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Solar cells are electronic devices that can convert solar energy into electrical energy through
photovoltaic process. This process utilizes photon that is contained in sun rays in certain wavelength to
excite electrons on semiconductor materials to cause electric current. Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
technology is one of the solar cell technologies with lower cost comparing to previous conventional
technology such as silicon, etc [1].

Sel surya merupakan peralatan elektronik yang dapat mengonversi energi matahari menjadi energi listrik
melalui proses photovoltaik. Proses photovoltaik memanfaatkan foton yang terkandung dalam cahaya
matahari pada panjang gelombang tertentu untuk mengeksitasi elektronelektron pada material
semikonduktor sehingga terjadi aliran elektron. Teknologi Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) memiliki harga
pembuatan lebih murah dari teknologi lain seperti silicon, dll.

1. Gratzel. M, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. 4, 145-153 (2003)

Sel surya telah mengalami perkembangan beberapa generasi. Generasi pertama menggunakan sel surya
berbasis wafer, generasi kedua menggunakan sel surya berbasis thin film, dan genersi ketiga
menggunakan fotosensitizer. Generasi ketiga atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama dye-sensitized solar
cells (DSSCs), merupakan salah satu jenis sel surya yang menarik untuk dikembangkan. Michael Gratzel
yang merupakan salah satu penemu generasi ketiga ini, telah berhasil mengembangkan sistem sel surya
DSSCs dengan menggunakan pigmen antosianin dari alam sebagai fotosensitizer (Yolukaapa Yulika, 2014)

Yulika Deni, 2014. “Pelapisan TiO2 di atas FTO dengan Teknik Slip Casting dan Spin Coating untuk Aplikasi
DSSC”. Jurnal Fisika Indonesia No: 53, Vol XVIII

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Fabrication of un-doped and magnesium doped TiO2 films by aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition
for dye sensitized solar cells

DSSCs mainly consist of a photoanode made of a wide bandgap semiconductor on which dye is
adsorbed, a redox electrolyte and a counter electrode (CE). The basic working of DSSCs involves the
generation of photoexcited electrons by the dye molecules adsorbed on a semiconductor photoanode
[3]. The generated electrons are transferred to the conduction band (CB) of the semiconductor from
where it is transported to the outer circuit. Meanwhile, the electron deficiency in dye molecules is
regenerated by a redox electrolyte to avoid the back transfer of the photo generated electron
(recombination) [4]. Henceforth, photoanode is one of the most important components of DSSCs which
highly influences the performance of the DSSC. Photoanode must allow fast electron injection and
possess large surface area to adsorb high amount of dye [5,6]. TiO2 is an abundantly used
semiconductor material for photoanode owing to its high availability, nontoxicity, high stability and low
cost [7]. However, weak absorption of TiO2 in the visible region of the solar spectrum and high
recombination rates hinder the performance of TiO2 as a photoanode material [8,9]. To enhance the
performance of TiO2 photoanode modifications are required, e.g. doping TiO2 to extend the optical
absorption of the semiconductor, decrease the charge recombination centers and improve charge carrier
separation, employing large surface area TiO2 nanoparticles to form the photoanode for high dye
adsorption [10], deposition of ultra-thin TiO2 blocking layer to retard charge recombination [11], etc.
Efforts have been made to dope TiO2 with metals, non-metals, metal-metal co doping and non metal-
metal co-doping in order to enhance the optical properties of TiO2 and tailor trap/defect level
distribution [12-17].

Various methods have been used to deposit doped TiO2 thin films for DSSCs including doctor blade
coating [24], electrospinning method [25], sol gel hydrothermal technique [26] and screen printing [27].
Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD) was initially used by Lim et al. [28] for TiO2 thin
films for photoanode in DSSCs. However, doped TiO2 films for DSSC photoanode have not been formed
using AACVD to the best of our knowledge. AACVD not only offers a simple set up and requires low
maintenance and costs, but also deposit homogenous films. Despite having advantages over other
deposition techniques, AACVD hasn't been studied extensively due to difficulties in controlling film
porosity. We hereby report development of porous undoped TiO2 and Mg doped TiO2 films on Indium
Doped Tin Oxide (ITO) as photoanodes using AACVD and the performance studies of DSSCs with
respective photoanodes. To the best of our knowledge, Mg doped TiO2 films using AACVD method to
produce porous photoanode films without compromising their surface area has not been reported
earlier. Significant enhancement in photoabsorption and porosity of the films were achieved leading to
the increase in overall efficiency of the DSSCs.

[1] B. O’regan, M. Gr€ atzel, A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dyesensitized colloidal TiO2
films, Nature 353 (6346) (1991) 737e740.

[2] H. Zhang, Y. Han, X. Liu, P. Liu, H. Yu, S. Zhang, H. Zhao, Anatase TiO2 microspheres with exposed
mirror-like plane {001} facets for high performance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), Chem. Commun.
46 (44) (2010) 8395e8397.

[3] K.E. Jasim, Dye Sensitized Solar Cells-working Principles, Challenges and Opportunities. In Solar Cells-
dye-sensitized Devices, InTech, 2011.

[4] W.J. Lee, E. Ramasamy, D.Y. Lee, J.S. Song, Performance variation of carbon counter electrode based
dye-sensitized solar cell, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell. 92 (7) (2008) 814e818.

[5] R. Keshavarzi, V. Mirkhani, M. Moghadam, S. Tangestaninejad, I. Mohammadpoor-Baltork,

Performance enhancement of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 thick mesoporous photoanodes
by morphological manipulation, Langmuir 31 (42) (2015) 11659e11670.

[6] W. Song, Y. Gong, J. Tian, G. Cao, H. Zhao, C. Sun, Novel photoanode for dyesensitized solar cells with
enhanced light-harvesting and electron-collection efficiency, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (21) (2016)
13418e13425.

[7] L. Lu, X. Xia, J.K. Luo, G. Shao, Mn-doped TiO2 thin films with significantly improved optical and
electrical properties, J. Phys. Appl. Phys. D 45 (48) (2012), 485102.

[8] D. Qu, M. Zheng, P. Du, Y. Zhou, L. Zhang, D. Li, Z. Sun, Highly luminescent S, N co-doped graphene
quantum dots with broad visible absorption bands for visible light photocatalysts, Nanoscale 5 (24)
(2013) 12272e12277.

[9] F. Wang, J.H. Ho, Y. Jiang, R. Amal, Tuning phase composition of TiO2 by Sn4þ doping for efficient
photocatalytic hydrogen generation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 (43) (2015) 23941e23948.

[10] Y. Cui, L. Zhang, K. Lv, G. Zhou, Z.S. Wang, Low temperature preparation of TiO2 nanoparticle chains
without hydrothermal treatment for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (8)
(2015) 4477e4483.

[11] L. Zhang, H. Sun, Z. Xue, B. Liu, Z.S. Wang, Self-assembled ultrathin titania nanosheets as blocking
layers for significantly enhanced photocurrent and photovoltage of dye-sensitized solar cells, J. Mater.
Chem. A 3 (33) (2015) 17042e17049.

[12] K.H. Ko, Y.C. Lee, Y.J. Jung, Enhanced efficiency of dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells (DSSC) by doping of
metal ions, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 283 (2) (2005) 482e487.

[24] S. Shakir, Z.S. Khan, A. Ali, N. Akbar, W. Musthaq, Development of copper doped titania based
photoanode and its performance for dye sensitized solar cell applications, J. Alloy. Comp. 652 (2015)
331e340.
[25] E.M. Jin, X.G. Zhao, J.Y. Park, H.B. Gu, Enhancement of the photoelectric performance of dye-
sensitized solar cells using Ag-doped TiO2 nanofibers in a TiO2 film as electrode, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7
(1) (2012) 97.

[26] M.N. An’amt, S. Radiman, N.M. Huang, M.A. Yarmo, N.P. Ariyanto, H.N. Lim, M.R. Muhamad, Solegel
hydrothermal synthesis of bismutheTiO2 nanocubes for dye-sensitized solar cell, Ceram. Int. 36 (7)
(2010) 2215e2220.

[27] L.T. Yan, F.L. Wu, L. Peng, L.J. Zhang, P.J. Li, S.Y. Dou, T.X. Li, Photoanode of dyesensitized solar cells
based on a ZnO/TiO2 composite film, Int. J. Photoenergy 2012 (2012).

[28] S. Lim, N.M. Huang, H.N. Lim, M. Mazhar, Surface modification of aerosolassisted CVD produced
TiO2 thin film for dye sensitised solar cell, Int. J. Photoenergy 2014 (2014).