Kosovo

Report on Energy Consumption

Survey Results
Prepared by Besim Islami – Short-term Expert

June 2018

Implemented by
DISCLAIMER:
This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of
this publication are the sole responsibility of GFA Consulting Group and its consortium partners
and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union
Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
2 BACKGROUND AND SCOPE OF INPUT 12
3 ACTIVITIES 14
3.1 Energy Consumption Data Normalization 14
3.1.1 Energy Content in Fuel Wood 14
3.1.2 Energy Content in Diesel 15
3.1.3 Energy Content in LPG 15
3.1.4 Energy Content in Electricity 16
3.1.5 Energy Content in Coal 16
3.1.6 Energy Content in District Heating 17
3.1.7 Main Findings of Residential Energy Consumption Survey 17
3.1.8 Main Findings of Service Energy Consumption Survey 19
3.1.9 Main Findings of Transport Energy Consumption Survey 22
3.2 Training for Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) and Other
Stakeholders 23
3.2.1 Training for KAS 23
3.2.2 Training for Other Stakeholders 23
3.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Methodology for the Calculation of
Potential Energy Savings for Household, Service and Transport
Sectors 24
3.3.1 General Description of The Top-Down and Bottom-Up Methodology for
The Calculation of Potential Energy Savings 24
3.3.2 The Top-Down Energy Saving Calculation Methodology 26
3.3.3 Bottom-Up Energy Saving Calculation Methodology 28
4 RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS 29
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Senior Short-Term Expert (STE) - Dr. Eng. Besim ISLAMI was hired for the period 2
May - 30 June 2018 to carry out activities under the assignment titled as:
„Supervising Energy Consumption Surveys for Household, Service and Transport
Sectors, Processing of Surveyed Data, and Analysis of Energy Consumption “.

This assignment is under Task 2 of the Project and aims at improving data availability
for preparation of energy balance and for energy planning. The respective activities
aim at developing a methodology for the energy consumption survey including data
checking, quality control and surveyed data processing. It also includes analyses of
results of three surveys on energy consumption, and preparing the methodologies for
carrying out energy demand analysis for each sector.

The survey approach was prepared by the STE, and INDEX Kosovo has carried out
the survey under the supervision of the STE. Surveys on energy consumption for the
household, service and transport sectors have been finalised by middle of April 2018.
15,000 households and more than 1,000 service facilities were surveyed, and the
survey resulted in a large amount of ray data that needed to be checked for quality and
consistency.

Raw data processing has been carried out by INDEX Kosovo with guidance and the
assistance of the STE, who has conducted quality control for three surveys
(households, service and transport) for whole raw data set during months of May and
June 2018.

This report presents main findings of energy surveys for households, service and
transport sectors. The report also includes preparations of top-down and bottom-up
methodologies for carrying out assessment of energy savings for each sector based
on the new data set produced by STE as a result of processing the surveys’ results.

The major conclusions are as follows:

1. Energy survey for residential, service and transport sectors, at the municipality
scale, has been finalised successfully according to the agreed methodology.
2. Index Kosova has interviewed 15,000 families based on the questionnaire
prepared by the STE and agreed with MED and KAS.
3. Index Kosova has interviewed 1,045 service activities including: central public
buildings, municipal public buildings, commercial private service activities,
water supply companies and municipal solid waste collection companies.
Survey has been carried on based on the respective questionnaires prepared
by the consultant and agreed with MED and KAS.
4. Quality control parameter for residential survey used was electricity
consumption from this sector according to administrative figure issued
from KEDS. The consumption for the year 2017 was equal to 2281.80
GWh, while consumption calculated by STE according to the electricity
fuel share and energy intensities is equal to 2307.18 GWh. Analysis
shows that difference is only 1.10%, which clearly shows that the results
of the surveys are correct ones.
5. Residential energy consumption survey for the first-time secured data for entire
Kosovo and for all municipalities at urban and rural areas. STE has calculated
energy commodities shares for all households in different municipalities
and the respective results for three most important energy services like

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 space heating, water heating and cooking and the results are presented
at figures 1-3:

Figure 1: Energy Figure 2: Energy Figure 3: Energy

commodities share to commodities share to commodities share to
cover space heating for cover water heating for cover cooking for
Kosovo (%) Kosovo (%) Kosovo (%)

 Fuel wood with its share equal to 78.69% is the most important energy commodity
used for space heating, the second one is electricity with 9.2% and third ones are
pellets with 3% (figure 1).
 Electricity with its share equal to 80.2% (through electrical boilers and electric
stoves) is the most important energy commodity used for domestic hot water, the
second one is fuel wood (especially for rural areas) with 17.3% and third one is
central heating systems and solar energy with 0.1% (figure 2).
 Fuel wood with its share equal to 48.4% is the most important energy commodity
used for cooking, the second one is electricity with 29.4% and the third one is LPG
with 21.9%. Very few are using coal as the energy source for cooking (figure 3).
 Share of lighting bulb technologies is as follows: incandescent bulb are still the
highest percentages with 41% at country level, simple fluorescent bulbs are with
12.8%, compact fluorescent bulbs are 25.9% and LEB bulbs are with 20.2% (figure
4).
 The share of AC-split units is at almost 5.12% for Kosovar households (figure 5).
 The share of electro domestic equipment is at almost 100% for television, washing
machine, refrigerator, freezer are in the second group with almost 95-99% and drier
has the lowest share of penetration with 2-15% penetration ratio on Kosovar
households (figure 6).

Figure 4: Share of Figure 5: Share of Figure 6: Electro

Lighting Technologies for penetration of AC split domestic equipment’s
Kosovo (%)

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 units to cover space penetration for Kosovo
cooling for Kosovo (%) (%)

An important parameter in energy planning for household sector is also the energy
intensity for different energy services. STE has calculated energy intensities for
urban and rural families for all households in different municipalities and the
respective results for three most important energy services like space heating,
water heating and cooking and the results are presented at figures 7-9.

Figure 7: Energy Figure 8: Energy Figure 9: Energy

intensities for urban and intensities for urban and intensities for urban and
rural for space heating for rural for water heating rural for cooking for
Kosovar households (kWh/ for Kosovar households Kosovar households
year household) (kWh/ year household) (kWh/ year household)

6. Service sector energy consumption survey for the first-time secured data for
the whole Kosovo for public and private service facilities. STE carried out
quality control and data processing and has calculated main indicators
for the service sector and some of main findings are as follows
(presented at figures 10-17):

Figure 10: Share of different space Figure 11: Energy commodities share to
heating technologies to cover space cover space heating for Kosovo private
heating for Kosovo private services (%) services (%)

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 Figure 12: Energy commodities share to Figure 13: Energy commodities share to
cover water heating for Kosovo private cover cooking for Kosovo private
services (%) services (%)

 Share of different space heating technologies to secure space heating for private
service building stock in Kosovo and results show clearly that individual local
heating systems are dominating with 86.59% (figure 10).
 Share of different energy commodities to secure space heating for service private
buildings in Kosovo and results show clearly that electricity has the highest share
with 71.90%, followed by pellets with 11.87% and diesel with 10.82% (figure 11).
 Share of different commodities to secure water heating for service private buildings
in Kosovo and results show clearly that electricity has the highest share with 90%,
followed by fuel wood with 9% and solar hot water systems with 1% (figure 12).
 Share of different commodities to secure energy demand for cooking for service
private buildings in Kosovo and results show clearly that electricity has the highest
share with 56%, followed by fuel wood with 24% and LPG with 20% (figure 13).

Figure 14: Share of different space Figure 15: Energy commodities share to
heating technologies to cover space cover space heating for Kosovo public
heating for Kosovo public services (%) services (%)

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 Figure 16: Energy commodities share to Figure 17: Energy commodities share to
cover water heating for Kosovo public cover cooking for Kosovo public
services (%) services (%)

 Share of different space heating technologies to secure space heating for service
central and municipal public building stock in Kosovo and results show clearly that
individual local heating systems are dominating with 67.89% (figure 14).
 Share of different energy commodities to secure space heating for service central
and municipal public building stock in Kosovo and results show clearly that
electricity has the highest share with 51%, followed by pellets with 26% and diesel
with 11% (figure 15).
 Share of different energy commodities to secure water heating for service central
and municipal public building stock and results show clearly that electricity has the
highest share with 93%, followed by fuel wood with 6% and solar hot water systems
with 1% (figure 16).
 Share of different energy commodities to secure energy demand for cooking for
service central and municipal public building stock and results shows clearly that
electricity has the highest share with 56%, followed by LPG with 25% and fuel wood
with 19% (figure 17).

An important parameter in energy planning for service sector is also the energy
intensity for different energy services. STE has calculated specific energy
intensities for private and public services in different regions and the respective
results for three most important energy services like space heating, water
heating and cooking and the results are presented at figures 18-20 (private
services) and figures 21-23 (public services).

Figure 18: Energy Figure 19: Energy Figure 20: Energy

intensities for space intensities for water intensities for cooking for

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heating for private heating for private Kosovar private services
services (kWh/m2 year) services (kWh/m2 year) (kWh/m2 year)

Figure 21: Energy Figure 22: Energy Figure 23: Energy

intensities for space intensities for water intensities for cooking for
heating for public heating for public Kosovar public services
services (kWh/m2 year) services (kWh/m2 year) (kWh/m2 year)

7. Transport sector energy consumption survey for the first time did secured data
at whole country and for all municipalities at urban and rural areas. STE has
calculated shares of fuels used in the passenger transport, specific fuel
consumption per 100 km and the results are presented respectively at
figure 24 and 25. Also, STE has calculated specific fuel consumption per
100 km and the age of freight transport vehicles and the results
respectively are presented at figures 26 and 27.

Figure 24: Share of fuels used in the Figure 25: Specific fuel consumption
road passenger transport (%) per 100 km in the road passenger
transport (litres/100 km)

9
 Figure 26: Specific fuel consumption Figure 27: Age of freight transport
per 100 km in the road freight transport vehicles according to the year of
(litres/100 km) production (%)

The main findings for transport sector are as follows:

 Passenger diesel vehicles have the biggest share with 76.4%, the second groups
belong to gasoline vehicles with 22% and the third group to LPG vehicles with 1.6%
(figure 24).
 Weighted average specific fuel consumption is equal to 9.45 litres/100 km for
passenger vehicles stock (figure 25).
 Weighted average specific fuel consumption is equal to 11.97 litres/100 km for
freight vehicles stock (figure 26). Weighted average age is 18.96 years and this
creates two problems in Kosovo: firstly, fuel consumption for transport sector is
very high and secondly, environmental impact is very high (figure 27).

RECOMMEDNATIONS

This is the first time that professional energy consumption surveys were carried out for
household, service and transport sectors in Kosovo, thus providing a data base and
methodology for preparation of country energy balance and for supporting adequate
energy planning. The energy surveys have to be adopted as a regular practice by KAS
for preparation and elaborating annual energy balance of the country.

For household sector, KAS should select a set of energy end-use questions to be
incorporated into one of the existing yearly household survey questionnaires related to
standard of life in Kosovo. The additional energy end-use and fuel use questions will
provide the data and the respective times series required every year for the household
energy consumption sector.

For services sectors, KAS should also select a set of energy end-use questions to
be incorporated into one of the existing enterprises survey questionnaires. The
additional energy end-use and fuel use questions will provide the data required every
year for the service sub sectors enterprises related to the consumption of all fuels
indicated for the service energy consumption sector.

As of the transport sector, KAS should carry out surveys of actual passenger and
freight transport every 3-4 years. The survey will also identify data requested from the
annual vehicle technical inspection process. KAS should collaborate with the Ministry

10
of Infrastructure (MT) for reporting data on use of jet fuel for international flights
departing from Prishtina airport.

11
2 BACKGROUND AND SCOPE OF INPUT
Primary energy supply (PES) in Kosovo has dropped from a historic peak of 2.98 Mtoe
in 1989 to 2.11 Mtoe in 1999. Since then, primary energy supply has increased almost
constantly with a lower growth rate, reaching 2.442 Mtoe by 2016. Figures 28 and 29
present PES for Kosovo for the whole period 2013-2016 based on the Yearly Energy
Balance (YEB) prepared by KAS (Kosovo Statistics Agency).
2600
0.03% 0.53%
0.00%
2400

2200 10.01%

2000

1800

1600
Coal
1400 Petroleum products
25.94%
1200 Biomass
Coal Hydro energy
1000 Petroleum products Solar energy
800 Biomass Wind energy
Hydro energy 63.49%
600 Solar energy
400 Wind energy

200

0
2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 28: Primary energy supply for Figure 29: Primary energy supply for
Kosovo for years 2013 - 2016 (ktoe) Kosovo for years 2013 (inner circle)
and 2016 (outside circle) (%)

All figures of PES are based on the YEB of Kosovo and it is important to mention that
uncertainty for such figures is very small, which from the other side shows that Kosovo
Energy Balance has proper figures from the supply side. Following the disruption
caused by the 1998–99 war, Kosovo has stabilized electricity supply industry and it is
very important to point out that all programs of EE/RES (in both residential, public
buildings, private services, agriculture and industry) will help a lot to mitigate this
problem. Figures 30 and 31 present the final energy consumption for Kosovo for the
whole period 2013-2016 based on the Energy Balance prepared by KAS.

All figures of final energy consumption for each sector are based on the YEB of Kosovo
and it is important to mention that uncertainty for such figures is relatively high, which
from the other side shows why it was very important to undertake three energy surveys
in the household, service and industry sectors in order to reduce such uncertainty at a
proper level, like all other countries of EU. Without a comprehensive Kosovo Energy
Balance, energy indicators at state and municipality level would only be qualitative and
the energy surveys organised with residential, service and transport sector helped a
lot to calculate the above-mentioned indicators from the quantitative point of view.

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 1500
1400
1300
22.18%
1200 26.77%
1100
1000
900 Industry
800 Household
Industry Service
700
Household
600 Agricultural
Service 1.76%
500 Transport
Agricultural
400 Transport
300 11.07%
200
100
38.22%
0
2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 30: Final Energy Figure 31: Final Energy Consumption

Consumption for all Sector for for all Sectors for Kosovo for years
Kosovo for years 2013-16 (ktoe) 2013 (inner circle) and 2016 (outside
circle)

Kosovo Energy Balance provides the basis for monitoring targets and assessing
progress in achieving the goals of Kosovo’s national energy strategy. The Kosovo
Energy Balance presents information about the flows of energy, covering both supply,
transformation, technological losses, transmission & distribution losses and final
consumption for each energy source in Kosovo for a given year. It provides a detailed
accounting of what has been produced, imported, transformed, consumed by different
sectors, and stored for future use for each energy source and for total one during one
year. In addition to quantifying flows of energy by source and sector, the Energy
Balance is an important tool for analyzing the performance of Kosovo’s energy sector
and for calculating national energy indicators to guide sound energy policy.

As was mentioned above, like in some other countries in the Western Balkans, energy
consumption statistics in Kosovo are scarce and/or inaccurate, whereas on the supply
side statistics are relatively accurate. Against this background, the project with support
of the STE designed surveys on energy consumption in the household, services and
transport sector in Kosovo to assist the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and
KAS to improve energy consumption data for the above sectors. The surveys have
been prepared in close cooperation with MED and KAS and executed by Index Kosova
company. In accordance with the ToR of the project, the surveys had a sample size of
5% of the total population for each sector and cover the whole territory of Kosovo. The
following chapters will present the main findings and will define the methodologies to
use properly the results for carrying out the calculation of potential energy savings,
either top-down or bottom-up, and including the normalisation of energy savings for
household, service and transport sectors.

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3 ACTIVITIES
The main objective of this assignment was to assist Index Kosova carrying out quality
control and data processing for data validation and analysis in order to ensure the
surveys’ results could be used for preparation of proper energy balance on the
consumption side in the selected sectors and can support NEEAP preparation with the
main data needed. The questionnaires have been collected and a data base has
been prepared from the Index Kosova. Consultant has spent several working
sessions with Index Kosova during assignment to assist from the technical point
of view and to ensure robust results related to quality assurance, data
processing and calculation of the respective parameters at state and
municipality level.

3.1 E n e r g y C o n s u m p t i o n D a t a N o r m a l i z a t i o n

The survey team has collected raw data on energy consumption in household, service
and transport sectors. These data have been processed, analysed, validated, revised
and presented in a form which is useful for KAS, MED, KEEA and other stakeholders.
The STE developed a methodology and carried out the calculation for analysing the
raw data collected by energy consumption survey. This work resulted in a methodology
of normalizing data on energy use of various energy types (wood, coal, electricity,
diesel, LPG, etc.) into a common energy unit – kWh/year. The results are presented in
the following sessions for all energy types that were recorded by the survey.

3.1.1 Energy Content in Fuel Wood

Calculation carried out from STE, based on the energy surveys, shows that fuel wood
is a very important energy source. Amount of energy content for fuel wood
consumption expressed in [kWh/year] is calculated based on the following equation
and the results of energy survey expressed in figure 32.

Ewood=(share1*Int1+share2*Int2+share3*Int3)*1786.027 (kWh/year) (1)

Main elements of formula 1 are:

 share1, share2, share3 - shares of fuel wood consumption for the first, second,
third group according to survey results, presented at figure 5; they are
respectively equal to 41%, 42% and 17%.
 Int1, Int2, Int3 – average figures for the energy intensity for the fuel wood
consumption for the first, second, third group according to survey results,
presented at figure 32; are respectively equal to 10 m3/year; 12.5 m3/year and
20 m3/year.

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 Figure 32: Shares and Figure 33: Shares and Figure 34: Shares and
energy intensity of fuel energy intensity of diesel energy intensity of LPG
wood consumption consumption according consumption according
according to the energy to the energy survey data to the energy survey data
survey data processing processing processing

3.1.2 Energy Content in Diesel

Amount of energy content for diesel consumption expressed in [kWh/year] is
calculated based on the following equation and the results of energy survey expressed
in figure 33.
Ediesel=(share1*Int1+share2*Int2+share3*Int3+share4*Int4)*10.69755 (kWh/year) (2)
Main elements of formula 2 are:
 share1, share2, share3, share4 - shares of the diesel consumption for the first,
second, third, fourth group according to survey results, presented at figure 6;
they are respectively equal to 31%, 25%, 13% and 31%.
 Int1, Int2, Int3, Int4 – average figures for the energy intensity for the diesel
consumption for the first, second, third, fourth group according to survey
results, presented at figure 33; they are respectively equal to 220 litres/year,
310 litres/year, 450 litres/year and 750 litres/year.

3.1.3 Energy Content in LPG

Amount of energy content for LPG consumption expressed in [kWh/year] is calculated
based on the following equation and the results of energy survey expressed in figure
34.
ELPG=(share1*Int1+share2*Int2+share3*Int3+share4*Int4)*12.77777 (kWh/year) (3)
Main elements of formula 3 are:
 share1, share2, share3, share4 - shares of the LPG consumption for the first,
second, third, fourth group according to survey results, presented at figure 7;
they are respectively equal to 51%, 30%, 13% and 6%.
 Int1, Int2, Int3, Int4 – average figures for the energy intensity for the LPG
consumption for the first, second, third, fourth group according to survey
results, presented at figure 34; they are respectively equal to 110 kg/year, 155
kg/year, 275 kg/year and 475 kg/year.

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3.1.4 Energy Content in Electricity
Amount of energy content for electricity consumption expressed in [kWh/year] is
calculated based on the following equation and the results of energy survey expressed
in figure 35.

Figure 35: Shares and
energy intensity of
electricity consumption
according to the energy
survey data processing
Figure 36: Shares and Figure 37: Shares and
energy intensity of coal energy intensity of
consumption according district heating energy
to the energy survey data consumption according
processing to the energy survey data
processing

EElectricity=(share1*Int1+share2*Int2+share3*Int3+share4*Int4)*1 (kWh/year) (4)

Main elements of formula 4 are:
share1, share2, share3, share4 - shares of the electricity consumption for the first,
second, third, fourth group according to survey results, presented at figure 8;
they are respectively equal to 9%, 46%, 35% and 9%.
Int1, Int2, Int3, Int4 – average figures for the energy intensity for the electricity
consumption for the first, second, third, fourth group according to survey
results, presented at figure 35; they are respectively equal to 3600 kWh/year,
4300 kWh/year, 5500 kWh/year and 7200 kWh/year.

3.1.5 Energy Content in Coal

Amount of energy content for coal consumption expressed in [kWh/year] is calculated
based on the following equation and the results of energy survey expressed in figure
36.
Ecoal=(share1*Int1+share2*Int2+share3*Int3)*3255.77777 (kWh/year) (5)
Main elements of formula 5 are:
 share1, share2, share3 - shares of coal consumption for the first, second, third
group according to survey results, presented at figure 9; they are respectively
equal to 89%, 10% and 1%.
 Int1, Int2, Int3 – average figures for the energy intensity for the fuel wood
consumption for the first, second, third group according to survey results,
presented at figure 36; they are respectively equal to 30 m3/year; 37.5 m3/year
and 60 m3/year.

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3.1.6 Energy Content in District Heating
Amount of energy content for fuel district heating energy consumption expressed in
[kWh/year] is calculated based on the following equation and the results of energy
survey expressed in figure 37.
EDistrict Heating=(share1*Int1+share2*Int2+share3*Int3+share4*Int4)*1000/41.47 (kWh/year)
(6)
Main elements of formula 6 are:
 share1, share2, share3, share4 - shares of heat consumption for the first, second,
third group according to survey results, presented at figure 10; they are
respectively equal to 19%, 47%, 31% and 3%.
 Int1, Int2, Int3, Int4 – average figures for the energy intensity for the heat
consumption for the first, second, third group according to survey results,
presented at figure 37; they are respectively equal to 210 Euro/year; 305
Euro/year, 525 Euro/year and 725 Euro/year.

3.1.7 Main Findings of Residential Energy

Consumption Survey
Equations presented above have been used by the survey team in data processing for
defining the energy consumption for energy services (space heating, water heating,
cooking, lighting, cooling, electro domestic equipment) for residential sector. The NKE
has stressed to Index Kosova team that final results of data processing for household
survey should be specific energy consumption, according to shares of fuel type’s
consumption and shares of consumption for various energy services at the country
level and for each municipality. Table 1 presents the share of different energy
commodities, calculated from the STE, to secure space heating for Kosovo as country
and for each region.

Tables 1: Share of different energy commodities to secure space heating for

Kosovo households
Energy Kosovo Pristina Prizren Mitrovica Gjilan Peja Gjakova Ferizaj
District
Heating 3.1% 21.7% 0.1% 2.4% 2.4% 0.0% 3.2% 0.0%
System
Fuel
78.7% 38.2% 75.0% 88.8% 88.8% 84.0% 69.6% 87.9%
wood
Pellets 3.0% 6.0% 5.7% 4.3% 4.3% 3.8% 4.8% 7.7%
Briquettes 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0%
Electricity 9.2% 26.2% 17.1% 3.9% 3.9% 11.8% 20.2% 4.4%
LPG 0.6% 1.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0%
Diesel 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Coal 1.5% 0.9% 0.0% 0.6% 0.6% 0.4% 0.3% 0.0%
Mix (coal
and 3.8% 5.6% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
wood)
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Tables 2 present the share of different energy commodities, calculated from the STE,
to secure water heating for Kosovo as country and for each region.

Tables 2: Share of different energy commodities to secure water heating for

Kosovo households
Energy Kosovo Pristina Prizren Mitrovica Gjilan Peja Gjakova Ferizaj

17
 Fuel wood
45.4% 1.4% 16.5% 2.1% 45.4% 1.5% 0.3% 16.5%
stoves
Electric
32.3% 0.7% 0.6% 0.0% 32.3% 0.0% 0.3% 0.6%
stoves
Electric
5.4% 97.3% 79.0% 95.2% 5.4% 97.5% 99.5% 79.0%
boiler
Solar
Water 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3%
Collectors
Central
Heating 16.3% 0.5% 2.2% 2.3% 16.3% 1.1% 0.0% 2.2%
System
LPG 0.3% 0.1% 1.4% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Tables 3 present the share of different energy commodities, calculated from the STE,
to secure cooking for Kosovo as country and for each region.

Tables 3: Share of different energy commodities to secure cooking for Kosovo

households
Energy Kosovo Pristina Prizren Mitrovica Gjilan Peja Gjakova Ferizaj
Wood 48.4% 23.3% 34.9% 49.5% 66.5% 33.6% 29.5% 38.7%
Electricity 29.4% 61.9% 29.4% 25.9% 19.0% 36.8% 42.0% 26.3%
LPG 21.9% 14.4% 35.6% 24.7% 14.1% 29.6% 28.5% 35.0%
Coal 0.3% 0.4% 0.1% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Tables 4 present the saturation level of the electro domestic equipment for Kosovo as
a country and for each municipality at urban and rural areas.

Tables 4: Saturation level of the electro domestic equipment for Kosovo as a

country and for each municipality at urban and rural areas
Energy Kosovo Pristina Prizren Mitrovica Gjilan Peja Gjakova Ferizaj
television 99.7% 99.7% 99.5% 100.0% 99.8% 99.8% 100.0% 100.0%
radio 21.2% 10.5% 7.2% 15.0% 2.8% 21.7% 20.3% 15.3%
computer 55.6% 68.5% 52.1% 39.8% 62.1% 54.2% 80.8% 45.3%
washing
machine 95.8% 93.4% 98.6% 97.4% 96.0% 97.8% 100.0% 98.6%
dish
washer 34.7% 67.7% 41.4% 43.8% 36.4% 45.6% 36.5% 53.9%
drier 4.6% 6.8% 2.5% 2.4% 5.8% 2.2% 0.5% 9.2%

refrigerator 97.7% 97.4% 99.0% 98.1% 97.0% 99.6% 100.0% 96.1%

freezer 80.5% 61.9% 73.9% 73.1% 84.2% 61.3% 96.3% 76.9%
microwave 21.3% 33.1% 28.5% 10.0% 20.4% 23.9% 54.7% 43.9%

Tables 5 presents the saturation of the lighting bulb technologies, calculated from the
STE, to secure lighting for Kosovo as country and for each region.

Tables 5: Share of different technologies to secure lighting for Kosovo

households
Energy Kosovo Pristina Prizren Mitrovica Gjilan Peja Gjakova Ferizaj
incandescent 41.0% 40.7% 27.1% 10.7% 25.6% 41.2% 34.8% 27.1%
fluorescent 12.8% 8.2% 14.8% 2.7% 1.2% 1.0% 0.3% 14.1%

18
 compact 55.1%
fluorescent 25.9% 34.7% 10.2% 30.8% 37.1% 50.9% 45.2%
LED 20.2% 16.4% 47.9% 31.6% 42.4% 20.7% 14.1% 13.6%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

These figure is presenting the share of lighting bulb technologies is as

follows: incandescent bulb are still the highest percentages with 41% at country
level, simple fluorescent bulbs are with 12.8%, compact fluorescent bulbs are 25.9%
and LEB bulbs are with 20.2%. Entrance of compact fluorescent bulbs and LED
bulbs is penetrating with a very high growth rate last years and much more
needs to be done in the awareness campaign for improving energy efficiency
through promotion of two last technologies so that in a very short time
incandescent and fluorescent bulbs will no longer exist in Kosovar households.
An important parameter in energy planning for household sector is also the energy
intensity for different energy services. STE has calculated energy intensities for urban
and rural families for all households in different municipalities and the respective
results for three most important energy services like space heating, water heating and
cooking and the results are presented at table 6.

Tables 6: Energy intensities of different energy services for Kosovo households

(kWh/family)
Energy Pristina Prizren Mitrovica Gjilan Peja Gjakova Ferizaj
service
Space 23995
Heating 27891 24096 23432 27215 27360 26511
Water 1637
Heating 1555 1242 1270 1336 1070 1653
Cooking 1832 1793 1801 1556 1535 1774 1740

3.1.8 Main Findings of Service Energy Consumption

Survey
The services sector covers a wide spectrum of consumers from all subcategories and
includes public as well as private buildings as well as some public services like water
and municipal solid waste services. While the energy consumption of this sector
amounts to 13.34% of total energy demand.
The Private/Commercial Service Building Sector is a developing sector in Kosovo. In
many instances, the private sector has experienced modernization and qualitative
improvements. This group of businesses includes activities such as hotels,
restaurants, banks, tourist agencies, consultancies and insurance offices, etc., as well
as many private services that operate in parallel with the public sector, such as
education, culture, health, etc. Many of these businesses are aiming to introduce
modern energy efficiency technology, but improvements are still needed to ensure the
efficient utilization of such technology. However, it should be noted that the Private
Service Sector also includes some traditional repair-service workshops and small
shops and restaurants. The most important building private sector categories for the
purposes of this analysis are as follows:
 Motels/hotels with less than 20 rooms
 Hotels with more than 20 rooms
 Private schools
 Restaurants and all other service buildings not included above

19
Ownership of the Public Building Stock of Kosovo is shared between Central and Local
Government. The following are the most important categories of public building:
 Central University (central)
 Central Hospitals (central)
 National Government Central Buildings
 Municipality buildings
 Regional Hospitals (central)
 Kindergartens (municipal)
 Child day-care centres (municipal)
 Dormitories at educational institutions (central or municipal)
 Schools (municipal)
 Universities (central) and colleges (central or municipal)
 Museums and galleries (central or municipal)
 Libraries (central or municipal)
 Cultural centres (central or municipal)
 Sports halls (central or municipal)
 Orphanages (municipal)
 Homes for the elderly (municipal)
 Local Hospitals (municipal)
 Clinics (central or municipal)
 Courts (central or municipal)
 Prisons (central)
 Emergency services (police, fire and ambulance stations - central or municipal).

The Consultant reviewed the respective data base, carried out quality control, carried
out the calculation at regional level for the following service subsectors:
a) Public Building Service Sub-sector. Revised processed excel file carried out from
the STE
b) Private Education and Health Building Service Sub-sector. Revised processed file
carried out from the STE
c) Private Commercial Service Sub-sector. Revised processed excel file carried out
from the STE
d) Water Supply Service Sub-sector. Revised processed excel file carried out from
the STE
e) Municipality Waste Collection Service Sub-sector. Revised processed excel file
carried out from the STE

Equations presented at chapter 3 have been used by the STE in data processing for
defining the energy consumption for energy services (space heating, water heating
and cooking) for service sector. The STE has carried out data processing for service
survey should be specific energy consumption, according to shares of fuel type’s
consumption and shares of consumption for various energy services. Figure 10
presents the share of different space heating technologies to secure space heating for
private service building stock in Kosovo and results show clearly that individual local
heating systems are dominating with 86.59%. These results show clearly that there is
large room for the introduction of district heating especially in urban areas for meeting
efficiently the space hating energy demand.

Figure 11 presents the share of different energy commodities to secure space heating
for service private buildings in Kosovo and results show clearly that electricity has the
highest share with 71.90%, followed by pellets with 11.87% and diesel with 10.82%.
Figure 12 presents the share of different energy commodities to secure water heating
for service private buildings in Kosovo and results show clearly that electricity has the

20
highest share with 90%, followed by fuel wood with 9% and solar hot water systems
with 1%. Figure 13 presents the share of different energy commodities to secure
energy demand for cooking for service private buildings in Kosovo and results show
clearly that electricity has the highest share with 56%, followed by fuel wood with 24%
and LPG with 20%. An important parameter in energy planning for household sector
is also the energy intensity for different energy services. STE has calculated energy
intensities for all regions for service private building stock and the respective results
for three most important energy services like space heating, water heating and cooking
are presented in figure 38.

Figure 38: Energy intensity for different energy services like space heating, water
heating and cooking for service private building stock (kWh/m2 year)

Figure 14 presents the share of different space heating technologies to secure space
heating for service central and municipal public building stock in Kosovo and results
show clearly that individual local heating systems are dominating with 67.89%. Figure
15 presents the share of different energy commodities to secure space heating for
service central and municipal public building stock in Kosovo and results show clearly
that electricity has the highest share with 51%, followed by pellets with 26% and diesel
with 11%. Figure 16 presents the share of different energy commodities to secure
water heating for service central and municipal public building stock and results show
clearly that electricity has the highest share with 93%, followed by fuel wood with 6%
and solar hot water systems with 1%. Figure 17 presents the share of different energy
commodities to secure energy demand for cooking for service central and municipal
public building stock and results shows clearly that electricity has the highest share
with 56%, followed by LPG with 25% and fuel wood with 19%. STE has calculated
energy intensities for three most important energy services like space heating, water
heating and cooking for service central and municipal public building stock and the
results are presented in figure 39.

21
Figure 39: Energy intensity for different services like space heating, water heating and
cooking for service public central and municipality building stock (kWh/m2 year)

3.1.9 Main Findings of Transport Energy

Consumption Survey
The Transport Sector has an important role in the consumption of energy resources
as the second sector after households. The evident increase of the number of the
transport modes after 2000, especially in the road transport, was accompanied with
increase of transport activity and an evident increase of the fuel consumption, mainly
diesel and gasoline. The sector is divided in two sub sectors: transport of freight and
passenger, so two respective energy surveys have been carried out taking into
consideration their different nature. There are two basic very important indicators
describing the passenger and freight transport sectors and they are respectively
passenger-km/year and ton-km/year. Amount of fuel consumption for passenger-km
and fuel consumption for ton-km transported has been processed and calculated by
STE. Those important indicators will be used as driving factor to calculate the energy
demand for both transport sub sectors. The Consultant reviewed, calculated and is the
presented results from Index Kosova from the following transport subsectors:

a) Passenger and Freight Transport Sub-sectors. Quality control excel file carried
out by the STE
b) Passenger Transport Sub-sector. Revised data processed and the respective
calculation excel file carried out by the STE
c) Freight Transport Sub-sector. Revised processed and the respective calculation
excel file carried out by the STE

The result presents the share of passenger vehicle stock based on their fuel
consumption for Kosovo as country and for each municipality at urban and rural areas.
Analysis shows clearly that passenger diesel vehicles have the biggest share with
76.4%, the second groups belong to gasoline vehicles with 22% and the third group to
LPG vehicles with 1.6%. Above mentioned breakdown shows clearly that there is a lot
of room for improvements of energy efficiency and reducing the impact on the
environment by reducing the share of passenger diesel vehicles and increasing the
share of passenger gasoline vehicles and especially share of passenger LPG vehicles.
The findings present the share of specific fuel consumption of passenger vehicle
stock according to the very important parameter expressed in liters/100 km for Kosovo
as country and for each municipality at urban and rural areas. Annex 16 shows that
weighted average specific fuel consumption is equal to 9.45 liters/100 km for
passenger vehicles stock. Further the result presents the share of passenger vehicle
stock according to their age for Kosovo as a country and for each municipality at urban

22
and rural areas. Weighted average age is 18.96 years and this creates two problems
in Kosovo: firstly, fuel consumption for transport sector is very high and secondly,
environmental impact is very high. So, it is very important and imperative to take the
right measures not to allow any more to import vehicles aged higher than 10 years.
The result shows that weighted average specific fuel consumption is equal to 11.97
liters/100 km for freight vehicles stock. Additionally, the findings show weighted
average age (expressed in years) is 23.16 years and this brings two problems in
Kosovo: fuel consumption for transport sector is very high and secondly environmental
impact is very high as well as for freight transport. Moreover, it is presented the share
of freight vehicle stock based on their daily transport amount expressed in tons for
Kosovo as country and for each municipality at urban and rural areas. Analysis shows
clearly that the transport amount is very small equal to 11.47 tons/day per freight
vehicle and this again is another factor that brings two problems for Kosovo: firstly, fuel
consumption for transport sector is very high and secondly, environmental impact is
very high as well as for freight transport.

3.2 TRAINING FOR KOSOVO AGENCY OF

STATISTICS (KAS) AND OTHER
STAKEHOLDERS

3.2.1 Training for KAS

The aim of Task 2 is to improve data availability and to prepare the respective
methodologies for the analysis of energy survey results for Household, Service and
Transport Sectors, thus preparing the whole data set needed for preparation of energy
balance for further analysis and to support KAS (Kosovo Agency of Statistics) on the
energy statistics. EU Project did supported KAS five experts to participate in the study
tour in Albania two and a half days and the main topics of discussion have been as
following: i) updating household sampling frame from different sources; ii) updating
enterprise sampling frame; iii) methods for designing a sample survey; iv) calculation
of weights for household surveys; v) estimation techniques for energy survey; vi)
software used for estimation; vii) adjustment of weights; viii) calibration and other
topics; ix) statistics for energy system in general; statistics for RES electricity
generations; x) statistics for RES heat generations; xi) statistics for biofuels; xii)
statistics on monthly average energy commodities prices; etc.

Training of KAS experts was carried out in Albania, which is preparing the Energy
Balance according to Eurostat and IAE since the year 2000. Two Albanian Institutions:
1) INSTAT, which is responsible for publication of the Albanian Yearly Energy Balance
based on the format prepared from AKBN and AKBN (Agjensia Kombetare e Burimeve
Natyrore=National Agency of Natural Resources), which is responsible for technical
preparation of the Yearly Energy Balance according to Eurostat Format. KAS’s experts
gained good experience by meeting the two above-mentioned institutions related to
steps and procedures followed by INSTAT and AKBN during the preparation of the
Albanian Yearly Energy Balance.

3.2.2 Training for Other Stakeholders

Training of energy stakeholders dealing with energy statistics in general and energy
consumption surveys data processed for household, service and transport sectors also
has been carried out as part of task 2 of the project. Workshop was organised on June
29, 2018 with 20 participants from the following stakeholders: i) Ministry of Economic
Development; ii) Kosovo Energy Efficiency Agency; iii) Kosovo Agency of Statistics;

23
iv) Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning; v) Ministry of Public Administration;
vi) Ministry of Transport; vii) Ministry of Trade and Industry; viii) ERO.
The aim of the workshop was to sensitize all different ministries, agencies and donors
related to the importance of the results of three Energy Survey on Household, Service
and Transport Sectors. Two main presentations shown have been:
 Methodology and results of Energy Consumption Survey about Residential,
Service and Transport Sectors in Kosovo; and
 Utilisation of results of three Energy Consumption Surveys about Residential,
Service and Transport Sectors in Kosovo and top-down or bottom-up
methodologies required for the calculation of potential energy savings.
Both presentations have been evaluated very positively from the audience and the
information shared during the presentation as very important one for development of
energy policy, energy strategy, NEEAP/MEEAPs, RESAP, Green House Gas
Inventory and respective mitigation strategies. The workshop was a follow up on the
series of discussion related to the improvements of energy data base especially with
tow following topics mentioned especially from KAS: i) the data presented in the
present format carried out from the Index Kosova are in the percentage values and it
will be appropriate to be in absolute figures; 2) it will be very important that project and
STC, based on his good experience, to continue to provide support to KAS regarding
the energy consumption survey in the industry sector for almost all phases, such as:
preparation of questionnaires for eight sub-industrial sectors; define the sample for
eight sub-industrial sectors and will carry out the calibration and extrapolation of data
from the survey so that they are ready and available for energy balance and reporting
to relevant local and external institutions.

3.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Methodology for the

Calculation of Potential Energy Savings for
Household, Service and Transport Sectors

3.3.1 General Description of The Top-Down and

Bottom-Up Methodology for The Calculation of
Potential Energy Savings

The EU Energy Saving Directive (ESD) provides a general framework for

measurement and verification of energy savings. However, in order to assess the
progress made towards achieving energy savings objectives and to focus the
resources on the promotion of the most effective energy efficient improvement
measures and programmes, a harmonised framework to measure, verify and report is
required. According to Article 15 of the ESD, the Commission with the assistance of a
Committee, refined and complemented the general measurement framework, in order
to facilitate reporting of energy savings. The following sections provide an overview of
the top-down and bottom-up methods for the calculation of energy savings developed
especially focused on EE measures in building stock (including both sectors:
residential and service ones) by implementing the main findings resulted from energy
surveys for the household, service and transport sectors.

3.3.1.1 Energy Efficiency Indicators

Energy efficiency indicators describe the development of energy consumption in
relation to a reference value (or in other terms baseline year value). Energy
consumption in this case may not be considered separately, but always with reference
to either economic or structural parameters, so as to show in an exemplary way which

24
amount of energy is needed for the maintenance of our current standard of life, or in
order to demonstrate the extent to which energy consumption changes with each
additionally produced item. Generally, three types of efficiency indicators are in use:
 Economic indicators: Energy intensity, carbon intensity [e.g. kWh/EUR,
CO2/EUR]
 Technical indicators: energy consumed per unit physically produced [e.g.
kWh/ton of production, kWh/Euro of production, etc. (Production index)] resp.
specific consumption [e.g. kWh/application, kWh/residential unit, kWh/m2 of
heated area; litres/100 km, etc.
 Diffusion indicators: market share of energy-efficient appliances, of renewable
energy sources, of efficient procedures [e.g. degree of market diffusion of
energy-efficient lamps, A++ appliances, solar thermal systems, modal split in
(freight) transportation, etc.].

3.3.1.2 Database needed

For the calculation of energy savings via bottom-up methods Kosovo Energy Efficiency
Agency has to capture and administrate all measures aiming at efficiency improvement
in a consistent and comprehensive way. Savings achieved by these measures should
be calculated in real time and according to the Directive on Energy Efficiency and
Services contribute to gross energy savings achieved at national level. Savings
appraised in this way will be accessible at any time in aggregated state but grouped
into residential, private services and public industrial, transport and agriculture sectors.

3.3.1.3 Top-Down method

Top-Down (TD) calculation methods use data compiled per sector or country level as
a starting point for the appraisal of the amount of energy saved. Data expressed per
annum have to be adjusted by balancing external influence factors such as heating
degree days (HDD), cooling degree days (CDD), structural changes, product mix etc.
in order to achieve a trustworthy impression on the overall improvement of energy
efficiency. Top-down methods do not provide precise and detailed measures, nor do
they demonstrate causal inter-relation between measures and energy savings caused
by them. On the other hand, they often are more simple and cheaper and as they are
able to show development trends, they often get referred to as „energy efficiency
indicators“. When developing top-down calculation schemes, should be take into
account the following pross and cons.

Advantages of TD method are as following:

o Simple (i.e. well defined calculation process and inputs)
o Less costly to implement then detailed bottom-up methods

Disadvantages of TD method are as following:

o Does not consider individual EE measures and their impact
o Does not show cause and effect relationships between measures and their
resulting energy savings

Usual problems of this method are as following:

o Require huge amount of data (not only energy statistics, but whole set of macro and
microeconomic data that are influencing energy consumption in all end-use sectors is
needed) including many questionnaires for each sector to follow even trend of
consumer behaviour.

25
o Data availability and reliability – are data officially approved and controlled by
MED/KEEA.
o Often needs a lot of modelling and expert judgments to overcome the lack of data.

3.3.1.4 Bottom-up method

Bottom-up (BU) methods allow assessment or estimation of energy savings induced
by single measures and expressed in energy metering units; subsequently they get
added to energy savings achieved by other specific measures (i.e. bottom up). Doing
so, one has to avoid double counting of energy savings. Assessment or estimation of
energy savings will be based on the following data and methods: Bills received from
suppliers and retailers; Energy sales figures; Sales figures on equipment and systems
sold; End-use load data; Estimates based on simple technical appraisal without
inspection; Estimates based on extended technical appraisal after inspection.The
European Commission had announced to present a harmonized bottom-up model until
early 2008 and every member state had a duty to present a national bottom-up
methodology and those have been discussed in a participatory process especially with
all stakeholders affected by the ESD. In case of the bottom-up approach energy
savings obtained through the implementation of a specific EE improvement measure
should be evaluated based on detailed data received from three energy surveys for
Kosovo. Three methodological approaches are used:
o Ex-post - compare measurements of energy use made before and after
implementation of an EE measure.
May be very costly due to measurement equipment and it’s recommended to be used
only for large scale EE improvement projects.
o Ex-ante - EE measure is awarded with a certain amount of energy savings prior to
its actual realisation.
Has significantly lower costs and is especially appropriate for replicable measures with
well-known impacts. Should be used whenever possible, especially for simple
measures capable for wide replications and with known impacts, by standardisation
procedures of calculating and their reporting.

o Hybrid approach combines ex-ante estimations and ex-post measurements

In this section, focus will be put on bottom-up methodology and the best experiences
of the large EU project: “Evaluation and Monitoring for the EU Directive on Energy End-
use Efficiency and Energy Services (EMEEES)” will be used.

3.3.2 The Top-Down (TD) Energy Saving

Calculation Methodology
TD calculation methods shall use data which will be compiled per sector or nationally
as a starting point for the appraisal of the extent of energy saved and use these to
derive a set of energy efficiency indicators. Due to the lack of disaggregation at product
and sub-sectoral levels, such indicators are unable to attribute given improvements in
energy efficiency to savings derived from specific measures implemented. They can,
however, provide a high level indication of the broad trajectory of trends in energy
consumption and progress of energy efficiency at a macro-economic level. Despite its
relative simplicity, the TD approach to assessing energy efficiency trends and progress
remains reliant on large amounts of data to be meaningful and effective. Such data
extends beyond the energy sector to include other macroeconomic and sectoral data
sets. The availability of required data sets varies by country and may need modelling
or expert judgement to overcome gaps, while the quality will be weakened by a lack of
comprehensiveness due, for example, if the “grey economy” has a large portion of the

26
country economy. The reliability of any results drawn is therefore dependent upon the
quality and extensiveness of the source data. This analysis highlights that such
limitations are particularly noticeable for Kosovo. The TD assessment of energy
savings for the period 2010-2017 (with reference to base year-2009 according to the
requirement of KEEAP) should be done by undertaking mainly using the methodology
developed under the monitoring, verification and evaluation (“M&V&E”) platform
developed by GIZ and Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar (“EIHP”) for Energy Community
countries. The M&V&E TD model provides a series of TD indicators within the four
sectors of household, services, transport and industry separated into preferred (“P”)
and minimum (“M”) indicators. M level indicators are typically coarser than P level
indicators and thus provide a less granular description of the status of energy savings
in the country under review. However, due to the limited availability of disaggregated
data in Kosovo, this review relies heavily on the M level indicators with some
adaptations as described in table 7.

Sector GIZ/EIHP Description

TD
Model
Indicator
Residential M1 Non-electricity energy consumption of households
expressed in toe per dwelling (adjusted for climate
conditions).
M1' Non-electricity energy consumption of households
expressed in in toe per dwelling (not adjusted for climate
conditions).
M2 Electricity consumption of households in kWh per dwelling
(adjusted for climate conditions).
M2' Electricity consumption of households in kWh per dwelling
(adjusted for climate conditions).
Services M3 Non-electricity energy consumption of the service sector in
toe per m2 (adjusted for climate conditions).
M3' Non-electricity energy consumption of the service sector in
toe per m2 (not adjusted for climate conditions).
M4 Electricity consumption of the service sector in kWh per m2.
M4' Electricity energy consumption of the service sector in toe
per m2 (adjusted for climate conditions).
Transport M5 Energy consumption of road passenger vehicles in toe per
passenger km.
M6 Energy consumption of road freight vehicles in toe per ton-
km.
Table 7: Overview of TD indicators used for calculation and reporting of achieved
energy savings

As a further adjustment, in deriving total energy savings NKE is suggesting to also

consider Kosovo country conditions diverged from the GIZ/EIHP standard model,
because that model only includes decreases in the energy consumption, but not
increases in the energy consumption (which is very important to be considered for
Kosovo since household will continue for some more years to fulfil comfort conditions),
in energy use indicators between different years. Due to the large variances in the
indicators between years and also shifts in energy source from non-electrical to
electrical use, to not account for such increases would result in significant over-
estimation of real savings achieved.

27
3.3.3 Bottom-Up (BU) Energy Saving Calculation
Methodology
Bottom-up methodology is based on the engineering calculation formulas that cover
the most common technologies and energy-using equipment in buildings and fall within
the defined categories of energy efficiency improvements measure or programmes:
 Refurbishment measures in existing household, public and private service sectors
Kosovar buildings stock (walls, roofs);
 Replacement of existing windows in the household, public and private service
sectors Kosovar buildings stock with double/triple glazing;
 Replacement of heating supply equipment in household, public and private service
sectors Kosovar buildings stock;
 Replacement of water heating equipment in household, public and private service
sectors Kosovar buildings stock;
 Replacement of heating equipment with Solar Water System in household, public
and private service sectors Kosovar buildings stock;
 Replacement of air conditioning split systems (<12kW) in household, public and
private service sectors Kosovar buildings stock;
 Replacement of electrical appliances (cold appliances, washing machines,
dishwashers, televisions, etc.) in household, public and private service sectors
Kosovar buildings stock;
 Replacement of office equipment in household, public and private service sectors
Kosovar buildings stock;
 Replacement of lighting in household, public and private Kosovar buildings stock
(system or component);
 New building constructed according to energy building codes in new household,
public and private Kosovar buildings stock;
 Replacement or new installation of lamps in service buildings
 Replacement or new office equipment in existing and new tertiary buildings

The total energy savings achieved by a measure or programme should be calculated

based on the sum of the unitary annual savings achieved by all the beneficiaries
covered by the evaluated measure or programme. Methodology of calculating energy
savings for the above-mentioned measure for the Public and Private Service Building
Stock (PPSBS) will be the same with those in the household stock. Bottom-up
methodology is based on the calculation of energy savings as difference between base
line energy requirement, for different energy services, without introduction of any
EE/RES measures and energy requirements with introduction of EE/RES measures.
Figures related to base line energy requirement, for different energy services, for
household, service and transport sectors are secured from three energy surveys
carried out and this is a very important achievement.

28
4 RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT
STEPS
This is the first time that professional energy consumption surveys were carried out for
household, service and transport sectors, this providing a data base and methodology
for preparation of country energy balance and for supporting adequate energy
planning.

For household sector, KAS should select a set of energy end-use and fuel use
questions to be incorporated into one of the existing yearly household survey
questionnaires related to standard of life in Kosovo. The additional energy end-use
and fuel use questions will provide the data and the respective times series required
every year for the household energy consumption sector.

For services sectors, KAS should also select a set of energy end-use and fuel use
questions to be incorporated into one of the existing enterprises survey
questionnaires. The additional energy end-use and fuel use questions will provide the
data required every year for the service sub sectors enterprises related to the
consumption of all fuels indicated for the service energy consumption sector.

As of the transport sector, KAS should carry out surveys of actual passenger and
freight questionnaires every 3-4 years. The survey will also identify data requested
from the annual vehicle technical inspection process, when these data are reported to
the MT. KAS should collaborate with the Ministry of Infrastructure (MT) for reporting
data on use of oil by-products (primarily jet fuel) for international flights departing from
Prishtina airport.

MED should continue to work closely with KAS to add questions in sector-based
surveys (services, households, and transport) to collect data on regular basis for
establishing the respective time series of energy end-uses and fuel consumption in the
surveyed sectors.

Ministry of Trade and Industry should continue to work more closely with KAS to adopt
the NACE1 economic activity classification codes and require their use by the electricity
and district heating distribution companies to enable reporting of disaggregated energy
consumption data for all categories of consumers for each of the above sectors.
Industry sector has lower energy consumption compared with three surveyed sectors,
but still it is very important. KAS has to plan carrying out an energy survey for this
sector as well. Industry energy consumption survey should be based on good
experience gained from the implementation of three above mentioned sectors.

1NACE stands for ‘Nomenclature générale des activitéséconomiquesdans les

CommunautésEuropéennes’, which is the standard for classification of economic activities in the EU.
The latest NACE codes (Revision 2) are based on the Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 of the
European Parliament and of the Council.

29
 Ad d r e s s

Support on Implementing 3rd Energy

Package with focus on Energy
Efficiency and Renewables
Str. Hajdar Dushi
10000 Pristina
Kosovo
Phone +381 (38) 220 034
E-mail info@greener-kosovo.eu