 Is the totality of all the values or
measurements of a characteristic for a
specified group of objects that are of
interest to the researcher
 May be called units or subjects
 Oftentimes, populations are very large
and would be very difficult to investigate
so we choose a representative portion
 Is a finite portion of a population that will
be used in the study
 Is the process of choosing a
representative portion of a population
Sampling is done for any of the following
reasons:
1. Due to limitations of time, money or
personnel, impossible to study every item
in the population
2. Examining an item may require that item
be destroyed
3. Due to sample’s small size, it can be
studied thoroughly
4. Fewer errors are encountered in the
collection and handling of data
5. Can be carried out at a lesser cost
 When the selection of an item is done
according where the elements have an
equal chance of being selected
 The selection of items is done where
elements do not have an equal chance
of being taken
In sampling..
 The population from which the sample
was drawn must be defined
 The sample must be selected by using the
appropriate method
 Homogeneity of the population is an
important factor when choosing a sample
 A small sample is sufficient if the subjects
have similar characteristics that might
affect the results
 A large sample is sufficient if the subjects
vary
 Size of the population is also considered
 If the population is very large, 5% of it can
be selected as a sample, if not, the
sample should be no less than 30
elements
( )
 Is a process of selecting a sample from a
population such where each sampling
unit has a chance of being in the sample
 Obtaining a sample in an unbiased way
 Can be obtained in several ways:
1. Physical mixing or Lottery sampling
 may be with replacement
(unrestricted random
sampling) where a
replacement is used for a
 chosen element before the 3. Systematic sampling procedure
next selection is made  A systematic sample is
 may be without obtained from a sampling
replacement (restricted frame of elements in
random sampling or simple random order
random sampling) where  Start at a random position in
this is more common to do the list, then select every nth
because random sampling element from the
without replacement population until the needed
removes the possibility of sample size is obtained
selecting the same unit  With periodic data, this
2. Table of random numbers or digits method should be avoided
 Can be obtained from
Example:
scientific calculators or
computers There is a list of 5,000 citizens
ordered by their social security
Example:
number. We could start at a
Row C1 C2 random position, the first 50
13 --- 762820 names, then select every fiftieth
14 --- 320920 name. The procedure will
15 --- 34208 continue until we obtain the
16 --- 594178 desired sample size.
17 --- 587499
18 --- 824029
19 --- 958899
20 --- 762580
21 --- 930802
22 --- 817779
23 --- 734471
24 --- 987530
Situation:

We want to select a random sample of

size 5 from an organization with 50
members. To obtain this sample, the
members are assigned numbers from 00
to 49. The table of random numbers is
entered at a random starting point, for
example row 13 and column 2. We will
find 762820 and we only need to digits so
we’ll get the last two, so the first member
to be chosen is 20. Next is 320920 but
since we already have that number, we’ll
skip. Next will be 08. After that is 78 but
since it doesn’t fit between 00 and 49 so
we skip it, same with 99. The next number
chosen would be 29, then 02 and 30.