REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

ROLE OF MOTORCYCLE EXHAUST

From the perspective of riders, probably the most important aspect is that the hot

gasses are routed from the engine after combustion. In fact, standard exhaust motorcycle

contains a catalytic converter that helps to convert carbon monoxide transform to carbon

dioxide from the engine, which makes it at least slightly more environmentally friendly. In

fact, engine and exhaust system are designed to hand in hand. It is very technical and

practical to apply how everything works, including reflected pressure waves. It is sufficient

to introduce air directly into the system in the wrong direction via the exhaust ports without

an exhaust connected to your engine. An exhaust system is therefore necessary-from a

technical point of view.

TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINE

There are two known types of engines available for dirt bikes: the first is two -

stroke (also known as a two - cycle engine, smoker, pinger, or 2 T) and four - stroke (also

known as a four - cycle engine, thumper, four - stroke, or 250F for 250cc racing bikes. The

following are the characteristics of a two-stroke engine: 1. when the piston reaches the top

of the cylinder, the spark plug and will ignite the mixture of air causing it to explode and

turns piston to turn down2. Expanding gasses force down the piston and escape the exhaust

valve. 3. When the piston is at the bottom of the stroke engine, the top of the transfer port

is exposed to allow air / fuel to be loaded into the cylinder above the piston.4. As the piston

heads back up, it creates a vacuum, the piston also compresses the charge above it to be
ready to explode when the spark plug ignites again. On the other side, these are the four-

stroke engine characteristics: When the piston reaches the top of the cylinder the spark plug

ignites the air/fuel mixture, driving the piston down on the power stroke. All valves (intake

and exhaust) are closed. 2. The piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder and starts back up

on the exhaust stroke. A cam pushes the exhaust valves (usually there are two) slightly

open into the cylinder and the piston forces the exhaust gases out. 3. The piston reaches the

top (the exhaust valves close to avoid contact) then starts down on the intake stroke. The

spark plug does not fire, and the vacuum created by the piston sucks in a fresh air/fuel

charge. 4. The piston reaches the bottom and starts back up on the compression stroke. All

the valves are closed. At the top, the spark plug will ignite the air/fuel mixture to cause the

next power stroke.

DIESEL-ENGINE FUEL

Diesel engines are burning diesel oil. It is a light oil made from crude oil that

produces gasoline through the same refining process. For use as diesel fuel, the oil must

have the correct viscosity, volatility and cetane number. There are terms that are

significantly involved in diesel engine fuel: votality and viscosity: VOLATILITY is the

measure of how easily it evaporates a liquid. Gasoline is easily vaporized. It's very volatile.

The volatility of diesel fuel is low. It boils at approximately 700 F (371 C) temperature. In

general, less volatile fuel has a higher heating value. When it burns, there is more energy

than higher volatility fuel. VISCOSITY refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow. The

lower the viscosity of a substance, the easier the flow of the liquid. The viscosity of diesel

fuel must be relatively low. It must flow through the lines of the fuel system with little

resistance into the engine cylinders. This affect to the system engine of the fuel that is used
in the vehicle. Large particles burn slowly leading to poor performance of the engine. If

the viscosity is too low, the oil will not lubricate the moving parts of the injection pump

and the nozzles.

AIR POLLUTION

Majority of vehicles need oil/gas to power their engines, allowing for certain

mechanical and chemical reactions Vehicle exhaust fumes contain certain toxic chemicals,

including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, benzene and

soot, which can all be harmful to the human body if inhaled consistently in large quantities.

These gases includes: Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide. In relation to

vehicles, motorcycles and scooters have a worse level of pollution control, so even if they

emit less CO2, emissions of more powerful greenhouse gasses are more important than

CO2 emissions. The nuanced answer (pictured below) is that two-wheelers are better in

urban areas than single-driver cars and worse in rural or highway environments. In this

diagram shows the statics of reported motorcycle emission that makes it to be one cause of

air pollution.

Greenhouse Warming Potential in grams CO2-equivalent per

passenger-kilometer

Urban Rural Highway

Car - driving solo 310 180 220

Motorcycles & Scooters 260 190 330

Car - driving with one passenger 155 90 110

Car - driving with three passengers 78 45 55

SPONGE FILTRATION

Sponge filters are built for aquatic organisms such as fishes. They are a much better

choice for bio-filtration of plant aquariums over popular canisters or HOB filters because

of their capability in removing less CO2. Only a fluidized sand bed filter exceeds the

sponge filter for aerobic bio filtration without removing as much CO2 from plant

aquariums. A lack of CO2 is one of the limiting factors in a planting tank, so having more

is an enormous advantage. These capability can be utilize in other filtration processes.

EXHAUST GAS ANALYZER

The Two-Gas EGA System

The earliest EGA equipment measured only two gasses, CO (carbon monoxide)

and HC (hydrocarbon). The two test gases are CO and HC. CO, chemically equal parts of

carbon and oxygen, is very different from two oxygen components of CO2 (carbon

dioxide).

. The Four-Gas EGA System

In addition to CO and HC, the EGA measure CO2 (carbon dioxide) and O2

(oxygen).In two relationships, the key to troubleshooting four - gas is found. The first

relationship is the CO - O2 relationship. In modern vehicles, these gasses should be almost

equal to each other and are inversely proportional - when one goes up, the other goes down,

and visa - versa. If CO is high, O2 will be low, strengthening the CO's wealth indication.

If O2 is high, CO is excessively low, which confirms leanness. Like two - gas diagnostics,

low CO is leanness, high CO is wealth