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METHOD AND REQUIREMENT FOR STEEL STRUCTURE

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The method and requirement described in this document set fourth for the design, material,
fabrication, delivery and erection of pre-engineered steel buildings and other structures where
other structures are defined as those structures designed, fabricated and erected in a manner
similar to buildings, with building-like vertical and lateral load resisting elements.
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The method and requirement is applicable only for pre-engineered steel buildings and structures
in the project. All other items and structures are out of scope of this document and necessary
reference should be made to respective specifications.
   Applicable Codes & Standards 
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AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction)
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Steel Structure
 AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)

 JIS (Japan Industrial Standards)
 AWS 2000 (American Welding Society)
 SSPC (Structural Steel Painting Council)

Material & Testing  ASTM (American Society For Testing & Materials)


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$SCOPE

The scope of structural steel works of pre-engineered buildings and structures include the design,
materials, fabrication, delivery and installation of following items (where applicable):
x Anchor Bolts
x Rafters
x Connection bolts
x Foam closures, end-lap mastic
x Canopies at walls
x Cage ladders

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x Special surface treatment and protective coatings for painted steel members
x Touch-up paint for erection
%MATERIALS
All materials used in fabrication shall be brand new, free from injurious defects and meet or
exceed the physical requirements of the design and fabrication process, and shall be in
accordance with Manufacturer’s standards and procedures unless otherwise specified by the
engineer. Defective, substandard or undersized members shall be rejected.
Only materials that have real copies of “Certificate of Origin” from the manufacturers are
accepted to be used for the project. The Contractor shall supply the Manufacturer’s Mill
Certificate to the Engineer for approval.
%MAIN STRUCTURE: STEEL PLATE AND SECTIONS
All hot-rolled steel plates for built-up sections and hot-rolled sections (H shapes, I shapes, Angles,
Channels, Rods, etc…) are carbon steels for building structures according to ASTM A36/A36M,
JIS 3101-SS400, equivalent (ex.: SM400 of KS, CT38-TCVN) or higher. Minimum required yield
strength is 2,400 kg/cm2.
Hot-rolled steel plates and sections are uncoated materials (black steels).
These materials are to be used for main frames, intermediate frames, sub-columns, jack beams
(to support intermediate rafters), wind columns, canopy rafters, roof monitor framing, crane
girders, bracing and brackets, door support members, longitudinal bracing system members,
catwalks & staircases, cage ladders and any other structural members rather than pre-
galvanized steels and/or connections.
%SECONDARY STRUCTURE: PREGALVANIZED STRUCTURE
All cold-formed steel members are pre-galvanized thin members using base metal of carbon
steels according to ASTM A36/A36M, JIS 3101-SS400, equivalent (ex.: SM400 of KS, CT38-
TCVN) or higher. Minimum required yield strength is 2,400 kg/cm2.
Minimum required zinc coating is G90 designation (275g/m2).
These materials are to be used for purlins and girts and other similar function members.
%CONNECTION BOLTS
All connection bolts are made of heat-treated medium carbon steel.
All connection bolts using for most of structural members other than cold-formed purlins & girts,
anchor bolts and other specified members are high strength according to DIN931/933 8.8 grade
or ANSI B18.2.3.M, hot dip galvanized (Fu=80kN/cm2) or equivalent (ex.: ASTM A325 type 1).
All connection bolts using for cold-formed thin members as purlins & girts are machine bolts
according to DIN 933 class 4.6/4.8 yellow chromate (Fu=40 kN/cm2), equivalent or higher.



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All welding electrodes are conforming to AWS A5.1, E70xx (Fu=48.3 kN/cm2), Fy=40kN/cm2),
equivalent or higher.
All welds are in accordance with AWS AS1.
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Necessary items shall be carefully and accurately marked off on the basis of shop drawings or
full-scale gauges or templates.
Neither chisel nor punch shall be used on the outer surface of steel to be bended. The chance of
punch shall be reduced to a minimum.
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Shearing and gas cutting shall be performed accurately and in good workmanship. Any
distortion that has been caused by shearing or cutting shall be removed.
The cut section of each material shall be at a right angle with the axial line except as otherwise
shown on the drawings.
Cut edges which will be subjected to substantial stress or which are to have weld metal deposited
on them shall be reasonably free from gauges, injurious defects, notches and slag.
Gas burning of holes for high-strength bolt assemblies shall not be permitted and elsewhere only
as specifically approved by the Engineer.
&STRAIGHTENING
Rolled material, before being laid out or worked, shall be within tolerances permitted in
accordance with stated specifications and/or applicable standards. Steel material having
conspicuous distortion shall not be used.
When straightening is necessary, it may be done by mechanical means or by application of a
limited amount of local heating; with temperature of heated areas, as measured by approved
methods, not exceeding 645 degree centigrade.
When bending of steel is required care shall be taken not to damage or mark the exterior surface.
Bends shall be made to the radius or angle required without leaving hammer marks.
Distortion of raw material or distortedly developed by fabrication shall be remedied without
damaging the material.

&BENDING
Steel shall be bent in principle by a machine at a normal temperature.
In bending steel at a normal temperature, minimum radius of curvature shall be 1.5 times plate
thickness when measured inside.
Where otherwise unavoidable, steel may be hot bent provided that it shall be heated to a

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temperature of not less than 900 degree centigrade and that while it is cooled to a range of
400 to 200 degree centigrade, it shall not be subject to external force.
&BOLT HOLES
All holes for high strength bolts, bolts and anchor bolts shall be cylindrical and at right
angle to the surface of the material.
Holes diameter shall be 2 mm larger than the nominal diameter for high strength bolts
having diameters not greater than 24mm, shall be 4 mm larger than the nominal diameter for
bolts having diameters greater than 24mm and anchor bolts.
If the thickness of the material is not greater than 12 mm, the holes may be punched. If the
thickness of the material is greater than 12 mm, the holes shall be either drilled from the
solid, or sub-punched and reamed. Holes shall not be made or enlarged by burning. Outside
burrs resulting from drilling or punching shall be removed.
Holes shall be accurately and carefully located within the tolerances.
&WELDING
Welding rods shall be of the same alloy as the pieces to be joined.
All welds shall be free from porosity, cracks or holes, and shall be finished to match the
adjacent surfaces.
All welds which shall be exposed in the finished work shall be ground to a smooth uniform
finish for paint finish.
&ASSEMBING
Each element shall be straightened as much as possible before assembly by welding in order
to ensure accurate assembly.
Pieces shall be correctly assembled using proper jigs or by other means. Portions to be fillet-
welded shall be in close contact with each other within the proper tolerances.
Backing strips shall be of correct size and installed accurately in position without gap in
pieces to be welded.
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An electrode shall be held so that a proper arc length and a proper angle can be secured.
No welding operation shall be performed when rainfall, strong wind or similar conditions cause
adverse effect to weld, except when welding operator and joint are properly protected from such
adverse weather conditions and when adequate protective measures are taken for steel to be
welded.
The electrode shall be operated with care taken to obtain sufficient penetration and to prevent
aeration, slag inclusion, undercut, irregular fillet size, overlap, and other defects.


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Butt welding
Weld shall be continuous all over the width of plates to be joined and the shape of groove
accurate so that the complete penetration is achieved.
Throat thickness shall not be less than that of plates to be joined. Reinforcement shall be as
indicated in the drawings.
Back chipping shall be deep enough but not excessive so that first layer of the prior weld is
removed or sound weld metal is exposed. Depth and width of back chipping shall be constant all
through the length.
Fillet welding
There shall be no big difference in size of the equal-leg fillet weld. Care shall be taken to secure
the specified size and to obtain a smooth surface. Thickness of reinforcement of a fillet weld shall
not exceed 0.1xS + 1 mm (S = specified fillet size).
To fillet welds terminating at the corner of members, boxing (end returns) shall be applied, being
returned continuously around the corners for a distance at least twice the nominal size of the
weld.
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All flare glove welds shall be made with proper electrodes and current in a manner that will
ensure their sound penetration and correct throat specified in the drawings.
Treatment after completion of welding
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After completion of welding, all slag and spatter shall be entirely removed.
&FINISHING
Shop prime structural steel members: Do not prime surfaces that will be fireproofed, field welded,
in contact with concrete, or high strength bolted.
The following surfaces of the steelwork shall not be painted:

x Surfaces to be encased in, or be in contact with concrete.
x Contact surfaces of welded connection and areas within 50 mm of filed welds.
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Surfaces are not to be painted and to be exposed to rain or dew for a long time until erection,
however, shall be given one coat of boiled linseed oil or proper rust-inhibiting primer that can be
easily removed prior to erection.
Surfaces inaccessible after assembly shall be painted in accordance with specifications herein
before assembly. A finish coat shall be also applied to such inaccessible surfaces before assembly.

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After fabrication, inspection and approval, all steel works specified to be painted shall be free
from oil, grease, loose mill scale, loose rust, corrosion, weld slag, flux deposit, splatter, paint,
dust, salt contamination and other foreign materials (oil and grease deposits shall be removed by
solvent as per SSPC-SP1).
Abrasive blast clean to Sa2.5 (ISO 8501-1:1988) or SSPC-SP10 (Nearly-white blast cleaning)
shall be made.
If oxidation has occurred between blasting and application, the surface should be re-blasted to
the specified visual standard.
Surface defects revealed by the blast cleaning process should be ground, filled or treated in the
appropriate manner.
All surfaces to be coated should be clean, dry, and free from contamination. Prior to paint
application, all surfaces should be assessed and treated in accordance with ISO 8504:1992 
Surfaces specified to have no shop coat shall, after fabrication, be cleaned of oil or grease by
solvent cleaners and be cleaned of dirt and other foreign materials by thoroughly sweeping with
a fiber brush.
Protective Coating
All steel surfaces specified to be painted shall be given two (prime and intermediate) rust-
inhibiting coats at the shop (or the site shop), applied thoroughly and evenly to dry surfaces, by
brush, spray, roller coating, flow coating, or dipping at the selection of the Contractor.
Paint colors of the two coats shall be different so that each coating can be distinguished.
The prime coat shall be applied within 4 hours after preparation of surfaces and before rust-
bloom occurs.
Other additional and special requirements are to follow as per the specified paint Manufacturer.
'TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
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Any steelworks shall not be handled until paint has thoroughly dried.
Proper care shall be taken in handling of fabricated members to avoid damage to painting and
other defects.
'STRORAGE
The fabricated steelwork shall be stored out of mud and dirt, and shall be protected from damage
or soiling.
Stacking shall be done clear off ground with proper stands not liable to cause members to be bent
or twisted, and shall be in order of erection as far as possible to reduce multiple handling.



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ERECTION
All items and assemblies shall be correctly located, properly positioned and securely anchored
for full bearing of members upon supporting structural elements.
Field connects members with threaded fasteners; tighten to snug tight for bearing type
connections.
The sequence of erection shall be prepared in relation to the requirements of other works to
follow to achieve scheduled completion of the project. Erection methods and equipment shall be
compatible with the safety and function of other works in the jobsite.
Machines and equipment for erection shall have sufficient capacity and efficiency, and shall be
properly, correctly and carefully installed and operated.
Any injurious bend or distortion of steelwork shall be completely corrected before erection.
No riveting, permanent bolting or welding shall be done until the structure has been properly
aligned.
Sag-rods and cross bracings shall be installed and tightened before installation of roofing or wall
cladding. Temporary bracing shall be provided to resist all loads including erection equipment.
Bracings shall be left in place as may be required for safety.
Erection and bracing operations and procedures shall not damage work previously placed nor
overstress any part of the building.
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The erection of steelwork shall be carried out with sufficient accuracy such that specified
dimensions and tolerances are maintained without introducing permanent erection stresses into
the structure.
Installation shall not commence before three days after the pouring of the concrete and then only
if the concrete has acquired sufficient strength
All base plates shall be set level to correct elevations and locations and temporarily supported on
steel wedges or shims until the supported members have been aligned and plumbed, and the
entire bearing areas under the base plates have been grounded. Temporarily placed anchor nuts
shall be retained for as long as need to assure setting plates remain at required positions and
elevations. Shimming in lieu of leveling nuts and/or grouting as required herein will not be
permitted.
As the work progresses, the installed members shall be accurately aligned, plumbed and leveled
before being permanently connected.
No grouting under the base plates shall be made until the members have been properly aligned,
and the joints have fully connected.
Any trusses and other steel members shall not be cut or altered for alignment without approval of
the Consultant.

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All temporary flooring, planking and scaffolding necessary in connection with the erection of the
structural steel, or the support of erection machinery shall be provided as a part of the erection
work. The temporary floors shall be as required by local codes and governing safety regulations.
Temporary shoring support shall, wherever required, be provided in order to support the
steelwork during erection. Such shoring support shall be left in place as long as may be required
for safety.
As erection progresses, the work shall be temporarily and securely bolted, or welded, to take care
of all dead load, wind and erection stresses until permanent field welding has been done.
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During erection, steel members shall be reinforced, as required, with extra braces or other
supports against wind pressure and other loads.
The Contractor shall provide all necessary shoring posts, guys and braces to insure the proper
alignment and stability of the structural steel members until all are properly connected and
welded. Temporary shores, guys and bracings shall support all dead load, wind load and erection
loads, and shall remain in place until they can be removed without danger to the stability of the
structure. They shall be finally removed by the Contractor as part of his equipment.
If, during erection, steel members are subject to the unusually large load, such as heavy
materials, equipment, and machine, such members shall be properly reinforced in advance, with
the Consultant’s approval.
Appropriate reinforcement shall be made for trusses or other member that may easily bend
during lifting and erection. In design drawings, bent-up column supports are assumed.
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Where surface of a high strength bolted part has a slope of more than 1:20, a washer shall be
used to compensate for lack of parallelism.
When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to washers, shall be free of loose
scale, burrs and other defects that would prevent solid seating of the parts.
Handling of Bolts
Care shall be given not to damage threads when bolts are hauled, stored, or handled for any
other purposes. In addition, care shall be taken to prevent dirt, dust and other foreign substances
from being deposited on the surface of the threads and to prevent bolts, nuts and washers from
rusting.
Bolts, nuts and washers shall be combined into a set to preclude mismatching, and be delivered
to the working place in the site as being kept in packing. They shall be unpacked only right before
the work.

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Inspection
A group of bolts shall be inspected to make sure of their tightening by checking the amount of nut
rotation by a visual inspection of the marks on bolts. If there is no wrong nut rotation found, that
set of bolts will be accepted.
Where the wrong nut rotation is found, the torque of all bolts in that group shall be inspected with
a well calibrated inspecting torque wrench. The bolt having the required torque value with an
error of 10% will be accepted.
Any bolts unaccepted for the lack of torque shall be additionally tightened to the required torque.
Any bolt unaccepted for the excess of torque shall be replaced with new ones.
'ORDINARY BOLTS AND TURNBUCKLE
Bolts and nuts shall be hexagon bolts and nuts with the shape and tolerance indicated in relevant
standards.
Bolts shall be tightened not to leave slack or miss-fitting.
(ANCHOR BOLTS
All anchor bolts and other incidental items of structural steel required to be built into concrete
shall be delivered with instructions for their installation, at proper time to avoid delay in the
work.
Anchor bolts shall be positioned and installed as shown in drawings.
Anchor bolts shall be accurately placed within the tolerance using templates and other
appropriate instruments.
Anchor bolts shall be steadfastly fixed with anchor frames and/or other reinforcement and by
connecting to, and giving no injurious effect to reinforcing bars of the structure or to forms, in
order to prevent to move or deviate during placing of concrete.
Threaded portions of all anchor bolts shall be protected from defect, damage, rust, dirt and
adherence of concrete by wrapping with cloth or vinyl tape or by other proper method.
Tightening
After alignment of the steel members, all anchor bolts, shall be tightened. At least three screw
threads shall be exposed above nuts after tightening.
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Setting plates (templates)
Required for all base plates supported by concrete construction, whether or not specifically
detailed.
Each setting plate shall be fabricated to exactly match size and anchor bolt location of respective
base or bearing plate, using structural steel plate in thickness of 6mm, unless otherwise shown.


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Upon completion, any variations in erected steel framing shall not exceed tolerances.
Alignment, level and plumbing shall be inspected, and errors or distortion shall be corrected with
the Consultant’s approval, prior to permanent connection.
The inspection report and proposed correction method shall be submitted to the Consultant for
his prior approval. The Consultant may inspect alignment of the structure at random.
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After completion of erection, exposed surfaces of field welds and unpainted areas adjacent to
field connections shall be cleaned and receive two field coats.
welding of galvanized members, touch up paint by cold galvanizing (ZRC) shall be done.
Any damage to the shop paint shall be completely removed and be touched up in the same
manner as specified above.

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