LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Open circuit and load characteristics of a separately excited DC Shunt Generator

2. Open circuit and load characteristics of a self excited DC shunt generator

3. Load Characteristics of DC shunt motor

4. Load Characteristics of DC series motor

5. Speed control of DC shunt motor

6. Load test on single phase transformer

7. Open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer

8. Regulation Of Three Phase Alternator By Emf Method

9. Regulation Of Three Phase Alternator By Mmf Method

10. V- Curves And Inverted V- Curves Of Synchronous Motor

11. Load Test On Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

12. Load Test On Single Phase Induction Motor

13. Study Of DC & AC Starters

 1. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY
EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM:

To conduct open circuit test and load test on a separately excited DC Generator and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics Load characteristics and
C. External Characteristics
D. Performance Characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2
(0-10)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
(0-2) A MC 1
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.4 A 2
4. Tachometer 1

FORMULA USED:

1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100

MODEL GRAPH:
A B&C D

Eg Eg & VL 

If
If Ia Po
TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

If (A)
Eg (V)

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

S. Input Input Terminal Load Field Generated Input Output =

No. Voltage Current Voltage Current Current Voltage Power Power (Pout /Pin)
Vin (V) Iin (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Ish (A) Eg (V) Pin Pout x 100
(watts) (watts) %

To find Ra
S.No Voltage in (V) Current in (A) Resistance in ohms
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position and the field
rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4. Start the motor by using 3-point starter.
5. The field rheostat of the motor (ie., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed.
6. Emf generated in the generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field rheostat
of the generator. Readings are noted up to 125% of the rated voltage.
7. Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg).
Note: The adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the previous readings
and the new one won’t be same due to residual magnetism. So, the adjustment of field rheostat
should be in one direction.
8. Draw the open circuited curve from the tabulated values.

LOAD TEST:
1. Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2. DPST Switch of single-phase rheostatic load is closed.
3. Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4. Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5. Tabulate the Input voltage, Input current, terminal Voltage and Armature current for different
load values.
6. While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated
voltage.(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its
original position and supply is switched off.

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
3. Rheostat is varied and the corresponding values of voltage and current are noted down.
4. Calculate DC armature resistance Rdc and multiply by 1.3 to get hot Armature
Resistance.

RESULT:

Open circuit and load test is conducted on a separately excited DC generator and the
characteristics are drawn.
2. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC
GENERATOR

AIM:

To conduct open circuit test and load test on a self excited DC Generator and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C. External Characteristics Load characteristics and
D. Performance Characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2
(0-10)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
(0-2) A MC 1
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.4 A 2
4. Tachometer 1

FORMULA USED:

1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100

MODEL GRAPH:
A B&C D

Eg Eg & VL 

If
If Ia Po
TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

If (A)

Eg (V)

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

S. Input Input Terminal Load Field Generated Input Output =

No. Voltage Current Voltage Current Current Voltage Power Power (Pout /Pin)
Vin (V) Iin (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Ish (A) Eg (V) Pin Pout x 100
(watts) (watts) %
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2) Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position and the field
rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position.
3) By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4) Start the motor by using 3-point starter.
5) The field rheostat of the motor (ie., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed.
6) .Emf generated due to residual magnetism is noted.
7) Emf generated in the generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field rheostat
of the generator. Readings are noted up to 125% of the rated voltage.
8) Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg).
a. Note: The adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the previous
readings and the new one won’t be same due to residual magnetism. So, the adjustment
of field rheostat should be in one direction.
9) Draw the open circuited curve from the tabulated values.

LOAD TEST:
1) Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2) DPST Switch of single-phase rheostatic load is closed.
3) Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4) Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5) Tabulate the Input voltage, Input current, terminal Voltage and Armature current for different
load values.
6) While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated
voltage.(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7) Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its
original position and supply is switched off.

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

Repeat the procedure and circuit diagram from the previous experiment

RESULT:

Open circuit and load test is conducted on a self excited DC generator and the characteristics
are drawn.
 3. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on the given on DC shunt motor and to draw the following characteristic
curves.
A. Armature current Vs Torque (Electrical Characteristics)
B. Speed Vs Torque (Mechanical Characteristics)
C. Performance characteristics
a. Output power Vs Speed
b. Output power Vs Current
c. Output power Vs Torque
d. Output power Vs Efficiency

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2
2. Ammeter (0-10) A MC 1
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.4 A 1
4. Tachometer 1

FORMULA USED:

1.F=[F1-F2] Kg.
Where F = Force in Kg.
F1, F2= Spring Balance readings in Kg.

2. Torque (T) = 9.81 *F*R

Where R= Radius of the Brake Drum in metre.

3.Input Power (Pin) =Vin * Iin Watts

Vin =Input voltage in Amperes
Iin = Input current in Amperes

4.Outpower (Pout ) =2** N*T/60 watts

Where N= Speed of the motor in rpm
T= Torque in Nm.

5.Percentage Efficiency = (Pout / Pin )*100

MODEL GRAPH:

T N

 T Ia N

I T Pout

TABULATION:

Spring Balance
Reading Efficinecy
Input Input Input Output
Speed Torque Pout * 100
S.No Voltage Current Power Power
N T
Vin Iin F1 F2 F1~F2 Pin Pout
Pin

Unit Volts Amps Kg kg Kg RPM Nm Watts Watts %

PROCEDURE:

1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2.Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position.
3.By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4.Start the motor by using 3 point starter.
5.The field rheostat of the motor(i.e., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed. After adjusting the rheostat to the rated speed it should not be altered.
6.At no load condition ,the input voltage ,current, speed are noted.
7.Load is applied to the motor upto 125% of rated value by using Brake Drum and the
corresponding reading are tabulated.
8.Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its original position and supply is
switched off.
9.From the tabulated values the performance characteristic curves are drawn.

RESULT:
Thus the load test on a DC shunt motor is conducted and the performance characteristic curves
are drawn.
 4. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct load test on a DC series motor and to draw the performance characteristic curves.
A. Armature current Vs Torque (Electrical Characteristics)
B. Speed Vs Torque (Mechanical Characteristics)
C. Performance characteristics
a. Output power Vs Speed
b. Output power Vs Current
c. Output power Vs Torque
d. Output power Vs Efficiency

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-20)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
(0-10) A MC 1
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.5 A 2
4. Thread
5. Tachometer 1

FORMULA USED:

1.F=[F1-F2] Kg.
Where F = Force in Kg.
F1, F2= Spring Balance readings in Kg.

2. Torque (T) = 9.81 *F*R

Where R= Radius of the Brake Drum in metre.

3.Input Power (Pin) =Vin * Iin Watts

Vin =Input voltage in Amperes
Iin = Input current in Amperes

4.Outpower (Pout ) =2** N*T/60 watts

Where N= Speed of the motor in rpm
T= Torque in Nm.
5.Percentage Efficiency = (Pout / Pin )*100
MODEL GRAPH:

A B C

T I T
N

I T Pout

TABULATION:

Input Input Spring Balance Input Output Efficinecy

Speed Torque
S.No Voltage Current Reading Power Power Pout * 100
N T
Vin Iin Pin Pout Pin
F1 F2 F1~F2
K
Unit Volts Amps kg Kg RPM Nm Watts Watts %
g
PROCEDURE:

1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2.Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position and ensure that
some load is applied to the brake drum.
3.By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4.Start the motor by using 3 point starter.
5.The excitation of the field rheostat of the motor is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed. After adjusting the rheostat to the rated speed it should not be altered.
6.At no load condition, the input voltage, current, speed are noted.
7.Load is applied to the motor upto 125% of rated value by using Brake Drum and the
corresponding reading are tabulated.
8.Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its minimum position and supply
is switched off.
9.From the tabulated values, torque, input power and the percentage efficiency are calculated
& the performance characteristic curves are drawn.

RESULT:
The load test is conducted and the performance characteristics curves are drawn for the given
DC series motor.
 5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To Control the speed of the given DC Shunt motor by the following methods.
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
2. Ammeter
(0-2) A MC 1
350Ω/1.4 A 1
3. Rheostat
55 Ω/ 4.6 A 1
4. Tachometer 1

FORMULA:
Back EMF Eb= Va- IaRa

MODEL GRAPH:
1.
2.

N Eb

If N

PROCEDURE:
A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and the field
rheostat is kept at minimum position .
3.By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4.Start the motor by using 3 point starter.
5.For armature control method, keep the field current constant by adjusting the field rheostat
connected in the field circuit.
6.Vary the rheostat connected in the armature circuit and note the corresponding armature
voltage, armature current and speed and tabulate it.
TABULATION:

FIELD CONTROL METHOD: Va=constant

Armature Field Current Speed

S.No
VoltageVa (volts) If (amps) N (rpm)

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD: If =constant

S.NO If (Amps) Va (volts) Ia (Amps) Eb( volts) N(rpm)

B) FIELD CONTROL METHOD

1.For field control method keep the armature voltage as constant by adjusting the rheostat
connected to the armature circuit.
2.Vary the rheostat connected in the field circuit and for each setting note the corresponding
field current and speed and tabulate it.

RESULT:
The speed control of DC Shunt motor is conducted and the curves are drawn.
 6. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase transformer and to draw the performance
characteristics curves.
1. Efficiency Vs Output Power
2. Regulation Vs Output Power.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

(0-150)V MI 1
1. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1

(0-10)A MI
1
(0-20) A MI
2. Ammeter 1
150V,20A UPF 1
3. Wattmeter
300V,10A UPF 1
240 V,
4. Auto transformer 1
2.7 KVA,10A

FORMULA USED:

1.Percentage Regulation = (Vo2-V2) /Vo2*100

Where Vo2 = Secondary voltage on no load
Vo = Secondary voltage at a particular load

2. Power factor = Pout/V2*I2

Where Pout = Secondary wattmeter readings in Watts
V2 = Secondary voltage in Volts
I2 = Secondary current in Amps

3. Percentage efficiency = Pout/Pin*100

Where Pout = Secondary wattmeter readings in Watts
Pin = Primary wattmeter readings in Watts.
MODEL GRAPH:

% reg

Pout
 .

TABULATION:

Primary Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary Power % 

S.
Voltage Current Wattmeter Voltage Current Wattmeter Factor Regulation %
No
V1 (V) I1 (A) W1 (W) V2 (V) I2 (A) W2 (W) Cos %

PROCEDURE
 1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3.By closing the DPST switch, 230V,1,50HZ AC supply is given to the transformer.
4.At no load, the readings from the meters are noted down.
5.The load is applied to the transformer in steps upto 125% of the rated value of the primary
Current by using rheostatic load..
6.The corresponding values from the meters are tabulated for different loads.
7.Then the load is removed gradually, auto transformer is brought to its minimum position and
the supply is switched off.
8.From the recorded values, the regulation, power factor and efficiency are calculated

RESULT
Thus the load test on the single phase transformer is conducted and the characteristic
curves are drawn. The tested transformer attains maximum overall efficiency of______________ at
an output power of

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

 7. OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer and hence
to determine
i. The equivalent circuit parameters
ii. The percentage efficiency and the regulation at any desired load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

(0-150)V MI 1
1. Voltmeter
(0-75) V MI 1
(0-10) A MI 1
2. Ammeter
(0-2.5) A MI 1
150 V, 20A LPF 1
3. Wattmeter
150 V, 20A UPF 1
4. Auto transformer 240V,2.7KVA,10A 1

FORMULA USED:
I. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters:
1. No load power factor Coso = Wo/VoIo
Where Vo = Open circuit voltage in Volts
Io = Open circuit current in Amps
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
2. Working component of no load current Iw = IoCoso
3. Magnetizing component of no load current I = IoSino
4. Ro = Vo/Iw
5. Xo = Vo/ I
6. Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
7. Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2
8. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = Zo22-Ro22
9. Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
10.Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
11. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2

II. To Predetermine Percentage Efficiency:

Q = KVA of the given transformer
x = Fraction of load
Total losses = x2*Wsc + Wo
Output = x*Q*Cos
Input = Output+ Losses
Percentage Efficiency = (Output/Input)*100
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
III. To Calculate Percentage Regulation:
For Lagging power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cos + Xo2 Sin) * 100
For Leading power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cos - Xo2 Sin) * 100

MODEL GRAPH + % reg

 1  1
0.8 0.8

lead pf lag pf

Pout X - % reg
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
R e’ Xe’ Re Xe

V1 R0 X0 V2’ V1’ R0’ X0’ V2

PROCEDURE

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3.To conduct no load test, high voltage windings must be open circuited and the rated voltage b
should be applied to the low voltage winding .
4. By closing the DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50Hz, AC supply is given to the transformer.
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated voltage across the primary windings and
the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6.Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7.From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (Ro & Xo) of the equivalent circuit
are calculated.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3.To conduct short circuit test, low voltage windings must be short-circuited.
4.By closing DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50HZ AC supply is given to the autotransformer.
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated current across the primary windings and
TABULATION:
Open Circuit Test
No load Voltage No Load Current Wattmeter Reading
Vo in Volts Io in Amps Wo in Watts

Short Circuit Test

Primary Voltage Primary Current Wattmeter Reading
Vsc in Volts Isc in Amps Wsc in Watts

Determination Of Percentage Regulation

Cos Sin Percentage Regulation
1-Cos2 Lagging (+) Leading (-)
0,.2,.4,.6,.8,1

Predetermination Of Efficiency For power factors of 0.8 and 1.0

Output Power Copper
Fraction Total Loss Input Power
S.No Po(XQcos Loss Efficinecy
of Load Wc=Wo+x2Wsc Output+losses
) Wcu=x2Wsc
Unit x Amps Watts Watts Watts %
 the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6.Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (Ro1 & Xo1) of the equivalent circuit
are calculated.

Predetermination Of Efficiency And Regulation:

 From the calculated values of equivalent circuit parameters, the regulation is calculated for
various values of assumed power factor.
 For various values of assumed power factor the efficiency is calculated and the graph is
plotted.

RESULT:
Thus the open circuit test and short circuit test is conducted on a single-phase transformer and,
i. The equivalent circuit parameters are found out. The equivalent circuit parameters of the
given transformer are
Ro = Xo=
R01= R02=
iii. The performance curves of the transformer are determined at various loads and power factors.
 3 POINT STARTER
FUSE FUSE
L F A
+
20 A 15 A
T
P
D S
P 220Ω T
S 1.5A S
(0-600 V)
T A1 V W
R MI
220 V F1 I (0- 5A)
DC S MECHANICAL T A MI
SUPPLY COUPLING
W C
I H
T M FUSE
B Y
C
H
F2 F1 15 A

F2 A2

FUSE FUSE
-
20A 15 A

NAME PLATE DETAILS

500Ω -
1.3A
+
A
2A
SPSTS (0- 2A) MC
 8.REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD

AIM:
To Predetermine the Percentage voltage regulation of three Phase alternator by EMF
method.

OBJECTIVE:
 This method helps the students in determining the regulation of the alternator without
loading
 The student can understand the effect of saturation on regulation

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Ammeter (0-2A) MC 1
4. Rheostat 220Ω/1.3A Wire wound 1
5. Rheostat 500Ω/1.3A Wire wound 1
6. Tachometer - digital 1
7. TPST switch - - 1

THEORY:

open cicuit voltage / √ 3

1. Synchronous impedance (ZS) = Short circuit current ohms (at constant field current).

2. Stator (armature) resistance (RS) = 2.5 Ω (given)

3. Synchronous reactance (XS) = √ Z 2s −R2s ohms

4. For lagging power factor EO = √ (V cos φ+IR ) +( V sin φ+ IX )

s
2
s
2
volts.

5. For leading power factor EO = √ (V cos φ+IR ) +( V sin φ−IX )

s
2
s
2
volts.

6. For unity power factor EO= √ (V + IR ) +( IX )

s
2
s
2
volts.
E 0 −V
∗100
7. % Voltage regulation = V %
MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

%Regulation
OCC

Short Circuit Current Isc(A)

Open circuit Voltage Eg(V) If Vs Eg

SCC

Leading Power Lagging Power

If Vs Isc factor factor

Field current If(A)

Fig.1.1 OCC & SCC of alternator Fig.1.2 Regulation Curve of alternator

TABULAR COLUMN 1.1: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.NO FIELD CURRENT (IF) amps GENERATED EMF (Eg) volts

TABULAR COLUMN1.2: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC)

S.NO FIELD CURRENT (IF) amps
amps
 Where
Φ = load power factor angle.
EO= no load voltage per phase in volts.
V = terminal voltage per phase in volts.
I = full load armature current per phase in amps

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Motor field rheostat should be in minimum position while starting and stopping.
3. Alternator field rheostat should be in maximum position while starting and stopping.
4. Before closing the TPST switch, the alternator rheostat should be brought to maximum
position.
5. TPST switch should be opened during open circuit test.

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. DC Main supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. The alternator is made to run at rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
4. Alternator field rheostat is varied and values of the E g are noted in tabular column1.1
for different values of field current (IF)
5. This procedure is repeated up to rated voltage of alternator is obtained.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. The alternator field rheostat is brought to its original position (i.e.) maximum position.
2. The alternator phases are shorted by closing the TPST switch.
3. Now, alternator field rheostat is varied to obtain the rated current of alternator.
4. The corresponding field current is noted in tabular column1.2
5. % Voltage regulation of three phase alternator can be predetermined using formulas for
different power factors and are tabulated in tabular column1.3

\
 TABULAR COLUMN 1.3: PREDETERMINATION OF % VOLTAGE REGULATION OF THREE
PHASE ALTERNATOR
TERMINAL VOLTAGE V = volts
LAGGING LEADING
POWER
S.NO EO in EO in %
FACTOR %REGULATION
volts volts REGULATION

POWER EO in
S.NO %REGULATION
FACTOR volts

Unity

Viva Question
1. Define the term emf?
2. Name the various methods for predetermining the voltage regulation of 3 Phase alternator?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of estimating the voltage regulation of an alternator by EMF method?
4. What are the two types of alternator?
5. Mention the two types of alternator
6. Explain Distribution factor in synchronous generator.
7. What are the reasons for drop in voltage from no load to full load?
8. Define the term voltage regulation in an alternator.
9. Why synchronous impedance method is called pessimistic method.
10. What is the speed range for which salient pole alternator are designed?
11. What are the causes of harmonics in the voltage and current waves of electrical machinery?
12. Define coil span factor.
13. What is synchronous impedance?
14. What are the factors affecting alternator size?
15. Why is the field system of an alternator made as a rotor?
16. Compare salient pole rotor and cylindrical pole rotor.
17. What is the synchronous reactance?
18. Why is the synchronous impedance method used to determine voltage regulation of synchronous machine called
pessimistic?
19. List the types of rotor of synchronous generator. State their features.
20. List the types of rotors of synchronous generator. State their features.
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO PREDETERMINE THE REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY MMF METHOD

3 POINT STARTER
FUSE FUSE
L F A
+
20 A 15 A
T
P
D S
P 220Ω T
S 1.5A S
(0-600 V)
T A1 V W
R MI
220 V F1 I (0- 5A)
DC S MECHANICAL T A MI
SUPPLY COUPLING
W C
I H
T M FUSE
B Y
C
H
F2 F1 15 A

F2 A2

FUSE FUSE
-
20A 15 A

NAME PLATE DETAILS

500Ω -
1.3A
+
A
2A
SPSTS (0- 2A) MC
 9. REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY
MMF METHOD
AIM:
To Predetermine the Percentage voltage regulation of three Phase alternator by
MMF method.

OBJECTIVE:
 This method helps the students to determining the regulation of the alternator without
loading
 The student can understand the effect of saturation on regulation

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Ammeter (0-2A) MC 1
4. Rheostat 220Ω /1.3A Wire wound 1
5. Rheostat 500Ω/1.3A Wire wound 1
6. Tachometer - Digital 1
7. TPST switch - - 1

THEORY:

1.
I f =√ I 2f 1 +I 2f 2 +2 I f 1 I f 2 cos(180−θ)
(Amps)
From OCC, If1 – Field current required for rated voltage in amps.
From SC, If2 – Field current required for rated current in amps.
θ=90±φ
+ve = lagging; -ve = leading; θ= 90۫ for UPF
2. E0= Open circuit voltage per phase corresponding to If.
E 0 −V
∗100
3. Percentage regulation = V
Where
V =Terminal voltage per phase.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Motor field rheostat should be in minimum position while starting and stopping.
3. Alternator field rheostat should be in maximum position while starting and stopping.

MODEL CHARACTERISTICS
 %Regulation
Short Circuit Current Isc(A)
If Vs Eg
Open circuit Voltage Eg(V)

Leading Power Lagging Power

If Vs Isc factor factor

Field current If(A)

Fig.2.1 OCC & SCC of alternator Fig.2.2 Regulation Curve of alternator

TABULAR COLUMN 2.1: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.NO FIELD CURRENT (If) amps GENERATED EMF (Eg) volts

TABULAR COLUMN 2.2: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (ISC)
S.NO FIELD CURRENT (If) amps
amps

4. Before closing the TPST switch, the alternator rheostat should be brought to maximum
position.
 5. TPST switch should be opened during open circuit test.

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. DC Main supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. The alternator is made to run at rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
4. Alternator field rheostat is varied and values of the E g are noted in tabular
column2.1 for different values of field current (If)
5. This procedure is repeated up to rated voltage of alternator is obtained.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. The alternator field rheostat is brought to its original position (i.e.) maximum
position.
2. The alternator phases are shorted by closing the TPST switch.
3. Now, alternator field rheostat is varied to obtain the rated current of alternator.
4. The corresponding field current is noted in tabular column2.2
5. % Voltage regulation of three phase alternator can be predetermined using formulas
for different power factors and are tabulated in tabular column2.3
 TABULAR COLUMN 2.3 : PREDETERMINATION OF % VOLTAGE REGULATION OF THREE
PHASE ALTERNATOR
TERMINAL VOLTAGE V = volts
LAGGING LEADING
POWER
S.NO EO in EO in %
FACTOR %REGULATION
volts volts REGULATION

POWER EO in
S.NO %REGULATION
FACTOR volts

Unity

Viva Question
1. What is the use of slip ring and brush assembly in the alternator?
2. Why the alternator is called as synchronous generator?
3. Define the term i) conductor ii) Turn
4. What are the parameters of armature winding?
5. Write the voltage equation of alternator.
6. What is meant by MMF?
7. Why we are connecting the alternator in parallel?
8. What are the advantages of MMF method?
9. What is another name of MMF method?
10. What are the tests to be conducted to find the regulation in this method?
11. What is meant by synchronizing?
12. What are the types in alternator?
13. Why we are exciting the field winding of alternator using dc supply?
14. Why the MMF method is called as optimistic method?
15. What is meant by prime mover?
16. Show the variation of terminal voltage of alternator with load current for various power factors.
17. What are the reasons for the variation in the terminal voltage of a loaded alternator?
18. What are all the conditions for parallel operation of alternators?
19. Write the difference between salient pole and non-salient pole rotors.
20. What are the reasons for the variation in the terminal voltage of a loaded alternator?
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR V CURVE AND INVERTED V CURVE
W1
600 V/10A/UPF LOADING ARRANGEMENT
FUSE

R A
15 A
(0- 10A)
T S1 S2
MI
P R Kg Kg
S
T
400 V S
50 HZ 3ф AC W (0-600 V) V
I MI
SUPPLY Y B
T
C F1 F2
H BRAKE DRUM
FUSE

Y
15A NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE
B
15 A
W1
600 V/10A/UPF
W2
FUSE
+ -
+ A
5A 1180Ω
220 V (0- 2A)
1.8A MC
DC
SUPPLY
FUSE
-
5A
 10. V- CURVES AND INVERTED V- CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
AIM:
To draw the V - curves and inverted V – curves of the given synchronous motor.

OBJECTIVE:
 Students can learn effect of various excitations on the synchronous motors
 The students can also learn the range of excitation under which the synchronous
motor as synchronous condenser

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
(0-2A) MC 1
3. Rheostat 1180Ω /1.1A Wire wound 1
4. Wattmeter 600 V / 10 A UPF 2

THEORY:
W
cosφ=
1. Power factor √3 V L I a
Where
W – Wattmeter reading in watts = W1 + W2
VL – Line voltage in volts
Ia –Line current in amperes

√3(W 2−W 1 )
2.
φ=tan −1
( W 2 +W 1 )
cos φ=cos tan−1
{ ( √3(W 2−W 1 )
W 2 +W 1 )}
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. AC electrical quantities should be measured by moving iron
instruments.
3. DC electrical quantities should be measured by moving coil
instruments.
4. Wattmeter should be of unity power factor.
5. There should be no load while starting the machine
TABULAR COLUMN.6.1: V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.

Multiplication factor = W1 = W2 =
Voltmeter Ammete Field Wattmeter reading Power factor
S. reading r reading current in watts cosΦ =
Load
No VL in Ia in If in (W /
W1 W2 W
volts amps amps (√3VLIa))

No
Load

1/4
Load

1/2
Load

Full
Load
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram

2. Three phase supply is given to machine by closing the TPST switch, now the
machine is working as an induction motor.
3. DC supply is given to the rotor, after getting 70 to 80% of the rated speed by
closing the DPST switch, now the motor is working as a synchronous motor.
4. Ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted in tabular column6.1 by
varying the field rheostat at no load
5. The load is Applied to the motor as ¼ of full load, ½ of full load and full load,
the corresponding readings are noted in tabular column 6.1
6. The graph is drawn between If vs Ia and If vs cos Φ
 Model Characteristics

Armature Current Ia(A)

Power Factor (cosΦ)

Inverted
V curve

V curve

Field Current If(A)

Viva Question

1 What is the necessity of Fuse?

2 How you Choose the Fuse?
3 What is the Rating of Fuse?
4 What is the Difference between Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor?
5 Why is Called as Synchronous Motor ?
6 What is the Working Principle of Synchronous Motor ?
7 Why Synchronous Motor is not self starting?
8 What are the starting Methods available for synchronous Motor?
9 What is the Use of Damper Winding in synchronous Motor ?
10 What is hunting? How is hunting minimized?
11 Write the uses of capacity curves in a synchronous machine?
12 Write down the applications of synchronous motor.
13 Write down the equation for power developed by a synchronous motor.
14 Give the expression for the gross mechanical power developed by synchronous motor.
15 When is a synchronous motor said to be under-excited? What will be the p.f. at this condition?
16 When is a synchronous motor said to receive 100% excitation?
17 What is a synchronous capacitor? State its application.
18 Represent the power / power angle curve of a synchronous machine.
19 What are the inherent disadvantages of synchronous motor?
20 Mention four applications of synchronous motor.
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

W1
600 V/10A/LPF
FUSE

R A
15 A
(0- 10A) Isc
T
MI
P
S S1 Kg S2 Kg
T
400 V S
Vsc A1 C2
50 HZ 3ф AC W V (0-600 V)
SUPPLY I
MI
T
C
H
FUSE A2 C1
Y
15 A BRAKE DRUM
B1 B2

FUSE
B
15 A
W2
600 V/10A/LPF NAME PLATE DETAILS

3Φ Auto-
Transformer
(400v/0-470v)
 11. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
AIM:

To conduct the load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor and to draw
the performance characteristics.

OBJECTIVE:
 The student can understand the performance of the three phase induction motor in
such a way that how the speeds falls, the power factor improves and current
increases in output

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Wattmeter 600V/10A UPF 2
4. Tachometer - Digital 1

THEORY:

1. Input Power (W) = W1 + W2 (watts)

2. √ 3V L I L cosφ=W
W
cosφ=
√3 V L I L
Where,
VL - voltmeter reading in volts.
IL - ammeter reading in ampere.
cos - power factor.
3. Output power = 2πNT / 60 in watts.
4. Torque = 9.81 (S1 ~ S2) x R N-M.
N −N
slip= s ∗100
5. Ns
6. %efficiency = (output / input) x100

Where,
Ns - synchronous speed in rpm
R - radius of brakedrum in meter
N - rotor speed in rpm
S1, S2 - spring balance reading in Kg
 TABULAR COLUMN.7.1 : LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Circumference of brake drum = 2Пr = ………..m
Multiplying factor = W1= W2= Radius of brake drum = m
SPRING EFFI
INPUT
LINE BALANCE CIEN
S. LOAD POWER (W) TORQUE SPEED OUTPUT
VOLTAGE READINGS IN POWER SLIP CY
N CURRENT IN watts (T) IN (N) IN POWER
(VL) IN Kg FACTOR (%) (η)
O (IL) IN amps Nm rpm (Watts)
volts (%)
W1 W2 W S1 S2 S1~S2
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Ac electrical quantities should be measured by moving iron instruments.
3. There should be no load while starting the machine.
4. Water should be poured to the brake drum when load is applied to reduce the
heat.
5. The starter should be in OFF position while making connection.

PROCEDURE

1. Circuit connection is made as per the circuit diagram

2. Three phase AC supply is given by closing the TPST switch
3. Motor is started using “star- delta” starter.
4. At no load, voltage across the line, current flowing through the motor, input
power and speed are noted.
5. Now some load is applied and the changes in the line voltage, load current,
speed, Input power, spring balance readings are noted.
6. This procedure is repeated for different values of load up to the rated current.
 MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

Po Vs ή
Po Vs p.f
Po Vs S
Po Vs
N
Line Current (IL) A Po Vs
T Po Vs IL
Power Factor (p.f)
Efficiency (ή)

Torque (T) Nm

Speed (N) rpm

% Slip (S)

Torque (T) Nm
Output Power (Po) watts % Slip (S)
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why is the stator core of induction motor made of silicon content steel stampings?
2. How many terminals are provided on the terminal box of a squirrel Cage induction motor to be started by a
star-delta starter?
3. Why are the slots on the rotor of induction motors slightly skewed?
4. Write down the equation for the speed of the rotating magnetic field.
5. State the condition at which the torque developed in slip ring induction motor is maximum?
6. Define the term transformation ratio?
7. At what load efficiency will be maximum?
8. Why it called as ac Motor?
9. What is RMF?
10. What about the direction of RMF?
11. What is the function of slip ring in 3-phase induction motor?
12. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of a 3-phase induction motor?
13. Name the type of starters used in 3 phase Induction Motors.
14. Point out the disadvantages of rotor rheostat control to obtain variable speed of induction motor.
15. Give the functions performed by induction motor starter.
16. How can the reversal of rotation of poly phase induction motor be attained?
17. Write the advantages of split range induction motor
18. Explain the conduction for maximum torque under running condition
19. Mention the requirements of starting the two types of 3 phase induction motor.
20. A 3 phase, 4 poles, 50 Hz induction motor is running at 1440rpm. Determine the slip speed and slip.
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
W1
300 V/10A/UPF
LOADING ARRANGEMENT
FUSE
A1 A2
P A
15 A
(0- 10A)
D
MI
P S1 S2
S Kg Kg
230 V T
50 HZ 1ф AC S
SUPPLY W (0-300 V) V M1
I MI
T
C
H
M2 CAPACITOR
LINK
N BRAKE DRUM
A1,A2 – AUXILIARY WINDING
M1,M2- MAIN WINDING

NAME PLATE DETAILS

 12. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on single phase induction motor and also to draw the
performance characteristics.

OBJECTIVE:
 The student can understand the performance of the Single phase induction motor
in such a way that how the speeds falls, the power factor improves and current
increases in output

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter (0-10 A) MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300 V) MI 1
3 Wattmeter 300V / 10 A UPF 1
4 Tachometer - Digital 1

FORMULA USED:
1. Torque (T) = (S1~S2) x 9.81 x R in Nm.

Where,
S1, S2 are spring balance readings in kg.
R is the radius of the brake drum in m.

2 π NT
2. Power output = 60 in watts
Where,
N is the speed of the motor in rpm.
T is the torque in Nm.

3. Power input (Pi) = Wattmeter reading in Watts.

Output Power
X 100
4. Percentage efficiency = Input Power
N −N 120 f
slip= s ∗100
5. Ns where Ns = Synchronous speed = p
Pi
6. Power factor = V L I L (No unit)
Where,
VL is line voltage in volts.
IL is load current in amps.
Pi is input power in watts.
 TABULAR COLUMN.10.1 : LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Circumference of brake drum = m
Multiplying factor = Radius of brake drum = m
SPRING
LINE LOAD BALANCE %
INPUT SPEED OUTPUT
VOLTAGE CURRENT READINGS TORQUE % EFFICI
S. NO POWER N POWER POWER
VL IL (Kg) T (Nm) SLIP ENCY
(Watts) (rpm) FACTOR (Watts)
(Volts) (Amps)
S1 S2 S1~S2
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current
2. Ac electrical quantities should be measured by moving iron instruments.
3. There should be no load while starting the machine.
4. Water should be poured to the break drum when load is applied to reduce the heat.

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. The motor is started and the no load reading of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter,
spring balance and speed are noted in the tabular column10.1
3. The motor is loaded till the rated current and the corresponding readings are noted
in tabular column 10.1
4. The performance characteristics are drawn by using tabulated readings and
calculated values.
 MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

Performance characteristics

Po Vs ή
Po Vs p.f
Po Vs S
Po Vs
N
Po Vs
Torque –Slip
T Po Vs IL
Power Factor (p.f)

Line Current (IL)

Character
Torque (T) Nm

Speed (N) rpm

Efficiency (ή)

% Slip (S)

Torque (T) Nm
Output Power (Po) watts % Slip (S)

Viva-Question:

1. Why the Single phase induction motor is not self starting?

2. What is the function of capacitor in single phase induction motor?
3. What is the function of centrifugal Switch in induction motor?
4. What is the Phase Angle difference between main winding and running
winding in split phase induction motor?
5. What is circle diagram?
6. What are the tests to be conducted to obtain the circle diagram?
7. Is it Possible to change the direction of rotation of a 1 Phase Induction
Motor? How?
8. What are the starting methods available for 1 Phase Induction Motor?
9. What is the use of auxiliary winding in the 1 Phase Induction Motor?
10. What are theory’s used to explain the motor behaviour?
11. Can you say some domestic applications of 1 Phase Induction Motor?
12. Where the starting winding of a 1 Phase Induction Motor is placed?
13. What is the use of shading coil in the shaded pole Motor?
14. What is the function of capacitor in a single induction motor?
15. What is the use of shading coil in the single phase induction motor?
16. Name any two applications of shaded pole induction motors. Are they
reversible speed motors?
17. Discuss the characteristics of single phase series motor.
18. Compare the performance and applications of resistance split phase and
permanent capacitor single phase induction motor
19. List out four applications of shaded pole induction motor.
20. Why capacitor-start induction motor advantages?
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 STUDY OF DC & AC STARTERS

AIM
To study about the various types and working principles of DC & AC
motor Starters.

NEED OF A STARTER

Starter is an additional external device which is required to be

connected along with a dc motor, in order to start the motor in a safe
manner. That means starting a dc motor without a starter is not a safe for
the motor. So we should understand the need of starter.
We know that for a DC shunt motor , V = Eb + Ia Ra
Ia = (V-Eb) / Ra
 At the time of starting the motor, speed N= 0 and hence the back emf Eb
= 0. Hence the armature current at the time of starting is given by Ia = (V)
/ Ra
 Since the value of Ra is very small, the starting current will tremendously
large if the rated voltage V is applied at the time of starting.
 The starting current of motor can be 15 to 20 times higher than the full
load current.
 Effects of High starting current
 Due to very high starting current, the supply voltage will fluctuate. The
fluctuations in supply voltage affect the other equipments operating on the
same supply.
 Due to excessive current, the insulation of the armature winding may
burn.
 The fuses will blow, circuit breakers will trip.
 For DC series motor the torque T α Ia2. So an excessively large starting
torque is produced. This can put a heavy mechanical stress on the
winding and shaft of the motor resulting in mechanical damage to the
motor.
 So in order to avoid all these effects we have to keep the starting current
of the motor below the safe limits. This is achieved by using a Starter.
TYPES OF STARTERS
There are three types of DC motor starters.
1. Two point starter
2. Three point starter
3. Four point starter

THREE POINT STARTER

BASIC OPERATION

 Initially the handle is in the OFF position and the Dc supply is turned on.
  The handle is then moved slowly to make contact with stud 1. As soon as
it makes contact with stud 1, the DC supply gets connected directly to the
field winding through the hold on coil.
 The DC supply gets connected to the armature winding as well but via
the complete starter resistance.
 Thus the starting current at the time of starting is kept below the safe
value.
 Now the handle is moved further towards the RUN position, slowly. The
starter resistance coming in series with the armature gradually cut- out as
we move the handle from OFF to RUN position.
 When the starter handle reaches the RUN position, the entire starter
resistance is cut – out and the motor starts running at the normal speed.

FUNCTIONS OF NVC OR HOLD ON COIL

 The field current flows through the hold on coil and it starts acting as an
electromagnet.
 When the handle is moved manually to the RUN position, the soft iron
piece on the handle experiences a force of attraction.
 Thus once the handle reaches the RUN position, it remains there due to
the magnetic force of attraction produced by the hold on coil.
 Whenever the supply fails, the current flowing through the NVC goes to
zero. So it is loses it’s electromagnetic properties and the handle returns
back to the OFF position under the influence of the spring. This will switch
off the motor.
 When the supply is applied again, the whole starter resistance appears in
series with the armature and we have to start the motor again by using the
starter.
 Thus the entire starter resistance appears in series with the armature
every time when an attempt is made to start it.
 If the supply voltage goes below a particular level then the current through
NVC will be very small and it will lose its electromagnetism.
 This will release the handle and the handle will return to the OFF position.
FUNCTIONS OF OVERLOAD COIL

 When the motor current crosses a predetermined limit, the overload

condition is said to have occurred.
 The current flowing through the overload coil will produce a force of
attraction, which will lift the arm upwards.
 This will lift the triangular iron piece and the points are connected to
each other through it.
 As the points are shorted, the hold on coil is short circuited; the
voltage across it reduces to zero. The hold on coil will lose its magnetic
properties and the handle is returned back to the off state.
 Thus the motor is saved if it draws an excessive current from the
source.

DRAWBACKS OF THREE POINT STARTER

 The hold on coil and the field winding are connected in series with
each other in the three point starter.
 So if we reduce the field current to exercise the flux control, then the
current flowing through the hold on coil will also reduce.
 If this current goes a certain level, then the force of attraction
produced by the hold on coil will be insufficient to hold the handle in the
RUN position and so the handle will return back to the OFF position. The
motor will be switched off.
 This disadvantage can be overcome by using the four point starter.

FOUR POINT STARTER

 The problem discussed for the three point starter can be

solved by the four point starter
 The construction of the four point starter is as shown in the
figure
In the four point starter the hold on the coil is connected
  Independently across the supply voltage through the fourth
terminal L or N.
 So current flowing through the hold on the coil is not equal to
the field current. Hence it is possible to exercise the flux.

FOUR POINT STARTER

BASIC OPERATION

 There are four terminals in the four point starter which are L+,L- or N, F
and A.
  Initially the handle is in the OFF position and the Dc supply is turned
on.
 The handle is then moved slowly to make contact with stud 1. As soon
as it makes contact with stud 1, the DC supply gets connected directly to
the field winding through the hold on coil.
 The DC supply gets connected to the armature winding as well but
via the complete starter resistance.
 Thus the starting current at the time of starting is kept below the safe
value.
 Now the handle is moved further towards the RUN position, slowly.
The starter resistance coming in series with the armature gradually cut-
out as we move the handle from OFF to RUN position.
 When the starter handles reaches the RUN position, the entire starter
resistance is cut – out and the motor starts running at the normal speed.
 The function of hold on coil (NVC) and the over load coil are exactly
same as those for the three point starter.
 The resistance R connected in series with the coil on the coil limits
the current through the hold on the coil.
 The variable resistance P connected in series with the field winding is
used for controlling the field current . This is done in order to exercise the
flux control for the speed control purpose.

DISADVANTAGES OF FOUR POINT STARTER

 The only disadvantage of four point starter is that it does not

provide any protection against the field failure or high speed protection to
the motor.

 The field failure can be explained as follows. Under the running

condition, if the field current reduces to zero due to the field winding
getting open circuited or due to some other reason then the condition is
called as field failure condition
 If reduces to zero then the only flux present will be the spelling
flux which is very small.
  Since speed N α1/θ the motor tries to run at a very high speed
which can be very dangerous for it.

STUDY OF AC MOTOR STARTERS

TYPES OF AC MOTOR STARTERS

1. Stator Resistance Starter

2. Auto Transformer Starter
3. Star Delta Starter
4. Direct Online starter
5. Rotor resistance starter

STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER

 A starter resistance is connected in each line in series with each

phase winding of the stator.
 Initially all the starter resistance are kept in the “Start” position so that
they offer their maximum resistance.
 The switch is turned on to connect the three phase ac supply to the
stator winding.
 The schematic diagram for the stator resistance starter.

 Due to starter resistance in series, each phase winding will receive a

reduced voltage. Due to reduction in the value of V1, the starting current is
limited to a safe value
 As the motor accelerates, the starter resistance is reduced by moving
the variable contact of the resistance towards the “Run” position.
 In the “Run” position the starter resistance is shorted out and full
(rated) stator voltage is applied across the stator winding.

AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER

 An auto transformer is used to apply a low voltage to the stator winding at

the time of starting. When the motor speed reaches the desired level, auto
transformer is disconnected and motor is connected directly across the
supply.
 The stator of the motor is connected through 6 way double throw switch.
  While starting the switch is thrown to ‘Start’ side so that a reduced voltage
is applied to stator. This keeps the starting current within the safe limits.
 Once the motor takes up the speed, the switch is thrown to ‘Run’ side so
that full supply voltage is applied to stator.
 A Specific advantage of this starter is that reduction in voltage during
starting, can be done to any desired level by selecting proper tapings of
the auto transformers.

STAR DELTA STARTER

 Here the stator windings of the motor are connected in star configuration
at the time of starting. This reduces the voltage across each winding to
1/√3 of the rated voltage.
 When the motor accelerates, stator is connected to delta configuration, to
apply the rated voltage to the windings.
  The starting torque is reduced as the torque is proportional to square of
stator voltage and there is a jerk while switching from star to delta.
 The three pole six way switch is kept in the start mode first. This will
connect the R’,B’ and Y’ terminals of the stator windings to each other.
This acts as the star point.
 The supply is connected to R,Y and B terminals of the stator winding.
Thus in the “Start” mode the stator windings are connected to form a star.
 The tree pole six way switch is thrown into the “Run” position once the
motor accelerates.
 This will connect the stator windings in the following manner R –B’ , Y-R’
and B-Y’

DIRECT ON LINE STARTER

 It consists of fuse links connected in each line, thermal overload relay

contacts in series with each line, contractor contacts and start stop logic.
 Contractor operates on the same principle as that of the relay.
 Note that there is no provision for controlling the magnitude of starting
current in the DOL starter. So this type of starter is useful only for small
induction motors.
 To start the motor, press the push button to ‘ON’. The stop switch is in series
with start button to switch OFF
 As the start switch is pressed, the contractor coil get connected across the
lines Y and B.
 The armature rod shown in dotted line is pulled towards the contractor coil
and the normally open (NO) contacts C1,C2,C3 and C4 will be closed.
 The ac supply is connected to the stator winding of I.M through the
contacts C1,C2 and C3.
 The additional contact C4 is connected across the start switch. It keeps
the contractor coil energized even after releasing the start switch.
 If we want to stop the motor, then press Stop switch.
 This will disconnect the contractor coil from the ac supply, then all the
contacts are open circuited and the stator is disconnected from the supply.
 Same thing happens when the AC supply fails. Afterwards when the AC
supply is restored, we have to press the start switch again to start the
motor.
 The fuse link connected in series with each line protects the motor against
over current. Such over currents can occur if the load on the motor is
excessively increased.
 Under the over load condition, the motor draws excessive stator current.
 This will increase the heat produced to raise the motor temperature
beyond limit.
 The thermal over load relays will get open circuited due to excessive
temperature and disconnect the stator winding from the AC supply.
ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER

 This type of control is used in the slip ring induction motors. An external
resistance is connected in the rotor circuit.
 At the time of starting this resistance is set to the highest possible value,
to limit the motor current at starting. As the motor accelerates, this
resistance is shorted out gradually.
 The main advantage of this system is that along with controlling the
starting motor current, it provides higher starting torque and torque to
current ratio.

 Initially the externally connected starter resistance is kept in the start

position where it provides maximum resistance.
 Due to the external rotor resistance, the effective rotor resistance
increases.
 We know the effect of rotor resistance on the motor speed. The motor
speed decreases with increase in R2.
 So initially the motor speed is low. Then gradually the external rotor
resistance is reduced to increase the speed and finally the rotor
resistance is brought into the “Run” position.

RESULT
Thus the various types of DC & AC motor Starters were studied.