Construction Materials and Testing 2018

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

1338 ARLEGUI ST., QUIAPO, MANILA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

CE 405- CE41FA2

FINAL REQUIREMENT
FINAL PAPER

““Pulverized Scallop Shell as Admixture to Improve the Compressive Strength of Hollow Blocks”

SUBMITTED TO:
__________________________
ENGR. ARIEL MORALES

MARCH 5, 2018

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FINAL EXPERIMENT
TITLE: ““Pulverized Scallop Shell as Admixture to Improve the Compressive Strength of Hollow
Blocks”
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
 To understand the process and to know the other properties

 Apply the techniques and skills acquired relevant to professional engineering practice

Discussion:

Abstract

This study aims to improve the strength of hollow blocks using scallop shells as an admixture.
Shells are composed mostly of calcium carbonate that can help in a greater compressive strength in
hollow blocks. Shell is considered as an agricultural solid waste and it would take 20 years to
decompose, instead of disposing it - we can recycle it by using it as an admixture in making hollow
blocks.
Hollow blocks consist of a standard mixture such as sand, cement and scallop shell as an
admixture. Hollow blocks are expected to be strong, durable and affordable. Some ordinary hollow
block is expensive yet weak, but in this study, we will have an affordable but stronger hollow block.

This study is also geared towards the concern with the environment and to improve the strength
of foundation in the infrastructure of the building. Shell as an admixture in a hollow block can be used
for low cost housing building and is an eco-friendly material.

This study shows that the color of both CHB are gray. The texture of both specimens are
absolutely rough, they are the same with this property. Both CHB has a dimension of 101.6 x 203.2 x
406.4 mm. It is commonly used a material for construction purposes such as wall panels and partitions.
Moreover, both CHB has an area of 20 645.12 mm2. The hollow blocks that are made with scallop
shells have higher compressive strength than the commercial hollow blocks. The appropriate mix design
of hollow blocks with scallop shells which is 1:2:4. This is the appropriate design that will make the best
hollow blocks with scallop shell with a high compressive strength. The researchers concluded that the
11%, 23% and 29% admixture of pulverized scallop shell have improved the compressive strength of the
concrete hollow blocks but the 23% of admixture gives the most promising results making it better than
the control sample.

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Chapter I

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Amid the rising cost of construction materials we researches stumbled upon to the idea of having
a common building tool used in almost every infrastructure around the world is hallow blocks and
making it stronger but cheaper. It can help the society in times of financial crisis, most of us have a tight
grip on our money, and therefore we need to find ways that can help us save money but at the same time
not compromise the objects or things we desire. Hallow blocks concrete units can be considered as a
good choice for different types of construction.

Hollow blocks are large rectangular bricks primarily used as a building material in the
construction of walls. It is also known as concrete blocks, cement blocks and as foundation blocks.
Hollow blocks are produced in large variety of sizes either solid or hallow, dense or light weight air
cured or stream cured load bearing or non-load bearing can be produced manually or with the help of
machines. Hallow blocks are defined as those blocks which have core wide area greater than 25% of
gross area having one or more holes open at both sides. These are made in several different ways such
as, in Portland, cement and either sand and fine gravel aggregates for high density blocks or industrial
waste for low density blocks.

Several environmental groups, researchers and students has had experimented over the matter of
what additive is suitable to increase the effectiveness of hallow blocks wherein lime soil, coconut coir,
rice hull and a few other are used as an additive. This however, did the opposite wherein the hallow
blocks became less ‘solid’, making its building options lesser for instance, walls and fences were the
only stable product.

Due to the geographical feature of the Philippines wherein it is surrounded by water, and rich in
marine resources, scallops farming is one of the most important production activities for country’s
economy. In general, most of the scallop shells are discarded with no further use once the flesh is
stripped off. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a research to convert a scallop shells into a product that
is both environmentally beneficial and economically viable.

Scallops are a cosmopolitan family of bivalves which are found in all of the world’s oceans,
although never in freshwater. Scallops are any of the bivalve mollusks of the genus Argopecten and
related genera that swim by rapidly clapping the fluted shell valves together. These animals have two
hinged shells that are formed of calcium carbonate. Powdered Scallop shell was estimated in vitro and in
vivo. The scallop shell consisted of 98% calcium carbonate and 2% organic compounds. Atlantic sea
scallops can have very large shells up to 9 inches in length. Bay scallops are smaller, growing to about 4

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inches. In the biomineralization of the mollusk shell, specialized protein are responsible for directing
crystals nucleation, phase morphology, and growth dynamics and ultimately give the shells its
remarkable mechanical strength. The application of biomimetic principles elucidated from mollusk shell
assembly and structure may help in fabricating new composite materials with enhanced optical,
electronic or structural properties.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the descriptive characteristics of hollow blocks with pulverized scallop shell in
terms of strength, appearance and cost?
2. Off all types of hollow blocks, why did we choose the use of scallop shells?
3. Will a commercial hollow block be better than a homemade hollow block with scallop shell
as an additive in terms of compressive strength?

Objectives
 To determine the physical properties of hollow blocks
 To improve the compressive strength of hollow blocks using pulverized scallop shell
 To determine the appropriate mix design in hollow blocks

Significance of the Study

This finding which this study will reveal may benefit the following and the benefits they may able
to gain are:

Economy – This will help due to geographical feature of the Philippines

Ecology – This will help the environment to conserve our natural resources

Profession – This paper will benefit civil and structural engineering to provide a better quality of structural
works and serve as base study in the future engineering project making,

Researcher- This will help as future reference and will serve as basis of studies regarding the compressive
strength of hollow blocks.

Society – This paper can provide solution in the crisis in solid waste management. It benefits the
construction industry in producing more efficient and stronger hollow blocks.

Students- This research paper will provide information about the concept, applications, and techniques
of compressive strength of hollow blocks. It serves as guide for the development of their studies

Conceptual Framework

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It shows the process on how our study was conducted. As our input, materials such as cement,
sand and pulverized scallop shell as admixture and water were prepared for mixing. And after the
specimen has been made, we air cured it for about 28 days and conducted the testing for its compressive
strength

• Cement
INPUT • sand
• pulverized
scallop shell

• PREPARATION
• MIXING
PROCESS • MAKING A
SPECIMEN
• CURING
• TESTING

• Compressive
OUTPUT strength results
• Analysis of test

Scope and Delimitation

This study would focus on compressive strength in hollow blocks using pulverized scallop shells
as an admixture. Our concerned with this study is to provide a hollow block cheaper but stronger. The test
would be done using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The mixture would be composed of pulverized
scallop shells with percentage

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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Local RRL

Concrete paving block in the Philippines is started in parks and recreational areas, a typical

example of which is the EXPO Filipino. In 1996, the Department of Science and Technology funded a

small research work on the use of Mount Pinatubo lahar sand in the production of paving blocks, on

small scale using a manually operated single block maker, and testing it for application in parking areas.

The field test is still being continued by the Bureau of Research and Standards of the Department of

Public Works and Highways. When blocks are produced in a small scale, there will be problems in the

Condition. At present tense, there is no existing criteria in evaluating the quality of blocks for paving

material varied types of paving material, e.g. pathways, parking arena, or street. Block thickness could

not be the sole criteria in determining its application, obviously because it does not spring any data on its

enduringness. A reliable way of apprising the quality of the blocks to determine its applicability must be

established. In this present study, a laboratory tryout involving the determination of the compressive and

flexural intensity level of paving blocks prepared from various miscellany of aggregate and cement was

undertaken. The plan size of the blocks is 98 x 198 mm and the heaviness is varied at 50, 70 , ninety ,

and 110mm. This newspaper publisher presents and analysis of the magnetic variation of compressive

and flexural durability of blocks as influenced by its thickness and proposes a criterion for the strength

evaluation of paving blocks for different paving application program (DominadorPagbilao)

The main purpose of this study is to be able to know if the concrete mix with partial component

of crushed coconut shells can be used as additive in producing non-load bearing hollow blocks. For this

purpose, the coarse aggregate was partially replaced by 10 %, 20% and 30% crushed coconut shells and

was subjected to compression test in order to determine its compressive strength. Varying percentages of

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coconut shells were substituted in the mixture. It is specifying in the experimental results that the more

coconut shells being added, the compressive strength of the mixture decreases. Only the concrete using

10% crushed coconut shells trial mixture meet the minimum standard for non-load bearing hollow

blocks. These were true, both for cylinder samples and concrete hollow block samples. The concrete

with 30% and 20% crushed coconut shells trial mixtures, failed to meet the minimum standard

compressive test after 28 days of curing. The low compressive strength of concrete mixtures with 20%

and 30% coconut shells mixture were due to the following factors: quantity of coconut shells to be

added and its ability to bond with the aggregates used. (Merlin Herrera)

The study aims to develop with stronger and tougher hollow blocks by the means of adding

mussel shells to the base composition of the hollow block so that it could withstand greater

compressive strength. This will also serve as a substitute for the regular, commercial hollow blocks that

are deemed quite expensive in the current market. Based on initial research, the researchers believe that

mussel shells, or rather a crustacean shell, can offer extra strength and durability when used properly

hence, leading to mussel shells used as an additive in hollow block making. The study is mainly for the

betterment and improvement of civilization by killing two birds with one stone: addressing the pollution

and solid waste problem by recycling mussel shells and by improving infrastructures by strengthening

the foundations of it through improving the base which, in the Philippines, is usually hollow blocks

integrated with the famous cooking thought: Better ingredients, better food. (Arceo, Chester Lim, Kyle

Mabasa, Jojo Marquez, Avery Sonza, Ethan)

In the study of Feraer, Fuentes and Yu(2010), they used bagasse fiber in concrete hallow blocks.

The bagasse fiber used has a moisture content of 49% and a unit weight of 10 − 15lb/ft 3 (160-

240kg/m3 ).After washing and extraction , the fiber then becomes bagasse. It was dried was sieved

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before it was placed in the concrete mix. 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were the percentages that replaced the

aggregates in making the 200mm x 400mm x 150mm (8” x 16” x 6”)CHB . the sample was tested after

the 7th and 28th day.(Ferrer, Jonathan, Fuentes, Christopher John and Yu, Paul Joshua. (2010).

Strength Properties of concrete hollow Blocks with Bagasse Fiber”. Dela Salle University)

From Syquiatco, his study was about Increasing the strength of Beach Sand Concrete Hallow

Blocks. This study’s purpose is to create a hallow block using the material of Beach sand that still

satisfy the standard. The study wants to know the effects of using beach sand and different cement

aggregate ratio. To compare the beach sand hallow blocks to ordinary in terms of economy and strength.

Lastly, the study aims to identify the grading of beach sand hallow blocks and recommendation to

improve the type of hallow blocks.

The study focuses on the 28th day compressive strength of beach sand hallow blocks and

ordinary river sand. The study limits its data on the physical properties of both materials like the weight

and grade but not on the chemical aspect.

From the result of the research study, The higher the cement aggregates ratio the higher the

strength. The increase in ratio directly affects the cos. It is also concluded that the beach sand hallow

blocks affects its strength and did not pass to ASTM Standard Specification.

Lahar is flowing , thick mixtures of water and volcanic sediment. According to Philippine

Institute of Volcanology and seismology (PHIVOLCS), lahar may contain 20%-60% of sediments by

volume or even more than 80% of sediment.

In a study of Yasis and Jambalos (1996), they used lahar as substitute to river sand aggregates for

its properties and characteristics exhibits pozzolanic properties. Concrete Hollow Blocks 200 mm x 400

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mm x 100mm (8”x16”x4”) were made using lahar from Sta. Barbara, Pampanga and river sand from

Montalban, Rizal and Floridablanca, Pampanga and were tested in the Universal Testing Machine after

28 days. Results showed that replacing river sand by lahar as aggregates for concrete hollow blocks

increased the strength and decreased the cost. (Jambalos, Richard and Yasis, Darwin. (1995). “A

study on the use of lahar as fine aggregates in the Manufacture of Hollow Blocks”. Dela Salle

University. )

Rice husk ash (RHA) were produced from Simimbaan, Roxas, Isabela rice husks. X-Ray

Fluorescence spectrometry analysis was carried out to determine the silica content of RHA in

conformance to ASTM C 618. RHA was used as a partial replacement to ordinary Portland cement

(OPC) in non-load bearing concrete hollow block. Partial replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by

volume were considered for the optimum mix ratio of RHA replacement to OPC. The CHB samples are

then tested for compressive strength, water absorption, and thermal conductivity. Result shows that the

compressive strength and water absorption test results at the 28th day period passed the Philippine

National Standard (PNS). Consequently, 15% RHA substitute achieved the best thermal performance

with a thermal conductivity rating of 0.3190 W/m.K. Based on the aforementioned results, this study

shows that RHA is a potential partial replacement to OPC for Non-Load Bearing Concrete Hollow

Blocks. (Jenea Zolaey S. Carig, Joshwin Adrian D. Garcia, Almario V. Lim, Camille Joy P.

Nicolas, Donamel M. Saiyari , Josefina Acosta)

Substituting waste materials in construction is well known for conservation of dwindling

resources and preventing environmental and ecological damages caused by quarrying and depletion of

raw materials. Many researches had shown that some of these wastes have good pozzolanic properties

that would improve the quality of concrete hollow blocks produced. One such waste material is

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agricultural waste rice husk. Concrete hollow block is absolutely part of the construction industry.

Findings of the study revealed that as the percentage of rice husk ash in the mix was increased, the

compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks decreased. Furthermore, concrete hollow blocks

containing 40% rice husk ash were not good enough to be used as load or non-load bearing partition

concrete hollow blocks but blocks containing 20% rice husk ash were suitable for use as non-load

bearing partition. Thus, concrete hollow blocks containing 20 percent rice husk ash only could be used

for non-load bearing partitions, other than fire walls.( Eugene V. Laraun, Reymundo B. Bonares,

Moam-mar K. Abdulkasan, Ruben M. Ruiz)

Foreign RRL

Substituting unwanted waste materials in construction is well known for conservation of

resources and preventing environmental and ecological damages caused by quarrying and depletion of

raw materials. Many researches had shown that some of these wastes have good pozzolanic properties

that would improve the quality of concrete hollow blocks produced. One such waste material is

agricultural waste rice husk. Concrete hollow block is absolutely part of the construction industry.

However, the paces in development lead to increase in demand for the basic construction materials like

cement. The increasing demand of cement which is used as a primary binder in making of concrete

hollow blocks leads to the increased cost of these materials and has posed a problem to the growing

needs of some builders in the country today. It leads the researcher to look for possible partial

replacement of cement by investigating the quality of rice husk ash as replacement for cement in making

hollow blocks. This study was able to answer the following research question. What are the compressive

strengths of concrete hollow blocks using the conventional, 80% Ordinary Portland cement-20% Rice

husk ash, and 60% Ordinary Portland cement-40% Rice husk ash mixtures? Likewise, these mixtures as

components of hollow blocks were tested to determine whether they significantly vary in terms of

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compressive strength of the produced blocks. The researchers study the possibility of using rice husk ash

in reducing the amount of cement in molding hollow blocks. The mixtures classified as a standard 1:8

mix proportion, one part of cement to eight parts of sand in a different mixture of Ordinary Portland

Cement and Rice Husk Ash. Three sets of mixture with fifteen samples for each were made for a grand

total of 45 samples. All was cured in fourteen days and were tested after 34 days. The findings of the

study revealed that as the percentage of rice husk ash in the mix was increased, the compressive strength

of concrete hollow blocks decreased. Furthermore, concrete hollow blocks containing 40% rice husk ash

were not good enough to be used as load or non-load bearing partition concrete hollow blocks but blocks

containing 20% rice husk ash were suitable for use as non-load bearing partition. Thus, concrete hollow

blocks containing 20 percent rice husk ash only could be used for non-load bearing partitions, other than

fire walls.(Eugene V. Laruan | Reymund B. Bonares | Moam-mar K. Abdulkasan | Ruben M. Ruiz)

The research aims in this study the cementing potential of pulverized oyster shell, rich in

calcium, when mixed with fly ash and soil. Cylindrical compacted soil and cubic lime specimens with

different proportions of the shells and fly ash are made to study the strength variance. Soil, which is

classified as CL in the USCS system, commercialized pulverized oyster shell, F-type fly ash, and lime

are mixed in different weight percentages. There are five sample groups are being used to determine the

compressive strength of soil and lime specimens, respectively. The lime cubes are made with 0.45 W/B

ratio and the cylindrical soils are compacted under the standard Procter compaction process with 20%

moisture content. Itshows thatin the experiment results that increment of shell quantity result to lower

strength on both the soil and lime specimens. In a 56-day curing, the compressive strength of the lime

cubes containing fly ash increases evidently while those carrying the shell get little progress in strength.

The soil specimens containing fly ash gradually gain strength as curing proceeds. It suggests that

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mixtures of the shell and fly ash do not process any Pozzolanic reaction nor help to raise the unconfined

strength of the compacted soil through the curing.(Chou-Fu Liang and Hung Yu Wang)

The aim of this study is to provide basic experimental data to help prevent environmental

pollution and to pursue resource recycling by examining the use of waste oyster shells (OS) as concrete

aggregate. The possibilities of manufacturing the waste into lightweight concrete and hollow concrete

blocks are also examined. The physicochemical characteristics of OS are analysed and the materials and

mechanical characteristics according to age are evaluated for fresh and hardened concretes. New

chemical reactions and abnormal substances from the mixing of OS are found to be absent. Although

problems in strength and workability with increased OS replacement rate of natural aggregates are

generated, these can be resolved by using admixtures and stone powder. With respect to strength and

workability, 10-13 mm is found be the optimum particle size range of OS as coarse aggregate. In

addition, when the replacement rate of the coarse aggregate is 50%, the unit volume weight stands at

1993 kg/m3, which represents roughly 10% lightening. Results from assessing the quality of the hollow

concrete produced indicate that, even if 50% of the fine aggregate is substituted with OS, the absorption

rate almost satisfies the standards. Utilization of OS is therefore expected to be adequate.(Seok-Hong

Eo, and Seong-Tae Yi)

The large amounts of abandoned oyster-shells in octree-culture have led to serious environmental

problems and health hazards. This paper presents a parametric experimental study on the recycling of

calcined oyster-shells ash (OS) to replace lime in the production of unfired fly ash bricks (UFB).

Experiments were conducted with five different replacement levels of OS (between 0% and 20%) to

study the effect on mechanical strength and freeze–thaw resistance. In addition, this study investigates

the effect of wet–dry cycles on the shrinkage, water absorption and strength of UFB samples. According

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to the test results, the bricks incorporating OS and lime achieved 28-day strength and durability within

grade M15 according to GB/T2542-2012 (Chinese Standard). Moreover, the wet–dry cycles within the

investigated limits in this study showed positive effect on mechanical properties, indicating that the

bricks are usable in both wet and dry environmental conditions. The present investigation demonstrates

a potential application of waste OS that can enhance the sustainable of society by reducing

environmental pollution by converting hazardous waste into useful construction material. (GengyingLi,

XiaoyangXu)

The main goal of this study is to determine the possibility of using plastic bottles in making

hollow blocks. The plastic bottles is considered as solid waste but instead of disposing it - we can

recycle it by using it as an admixture in making hollow blocks. The study utilized 500-mL plastic bottles

placed inside concrete masonry units and analyzed the compressive strength. The testing for

compressive strength was determined according to the ASTM C140 standard. Results from this study

were deemed reasonable due to the testing of concrete cylinders as a control of compressive strength for

the concrete blocks from Oman's market. Itshows 57% of this research the difference in the strength by

using plastic bottles compared to local concrete blocks. This proves the necessity for further research

regarding concrete mix design, amount of cement and properties of local concrete blocks as well as

other technical and non-technical aspects to determine the appropriate mix design and feasibility in the

production industry.(SinaSafinia, AmaniAlkalbani)

The research examines the use of considerable quantity of groundnut shell ash as the partial

replacement for cement in concrete production. A total of 100 specimens of the GSA/OPC concrete was

cured in cubes of 100mm dimension for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and the compressive strength and density

determined. The percentage replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) varies to the control (0%

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replacement) about 40%. It showsthat the results generallydecrease in density and compressive strength

as the percentage replacement with GSA increases suggesting less hydration with cement. Based on a

general analysis of the results as well as the logical comparison to the acceptable standard, a percentage

replacement of 10% is suggested for sustainable construction, especially in mass concrete constructions.

(T.C. Nwofor and S. Sule. 2012)

Due to the environmental and economic crisis, this study focus on generating product using

agricultural waste as well develop an alternative construction material that will lessen the social and

environmental issues. It also paved the way to the recognition of using coconut shells and fiber as a

substitute for aggregates in developing concrete hollow blocks. As a whole, the study' main concern is

the environment and the construction and building technology to enhance natural world as well as

building materials. This also aims to design a technical specification of concrete hollow block using

coconut shell and fiber as aggregates that will meet the ASTM requirements in order to help contribute

to the industry in saving the environment, to encourage the government to find solutions regarding the

disposal to landfills of waste materials and save the environment, to provide new knowledge to the

contractors and developers on how to improve the construction industry methods and services by using

recycled coconut shells and fibers, and to sustain good product performance and meet recycling goals. A

conventional concrete hollow block was compared to concrete hollow blocks with coconut shells and

fibers of the same proportions. Observations from the tests performed were conducted in the laboratory

where precise data were gathered and completely attained. Some of the interesting insights of the study

are: (a) coconut shells and fibers are applicable as a partial substitute as coarse aggregates for concrete

hollow blocks. (b) the good indicators of coconut shell and fiber quality as aggregate of concrete hollow

blocks are particles, shape, and texture, resistance to crushing, absorption and surface moisture, grading,

resistance to freezing and heating and light-weight.; (c) coconut shells and fibers are classified as a

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miscellaneous material used for wall panels and partitions and (d) a non-load bearing type of hollow

block because the compressive strength gained higher than the conventional concrete hollow blocks

after 28th days. (Tomas Ucol Ganiron Jr Nieves Ucol-Ganiron Tommy Ganiron III. January 2017)

This study explored the possibility of using oyster shells as component of aggregates in the

production of 5” CHB by determining its compressive strength and comparing this to the strength of 5”

CHB taken from the construction site.

Twelve (12) samples using different proportions were produced by researchers and another three

(3) samples were taken from the construction.

All the samples brought to the testing laboratory are below the required compressive strength for

non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks. However, it is noteworthy that the samples with oyster shells

have higher compressive strength compared with the samples taken from the construction site.

It was also found out that the lesser the number of pieces of CHB produced the higher is the

compressive strength.

There are also significant differences among and between the 5” CHB produced using different

proportions including the samples taken from the construction site. ( Alfredo R. Rabena | Nelia V.

Aman. 2010)

Hollow concrete blocks are one of the widely used building elements of masonry structures in

which they are normally loaded under combined action of shear and compression. Accordingly, and due

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to their structural importance, the present study intends to numerically search for an optimum shape of

such blocks. The optimality index is selected to be the ratio of block’s failure strength to its weight, a

non-dimensional parameter, which needs to be maximized. The nonlinear analysis has been done using a

homemade code written based on the recently developed Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM) for

the meso-scale simulation of concrete. This numerical approach accounts for the different aspects of

concrete’s complex behavior such as tensile fracturing, cohesive and frictional shearing and also its

nonlinear compressive response. The model parameters were calibrated against previously reported

experimental data. Various two-core configurations for the hollow blocks are examined, compared and

discussed.(Fatemeh Javidan, Mohammad Safarnejad and Sharif Shahbeyk)

In the study, an attempt has been made to make fly ash concrete hollow blocks. Twenty cubes of

side 100 mm consisting of cement, fly ash, coarse aggregate in different proportions were prepared, and

tested for compressive strength. It was observed that compressive strength increased with decreasing fly

ash to coarse aggregate ratio, and increased with the cement content. Proper gradation of fly ash and

coarse aggregate played an important role. The variation in density of fly ash hollow concrete blocks for

different mixes was not large. On the basis of present experimental work, fly ash concrete hollow blocks

are proposed for the masonry work in buildings. Fly ash concrete blocks are lighter in weight, less

porous - resulting in better resistance to chemical attack - and have better fire resistance. Hollow fly ash

concrete blocks having nearly the same compressive strength as ordinary concrete grade A, hollow

blocks were found to be cheaper. (T.P. Agrawal,M.K. Kedia. May 1995)

Fly ash–lime–phosphogypsum (FaL-G) hollow blocks are one of the best substitutes for

conventional burnt clay hollow bricks or concrete hollow blocks in construction industry. FaL-G hollow

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blocks are light in weight and being hollow, impart thermal insulation to the buildings. In this paper, a

study based on the results of an experimental investigation on FaL-G hollow blocks is presented. The

compressive strength, water absorption and weight of FaL-G hollow blocks were determined. The

durability of these blocks in terms of loss in compressive strength in sulfate environments is also

presented in this paper. It is observed that FaL-G hollow blocks have sufficient strength for their use in

general building construction. (SunilKumar)

Gypsum hollow block is an important new material, which has a broad development prospect

and promising. It cannot meet the market demands because the technical and other reasons of the

domestic enterprises, which restrict the development of the gypsum hollow block production. Therefore,

the development and design of the gypsum hollow block production equipment have great significance.

In this paper, the control system of the gypsum hollow block production equipment is introduced. The

motors in the system are controlled by PLC and inverter, which can make the system operate smoothly.

The production process such as ferruling, core-pulling, casting and molding can be controlled

automatically according to the signal of the sensors, which can improve the productivity and reduce the

operating costs. The system is also equipped with remote monitoring to realize the soft control.

Experiments show that this control system has high reliability and stability. (Guo Xingyu ; Jin Tao ;

Zhang Peng ; Miao Qiuhua. May 2011)

The paper presents the results of experimental investigations carried out on partial replacement

of sand with laterite as it affects the compressive strength of sandcrete hollow blocks. Two mix

proportions (1:6 and 1:8) were used with laterite content varying between 0 and 50% at 10% intervals.

Hand and machine compaction methods were used. Curing was done by sprinkling water on the

specimens. The results showed that for each mix proportion and compaction method, the compressive

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strength decreases with increase in laterite content. Machine compacted hollow sandcrete blocks made

from mix ratio 1:6 and with up to 10% laterite content is found suitable and hence recommended for

building construction having attained a 28-day compressive strength of 2.07N/mm2 as required by the

Nigerian Standards (Olugbenga Ata, Kolapo Olusola, Oludare Omojola, and Abiodun Olanipekun.

March 2007)

Construction materials are being exploited by mankind posing a risk of their sustainability. On

the other hand, many industries are producing waste by-products and their safe disposal is a major

challenge to engineers and environmentalists. Identifying waste materials that resemble in properties

with some ingredient of concrete can solve this problem to some extent. The aim of this study is to

determine the feasibility of utilising two industrial by-products as a replacement of both fine aggregate

and coarse aggregate. Granite powder and cockle shell are adopted as partial replacements to fine and

coarse aggregate respectively. It is concluded from the study that maximum strength is attained with a

combination of granite powder and cockle shell at 20% and 15% partial replacements of fine and coarse

aggregate respectively for M30 grade Concrete. The compressive strength for 28 days at these

combinations is 43.7 MPa which is 43.75% higher than that of conventional concrete. (P. Markandeya

Raju, Saha Siva. January 2016)

The article examines the influence of incorporating crushed queen scallop shells on ordinary

concretes in order to assess the feasibility of reusing marine by products in the form of aggregates. For

this purpose four different concrete mixes were produced, one of them used as reference with natural

aggregates and the others prepared with 20, 40 and 60 % of crushed queen scallop shells replacing the

natural aggregates. Concretes were characterized at fresh state by its workability, the air content and the

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density, and at hardened state by the mechanical and durability properties. The incorporation of crushed

queen scallops causes an increase of the entrapped air of concrete, a reduction of the mechanical

properties and an increase of the concrete porosity facilitating the transport of fluids and chloride ions in

concrete. (Héctor Cuadrado-Rica, Nassim Sebaibi, Mohamed Boutouil, Bertrand Boudart)

A study was conducted to investigate the potential of cockle shell ash as a material for partial

cement replacement or a filler material. The next phase involved in determining the concrete properties

such as compressive strength, tensile, modulus of elasticity, water permeability and porosity made from

mixture of cockle shell ash of 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50% and compared to normal concrete cured in

ordinary water at the 7, 28, 90 days and up to 120 days for water permeability test. As a result, with the

inclusion of 5% and 10% of cockle shell ash, morphology structure seems compacted that effected the

strength, modulus of elasticity, permeability and porosity of the concrete. (Nor Hazurina Othman1,

Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar, Mashitah Mat Don & Megat Azmi Megat Johari)

The study focuses on determining the effects of combining two waste materials namely, pig-hair

fibers (PHF) as fiber reinforcement and crushed green mussel shells (GMS) as partial cement substitute

to the properties of concrete. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to model the relationship

between the response and the factors considered. Using central composite design (CCD) to establish the

design of experiment, the researchers was able to reduce the required number of experimental runs to 20

from a total of 27 runs for 3 level full factorial experimental program that is common for responses with

nonlinear behavior. Optimization was conducted to determine the optimum amount of PHF and GMS in

concrete that could yield maximum compressive strength while keeping the workability at an acceptable

level. As for the results, an increase in compressive strength of concrete was recorded with the

incorporation of PHF and GMS to concrete. However, decrease in workability was experienced due to

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the amount of fiber reinforcement present in the mix. Results of RSM suggested an optimum

combination of 0.70% PHF content and 7.81% GMS partial cement substitute at 0.47 water-cement ratio

(w/c) to achieve 27.40 MPa and 2.78 MPa compressive and tensile strength respectively with a

minimum recommended slump of 25 mm for concrete beams and columns as per ACI. Based on these

results, PHF-GMS concrete could be used in structures not requiring compressive strength above 28

MPa. With the use of GMS as a partial cement substitute, it could reduce the overall cement

requirement for a project thus incurring savings and most importantly promotes the use of environment

friendly materials. (Bernardo A. Lejano and Jayvee L. Gagan)

Blood clam or cockle (Anadara granosa) shell is a type of marine by-product that can be used to

replace aggregate or cement partially in concrete. In this research, the ground cockle seashell was used

as a partial cement replacement. The ground seashells were prepared by burning, crushing, grinding and

filtering the cockle using no #200 sieve. The mechanical properties studied were compressive strength,

splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of seashell concrete. These

properties were compared with those of a control Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Based on

the trial mixes using the ground seashell with proportion of 2, 4, 6 and 8% by weight of cement, the

optimum compressive strength was achieved for the mix that replaced cement by 4%. The seashell

concrete yielded less compressive strength and modulus elasticity compared to the OPC concrete. It is

noted that the tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than those of the OPC concrete, which is

advantageous to increase concrete tension properties. (Monita Olivia, Annisa Arifandita Mifshella,

Lita Darmayanti)

We report effective uses and simple application for discarded shells as a formaldehyde

adsorbent. The adsorption performance of scallop shells to remove formaldehyde vapor is investigated.

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Planetary ball milling under dry conditions and subsequent water addition realize shells with a crystallite

size (35–90 nm) and equivalent size of the specific surface area (41–191 nm) in the nanometer range.

The comminution properties of the scallop shells, especially the grinding limit, are estimated via a semi-

theoretical consideration for the grinding limit. Additionally, the adsorbed amount of gaseous

formaldehyde using a self-designed adsorption line is estimated. The nanosized scallop shells exhibit an

excellent adsorption performance rather than the feed shell, and the adsorbed amount is positively

correlated with the specific surface area of the shell. Hence, scallop shells have potential to adsorb

volatile organic compounds. (Shinya Yamanaka Email author, Akifumi Suzuma, Toshiyuki

Fujimoto, Yoshikazu Kuga)

Coconut shells are mostly used as ornaments and as sources of activated carbon in industries of

plastics, glues and abrasive materials. They are produced in large quantities; thus, these are the wastes

most commonly found in landfills. This situation poses a great threat to the environment because

landfills contribute to global warming by emitting harmful gases like carbon dioxide and methane. The

growing problem in waste prompted the researchers to use coconut shell as additives in concrete

mixture, and to determine whether it significantly increases the flexural and compressive strength of

concrete. This study used experimental design to determine the effectiveness of adding crushed coconut

shell as additives in concrete mixture. The t-test analysis revealed that the flexural and compressive

strength of concrete with crushed coconut shell was significantly higher than the flexural and

compressive strength of concrete without crushed coconut shell. These findings mean that the addition

of crushed coconut shell increases the flexural and compressive strength of concrete. (Marjorie Ann R.

Kho, Aira May A. Landero, Taliza Shanane A. Suzara, Ruben M. Ruiz. 2013 )

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The main objective of the present work is to study the effect of mixing of hair fiber on

mechanical properties of fly ash. The hair fiber was mixed in fractions of 0.00, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 & 2.50%

respectively. Portland cement production is under critical review due to high amount of carbon dioxide

gas released to the atmosphere. Kumar [1] reported that in recent years, an attempt to increase the

utilization of Fly ash to partially replace the use of Portland cement in concrete has been gathering

momentum. Most of this by product material is currently dumped in landfills, thus creating a threat to

the environment. About 82 utility thermal power plants (TPPs) in the country contribute nearly 70% of

total power generation, which in turn, produced 108 million tonne of fly ash during 2004. (AKHTAR

J.N., AHMAD SH.) (Feasibility of Using Sea Shells Ash as Admixtures for Concrete)

Discussed about at producing pozzolanic admixtures from waste shells of periwinkle, oyster and

snail. The clean shells were ashed at 800 °C and analysed for chemical composition. The results show

that they are pozzolanic in nature. The effect of using the shells ash as admixtures on the setting time

and compressive strength of cement paste and mortar were investigated using varying percentages of

0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight of each of the shell ashes. The results show that the

water consistency, initial, and final setting times of each of the cement blends were increasing with

increase in percentage replacement of cement with each of the shell ashes. The optimum compressive

strength with percentage replacement level of 10% for periwinkle shell ash (PSA), 15% for oyster shell

ash (OSA), and 20% for snail shell ash (SSA) were obtained with ashes produced. (Etuk, B., Etuk, I.&

Asuquo (2012))

Definition of Terms

 Admixture - the chemicals used to aid the properties of concrete or cement

 Cement - building material made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to fine powder, which
can be mixed with water and poured to form a solid mass; used as an ingredient in making m
compressive strength. maximum stress a material can sustain under crush loading

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 Compressive Strength – the maximum load sustained by a standard specimen of a material
when subjected to a crushing forces
 Curing of concrete- providing adequate moisture, temperature, and time to allow the concrete to
achieve the desired properties for its intended use.
 Hollow block - concrete or burnt clay hollow blocks used for construction of hollow-tile
floorsortar or concrete
 Psi - a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units. It is the pressure resulting from a
force of one pound-force applied to an area of one square inch
 Solid waste management - a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating
solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash
 Waste – an unwanted substance
 Water cement ratio – the major determinant of concrete workability, strength and the poorer the
workability.

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Chapter III
Methodology

In this chapter the experimental design, materials and method, treatment of data, and the decision
criteria were discussed. The main objective is to present the methodology and research design.

Technical/ Experimental

The experimental research is concerned primarily on determining the compressive strength of

Scallop Shells as an admixture to concrete hollow block mixture.

Materials and Methods

This study would be using the experimental procedure. All concrete hollow blocks should be set
at a time. There will be three set ups for the procedure: first set up is the 11% pulverized scallop shells
admixture; 23% pulverized scallop shells admixture and last 29% pulverized scallop shells admixture.
The main source of scallop shell came from Pangasinan.

Table A. Size of concrete hollow blocks

Mix Length Height Width

1 40 20 10

2 40 20 10

3 40 20 10

Materials:

1. Pulverized scallop shells(using mortar and pestle)

2. Cement
3. Sand
4. Water
5. Molder
6. Basin/ Container
7. Weighing scale
8. Hammer

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Research Procedure:

This part of the study discusses the procedures in conducting the study. First, gather all the required
materials: a hammer, spatula or wooden rod for mixing substances and mixture, Tupper wear or any
molding material to mold the hollow block, water, weighing scale to measure sand, cement and scallop
shells second; sun-dry the scallop shells for half a day then crush them thoroughly, third; prepare the three
set-ups, testing will be done at the laboratory immediately after the completed hollow block making
process.

Mixing, Curing and Testing:

 Thoroughly mix sand, water and cement together with admixture of pulverized scallop shells
as indicated percentage.
 Add enough amount of water and mix them together with the shovels.
 Undergone slump test
 Prepare the moulders
 Pour the concrete mixture into the moulders.
 Use tamping rod to avoid voids
 After one day, remove the concrete mixture from the form.
 Sprinkle water to the concrete every day.
 Prepare the specimen for testing
 Conduct test every, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing
 Set up the UTM in compression and put the specimen on the machine and start to test.
 Record the resulting data of all the tests.

Test
Mixing Moulding Curing Testing
results

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ASTM C-140 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and
Related Units

Procedure of Compressive Strength Test According to ASTM C-140

1. Position of Specimens—Test specimens with the centroid of their bearing surfaces aligned
vertically with the center of thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of the testing
machine Except for special units intended for use with their cores in a horizontal direction, test all
hollow concrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction. Test masonry units that are
100 % solid and special hollow units intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontal
direction in the same direction as in service. Prior to testing each unit, ensure that the upper platen
moves freely within its spherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing.

2. Moisture Condition of Specimens— At the time the specimens are tested, they shall be free of
visible moisture or dampness.

3. Speed of Testing—Apply the load (up to one half of the expected maximum load) at any
convenient rate, after which adjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniform rate
of travel of the moving head such that the remaining load is applied in not less than 1 nor more
than 2 min.

4. Maximum Load—Record the maximum compressive load in pounds (newtons) as Pmax.

Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of the concrete hollow block mixture specimen will be determine using
the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Compressive Strength is the capacity of a material or structure to
withstand loads tending to reduce size.

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Chapter IV

Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation

Table 4.1. Sampling

Curing Period (days)

Hollow Block Total

7 14 28

Control sample

3 3 3 9

Specimen with 11% Scallop

shells 3 3 3 9

Specimen with 23% Scallop

shells 3 3 3 9

Specimen with 29% Scallop

shells 3 3 3 9

Total:

12 12 12 36

Table 4.1 shows that the number of hollow blocks needed in this study. The total concrete hollow
blocks needed for the control sample is 9 chb , whereas 9 chb for the 11% scallop shell, 9 chb for the
23% scallop shell and 9 chb for 29% scallop shell

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Table 4.2. Size of concrete hollow blocks

Mix Length Height Width

1 40 20 10

2 40 20 10

3 40 20 10

Table 4.2 shows the size of concrete hollow block which has the same length, height and width

Table 4.3 Physical Properties of CHB

Property Commercial CHB CHB with scallop shell

Color Gray Gray

Texture Rough Rough

Size 101.6 x 203.2 x 406.4 mm 101.6 x 203.2 x 406.4 mm

Area 20,645.12 mm2 20,645.12 mm2

Table 4.3 shows the physical properties of commercial CHB and CHB with scallop shell. The
color is simply observed through visual inspection. The color of both CHB are gray. The texture of both
specimens are absolutely rough, they are the same with this property. Both CHB has a dimension of
101.6 x 203.2 x 406.4 mm. It is commonly used a material for construction purposes such as wall panels
and partitions. Moreover, both CHB has an area of 20 645.12 mm2

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Table 4.4. Mix Design on each CHB

Table 4.4 shows the mix design in hollow blocks. The weight of the cement is 1.4 kg, whereas
6.8 kg for the sand, 0.84kg of the water. The weight for specimen with 11% scallop shells is 0.150kg,
whereas 0.320kg for the specimen with 23% scallop shells and 0.400kg of the specimen with 29%
scallop shells

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Table 4.5 Weight of Hollow blocks per each sample specimen

Hollow Block Curing Period (days) Total (W)

7

Trial 1 2 3

Weight KG KG KG KG
8.3 9.1 8.6 8.67
Control sample
9.2 8.6 9.3 8.93
Specimen with 11% Scallop shells
9.3 10 10 9.76
Specimen with 23% Scallop shells
9.2 9.9 10.3 9.8
Specimen with 29% Scallop shells

Table 4.5 show the weight of hollow blocks of each sample specimen. The total weight for the
control sample is 8.67 kg. The total weight for the specimen with 10% scallop shells is 8.93 kg, for the
specimen with 20% scallop shells is 9.76 kg, for the specimen with 30% scallop shells is 9.8 kg.

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Table 4.6 Load of each commercial CHB and CHB with scallop shell

7th day Curing

Load in KN

Specimen Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Total

27.05 30.14 48.31 35.17
Control
Specimen with 32.54 43.11 42.53 39.39
11% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 66.90 70.38 58.49 65.26
23% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 55.53 53.17 62.43 57.04
29 % Scallop
shells
Table 4.6 Shows the average of load gathered from control sample and different percentage of
scallops shell conducted on the 7th day curing. The total average load obtained for the control sample is
35.17, whereas 39.9 for the 10% of scallop shell is, 65.26 for the 20% scallop shell and 57.04 for the 30
% scallop shell.

Table 4.7 Compressive strength test of commercial CHB and CHB with scallop shell
7th
day Curing
Compressive Strength in Mpa

Specimen Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Total

1.31 1.46 2.34 1.70

Control

Specimen with 1.58 2.09 2.05 1.91

11% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 3.24 3.42 2.83 3.10
23% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 2.69 2.58 3.02 2.76
29% Scallop
shells

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Table 4.7 shows the average of compressive strength gathered from control sample and different
percentage of scallops shell conducted on the 7th day curing. The total average compressive strength
obtained for the control sample is 1.70, whereas 1.91 for the 11% of scallop shell is, 3.10 for the 23%
scallop shell and 2.76 for the 29% of scallop shell.

Table 4.8 Weight of Hollow blocks per each sample specimen

Curing Period (days)
Hollow Block 14 Total (W)

Trial 1 2 3

Weight KG KG KG KG
8 8.5 8.9 8.47
Control sample
8.8 9.7 9.2 9.23
Specimen with 11% Scallop shells
9.0 9.5 9.8 9.43
Specimen with 23% Scallop shells
9.2 9.6 10.1 9.63
Specimen with 29% Scallop shells

Table 4.8 show the weight of hollow blocks of each sample specimen. The total weight for the
control sample is 8.47 kg. The total weight for the specimen with 11% scallop shells is 9.23 kg, for the
specimen with 23% scallop shells is 9.43 kg, for the specimen with 29% scallop shells is 9.63 kg.

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Table 4.9 Load of each commercial CHB and CHB with scallop shell
14th
day Curing
Load in KN

Specimen Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Total

27.27 40.35 42.63 36.75

Control

Specimen with 63.44 66.06 66.59 65.36

11% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 64.53 66.25 68.63 66.47
23% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 66.18 67.24 68.85 67.15
29% Scallop
shells
Table 4.9 Shows the average of load gathered from control sample and different percentage of
scallops shell conducted on the 14th day curing. The total average load obtained for the control sample is
36.75, whereas 65.36 for the 11% of scallop shell is, 66.47 for the 23% scallop shell and 67.15 for the
29% scallop shell.

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Table 4.10 Compressive strength test of commercial CHB and CHB with scallop shell
14th
day Curing
Compressive Strength in Mpa

Specimen Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Total

1.32 2.03 2.05 1.8

Control

Specimen with 3.07 3.20 3.23 3.17

11% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 3.10 3.25 3.47 3.27
23% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 3.17 3.30 3.42 3.30
29% Scallop
shells
Table 4.10 shows the average of compressive strength gathered from control sample and
different percentage of scallops shell conducted on the 14th day curing. The total average compressive
strength obtained for the control sample is 1.80, whereas 3.17 for the 11% of scallop shell is, 3.27 for the
23% scallop shell and 3.30 for the 29% of scallop shell.

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Table 4.11 Weight of Hollow blocks per each sample specimen

Curing Period (days)

Hollow Block 28 Total (W)

Trial 1 2 3

Weight KG KG KG KG
8.4 8..9 9.0 8.83
Control sample
9.9 9.3 9.7 9.63
Specimen with 11% Scallop shells
9.4 9.2 10.5 9.7
Specimen with 23% Scallop shells
10 10.2 10.2 10.33
Specimen with 29% Scallop shells

Table 4.11 shows the weight of hollow blocks of each sample specimen. The total weight for the
control sample is 8.83 kg. The total weight for the specimen with 11% scallop shells is 9.63 kg, for the
specimen with 23% scallop shells is 9.7 kg, for the specimen with 29% scallop shells is 10.33 kg.
Table 4.12 Load of each commercial CHB and CHB with scallop shell
28th
day Curing
Load in KN

Specimen Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Total

43.43 64.72 66.14 64.43

Control

Specimen with 79.81 84.38 89.44 84.54

11% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 60.63 85.22 117.49 87.78
23% Scallop
shells
Specimen with 60.55 95.63 103.90 86.69
29% Scallop
shells

Table 4.12 shows the average of load gathered from control sample and different percentage of
scallops shell conducted on the 28th day curing. The total average load obtained for the control sample is
64.43, whereas 84.54 for the 11% of scallop shell is, 87.78 for the 23% scallop shell and 86.69 for the
29% of scallop shell.

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Table 4.13 Compressive strength test of commercial CHB and CHB with scallop shell
28th day Curing

Compressive Strength in Mpa

Specimen Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Total

2.0 3.15 3.23 2.80

Control

Specimen with 3.87 4.09 4.33 4.09

11% Scallop
shells

Specimen with 2.94 4.13 5.69 4.25

23% Scallop
shells

Specimen with 2.95 4.63 5.03 4.20

29% Scallop
shells

Table 4.13 shows the average of compressive strength gathered from control sample and
different percentage of scallops shell conducted on the 28th day curing. The total average compressive
strength obtained for the control sample is 2.80, whereas 4.09 for the 11% of scallop shell, 4.25 for the
23% scallop shell and 4.20 for the 29% of scallop shell.

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Chapter V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

Observation

The admixtures used in concrete hollow blocks are in the percentages of 11%, 23% and 29%.
The researcher observed that the compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks increases for every
percentage additive used.

Conclusion

Scallops are a cosmopolitan family of bivalves which are found in all of the world’s oceans,
although never in freshwater. Pulverized Scallop shell was estimated in vitro and in vivo. The scallop
shell consisted of 98% calcium carbonate and 2% organic compounds.
The findings from this study led the researchers to draw a number of conclusions pertaining to the
properties of both CHB and to improve the compressive strength of CHB with an admixture of
pulverized scallop shell. This study concluded that the color of both CHB are gray. The texture of both
specimens are absolutely rough, they are the same with this property. Both CHB has a dimension of
101.6 x 203.2 x 406.4 mm. It is commonly used a material for construction purposes such as wall panels
and partitions. Moreover, both CHB has an area of 20 645.12 mm2. The hollow blocks that are made
with scallop shells have higher compressive strength than the commercial hollow blocks. The
appropriate mix design of hollow blocks with scallop shells which is 1:2:4. This is the appropriate
design that will make the best hollow blocks with scallop shell with a high compressive strength. The
researchers concluded that the 11%, 23% and 29% admixture of pulverized scallop shell have improved
the compressive strength of the concrete hollow blocks but the 23% of admixture gives the most
promising results making it better than the control sample.
Recommendation

Based on the results gathered and conclusions drawn, some recommendations are considered
needed to further determine the improvement of compressive strength of hollow blocks using pulverized
scallop shell as admixture:

The researchers would like to recommend:

 Planning ahead of time is recommended for the next batch of researchers for collecting an
amount of scallop shells poses to be an easy task but in reality, it is rather a tedious act.
Additionally, the testing laboratory is highly recommended for testing various quantities,
qualities and compositions such as, in this experiment case, ultimate load and compressive
strength. However, planning the tests ahead of the schedule would be, also highly
recommended due to the fact that the other students will also conduct and test their hollow
blocks. Proper mixing of the materials and molding of the mixture are needed to prevent
having holes inside the blocks
 In making the hollow blocks, make sure that you bought the right materials and
follow the appropriate mix design intended and after making the hollow blocks
make sure to place the hollow blocks in the place where they will not be destructed.

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 If making the hollow blocks can’t be finished in one day make sure that the
materials that are left are properly kept specially the cement so that you can use it
again the next day.
 In pulverizing the scallop shells, make sure you sun dry first the shell for about half
a day before thoroughly pulverizing it.
 For curing the hollow blocks make sure that you will not miss even a day in
watering them until the day the reach their maximum strength.
 For the compressive test, make sure you ask the instructor’s assistance before
you use the UTM so that you won’t have any trouble in using the machine.

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Section: CE41FA2
Date Performed: January 14 – February 23, 2018 Date Submitted: March 5, 2018
Instructor: Engr. Ariel B. Morales

Resources/Instruments Required:
• Pulverized scallop shells (using • Basin/ Container
mortar and pestle)
• Hammer
• Cement
• Trowels
• Sand
• Mortar and Pestle
• Water
• Digital weighing scale
• 4 x 8 x 16 Molder

Procedures:
Mixing, Curing and Testing:

 Thoroughly mix sand, water and cement together with admixture of pulverized scallop shells
as indicated percentage.
 Add enough amount of water and mix them together with the shovels.
 Undergone slump test
 Prepare the moulders
 Pour the concrete mixture into the moulders.
 Use tamping rod to avoid voids
 After one day, remove the concrete mixture from the form.
 Sprinkle water to the concrete every day.
 Prepare the specimen for testing
 Conduct test every, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing
 Set up the UTM in compression and put the specimen on the machine and start to test.
Record the resulting data of all the tests.
ASTM C-140 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and
Related Units

Procedure of Compressive Strength Test According to ASTM C-140

1. Position of Specimens—Test specimens with the centroid of their bearing surfaces aligned
vertically with the center of thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of the testing
machine Except for special units intended for use with their cores in a horizontal direction, test
all hollow concrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction. Test masonry units that
are 100 % solid and special hollow units intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontal

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 Constructional Materials and Testing 2017
direction in the same direction as in service. Prior to testing each unit, ensure that the upper
platen moves freely within its spherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing.

2. Moisture Condition of Specimens— At the time the specimens are tested, they shall be free of
visible moisture or dampness.

3. Speed of Testing—Apply the load (up to one half of the expected maximum load) at any
convenient rate, after which adjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniform rate
of travel of the moving head such that the remaining load is applied in not less than 1 nor more
than 2 min.

4. Maximum Load—Record the maximum compressive load in pounds (newtons) as Pmax.

Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of the concrete hollow block mixture specimen will be determine
using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Compressive Strength is the capacity of a material or
structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size.

Observations:
The admixtures used in concrete hollow blocks are in the percentages of 11%, 23% and 29%.
The researcher observed that the compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks increases for every
percentage additive used.

Conclusion:
Scallops are a cosmopolitan family of bivalves which are found in all of the world’s oceans,
although never in freshwater. Pulverized Scallop shell was estimated in vitro and in vivo. The scallop
shell consisted of 98% calcium carbonate and 2% organic compounds.

The findings from this study led the researchers to draw a number of conclusions pertaining to
the properties of both CHB and to improve the compressive strength of CHB with an admixture of
pulverized scallop shell. This study concluded that the color of both CHB are gray. The texture of
both specimens are absolutely rough, they are the same with this property. Both CHB has a dimension
of 101.6 x 203.2 x 406.4 mm. It is commonly used a material for construction purposes such as wall
panels and partitions. Moreover, both CHB has an area of 20 645.12 mm2. The hollow blocks that are
made with scallop shells have higher compressive strength than the commercial hollow blocks. The
appropriate mix design of hollow blocks with scallop shells which is 1:2:4. This is the appropriate
design that will make the best hollow blocks with scallop shell with a high compressive strength. The
researchers concluded that the 11%, 23% and 29% admixture of pulverized scallop shell have

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improved the compressive strength of the concrete hollow blocks but the 23% of admixture gives the
most promising results making it better than the control sample.

Recommendation:
Based on the results gathered and conclusions drawn, some recommendations are considered
needed to further determine the improvement of compressive strength of hollow blocks using pulverized
scallop shell as admixture:

The researchers would like to recommend:

 Planning ahead of time is recommended for the next batch of researchers for collecting an
amount of scallop shells poses to be an easy task but in reality, it is rather a tedious act.
Additionally, the testing laboratory is highly recommended for testing various quantities,
qualities and compositions such as, in this experiment case, ultimate load and compressive
strength. However, planning the tests ahead of the schedule would be, also highly
recommended due to the fact that the other students will also conduct and test their hollow
blocks. Proper mixing of the materials and molding of the mixture are needed to prevent
having holes inside the blocks
 In making the hollow blocks, make sure that you bought the right materials and
follow the appropriate mix design intended and after making the hollow blocks
make sure to place the hollow blocks in the place where they will not be destructed.
 If making the hollow blocks can’t be finished in one day make sure that the
materials that are left are properly kept specially the cement so that you can use it
again the next day.
 In pulverizing the scallop shells, make sure you sun dry first the shell for about half
a day before thoroughly pulverizing it.
 For curing the hollow blocks make sure that you will not miss even a day in
watering them until the day the reach their maximum strength.
 For the compressive test, make sure you ask the instructor’s assistance before
you use the UTM so that you won’t have any trouble in using the machine.

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Documentation:

Washed scallop shell Dried scallop shell

Pulverizing the scallop shell using Pulverized the scallop shell

hammer

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Sand

Cement

Pulverized scallop shell

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Water

Mixing sand, cement, pulverized scallop shell and water

Molding

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CHB with pulverized scallop shell

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Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Before After

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Reference

Hollow Blocks Out from Various Shells-

http://www.academia.edu/31118167/Hollow_Blocks_Out_from_Various_Shells

Feasibility of Mussel Shells in Making Hollow Blocks -

https://www.scribd.com/document/324683712/Feasibility-of-Mussel-Shells-in-Making-Hollow-Blocks

Scallops - https://www.scribd.com/document/324683712/Feasibility-of-Mussel-Shells-in-Making

Hollow-Blocks - Cemmlab.webhost.uic.edu/Experiment 7-Atterberg Limits.pd

To increase the Strength of Concrete by Adding Seashell as Admixture, Retrieved October 13, 2016 -
http://www.isrjournals.org/journals/civil_environmental_journals/ toincreasethestrengthof
concretebyaddingseashelladmixtures1459940188.pdf

Feasibility of Pulvurized Oyster Shell as a Cementing Material, Retrieved October 10, 2016 from

-http://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2013/809247/

“A study on the use of lahar as fine aggregates in the Manufacture of Hollow Blocks”. Dela Salle
University.

Strength Properties of concrete hollow Blocks with Bagasse Fiber”. Dela Salle University. Ferrer,
Jonathan, Fuentes, Christopher John and Yu, Paul Joshua. (2010).

Feasibility of Using Sea Shells Ash as Admixtures for Concrete. Retrieved October 14 2016-
https://www.scribd.com/document/207642665/

Crushed Coconut Shells as concrete Mixture Additive. Retrieved October 10, 2016,from
http//ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7238

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