separates or settles
Filterability Passes through filter Passes through Solid is retained
filter on filter
Example (Answers
will vary.) Sugar solution Chocolate drink Muddy water

C. 1. distillation
2. Brownian movement
3. solubility
4. mechanical separation
5. solution
6. fractional distillation
7. adsorption
8. magnet
9. suspension medium
10. residue

43
D. 1. To separate a mixture of rock salt and iodized salt, you can use a fine sieve
through which the iodized salt can pass and which will retain the rock salt.
2. First, separate the iron filings by using a magnet. Then add water to the
remaining components of the mixture to dissolve the salt and filter the
mixture. Only the sand and gravel will be retained on the filter. Afterward,
use a sieve that will let the sand pass through but will retain the gravel.

Glossary

Adsorption The ability of a colloid to hold another material on its surface.

Alloy A solid solution of two or more metals.
Amalgam Any of the various alloys of mercury.
Boiling point The temperature at which a liquid boils.
Brownian movement The haphazard, zigzag motion of colloidal particles.
Charge A property of matter that is responsible for all electric interactions and
assigned as either positive or negative.
Chromatography The method of separating a small amount of mixture by dissolving
it in a solvent for which the components of the mixture have varying degrees of
attraction.
Colloid A type of heterogeneous mixture that exhibits unique characteristics such as
Tyndall effect, Brownian movement and adsorption.
Condensation The transformation of a gas into a liquid.
Decantation The process of letting a mixture stand in order for the solid and liquid
layers to separate.
Disperse To distribute a material evenly throughout a system.
Dispersed material The material that is distributed throughout a heterogeneous
mixture.
Dispersion medium The material in which the dispersed material is distributed.
Dissolve To cause to pass into solution.
Distillate The liquid obtained from the process of condensation in distillation.
Distillation The process of separating miscible liquids through evaporation and
condensation.
Emulsifying agent A material that can bring two immiscible materials together by
linking with both materials.
Evaporation The transformation of a liquid into a gas.

44
Filtration The process of letting a mixture through a porous material, allowing the
liquid to pass through while retaining the solid material.
Heterogeneous Being made up of more than one phase.
Homogeneous Having a uniform composition or appearance throughout.
Immiscible A term used for liquids that cannot dissolve in each other.
Insoluble Cannot be dissolved in a particular solvent.
Miscible A term used to describe liquids that can dissolve in each other.
Mixture A type of matter made up of two or more materials combined in varying
proportions and held together by physical forces; can be separated through
mechanical methods.
Neutral Having no excess electric charge.
Phase A homogeneous part of a material system that is mechanically separable from
the rest of the system.
Porous Permitting the passage of fluids through tiny holes in the material.
Residue The solid material retained on a filter.
Soluble Can be dissolved in a particular solvent.
Solute The part that is dissolved in a solution.
Solution A type of mixture made up of only one phase; appears clear and passes
through a filter.
Solvent The part of a solution in which the solute is dissolved.
Surface area The extent of a region on the plane of a material.
Suspension A type of heterogeneous mixture with large particles that settle and are
retained on a filter.
Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a material.
Tyndall effect The ability of a colloid to scatter light.

45
 References

Chang, Raymond. Chemistry. 5th ed. U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 1994.
Corwin, Charles. Chemistry: Concepts and Connections. Alternate edition.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.
Dorin, H., P. Demmin and D. Gabriel. Chemistry: The Study of Matter. 4th ed.
Massachusetts: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1992.
Hill, J.C. Students Guide to Brown and LeMay’s Chemistry: The Central Science. 2nd
ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981.
Holtzclaw, H.F. and W.R. Robinson. General Chemistry. 8th ed. U.S.A.: D.C. Heath
and Company, 1988.
————. Study Guide for General Chemistry and College Chemistry. U.S.A.: D.C.
Heath and Company, 1988.
Jones, L. and P. Atkins. Chemistry: Molecules, Matter and Change. 4th ed. U.S.A.:
Michelle Russel Julet, 1989.
Nueva España, R.C. Science and Technology: Chemistry. Updated edition. Manila:
Abiva Publishing House, Inc., 1999.
Petrucci, R.H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. 4th ed. New
York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1985.
Senyk, Joan I., James R. Braun and Larry K. Kvannich. General Chemistry Study
Guide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984.

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