International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), February 16-18, 2017, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

A Quasi-Elliptic Low Pass Filter Based on

Complementary Split Ring Resonator With Sharp
Selectivity and Wide Stopband
Shakhawat Parvez, 1,* Nazmus Sakib, 2, # Md. Nurunnabi Mollah 1
1
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
2
Klingler College of Arts & Sciences, Marquette University
WI 53233, USA
*
shakhawat_parvez@yahoo.com,# nazmus.sakib@marquette.edu
Abstract— This Paper illustrates the low pass filter (LPF) these unwanted spurious transmission band has been a subject
topology based on complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) of concern for filter designers. Some techniques including the
with added slot. The introduction of a slot structure in the CSRR use of quarter wavelength open-circuit stubs, half wavelength
can not only reduce the group velocity of the transmission but also short-circuit stub, cascaded LC resonators and high-low
decrease the inductive reactance which results in compactness of impedance line filters. Instead, these novel techniques have
the device by providing the transmission zero after resonance. introduced limitations on the device namely, significant insertion
Therefore, quasi-elliptic function and extension of the rejection loss, narrow stopband and increase in the device area. Based on
band has been established. In other words, this LPF exhibits
the concept of electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBGs) [3],
significant improvement on rejection bandwidth, selectivity and
return loss (RL) in the passband. Besides, with electrical length for many studies have been done on wide variety of microwave
the ring is o.11Ȝg (single cell), the device characterizes by pointing circuits. Apart from this adaptability, by integrating EBGs in the
out the capability of the approach with rejection levels of 13-dB microwave circuits active region, also avoids the need of
over 50% of the stopband and selectivity of about 142 dB/GHz. The cascading additional LC resonators for harmonics suppression.
group delay is within 0.20 ns over 75% of frequency of interest. Well However, to achieve significant isolation bandwidths several
agreement between theoretical and simulated data are stages of EBGs (usually three to ten) [4] – [9] are required while
accomplished. the rate of roll off function [5], [6], [10] depends on their
periodicity between stages (Bragg effect) [11]. Moreover,
Keywords— Microstrip; Complementary Split Ring Resonator applying Bragg’s formulas not only increase the total size of
(CSRR); Low Pass Filter (LPF); Transmission Zeros; Quasi-Elliptic the device for certain applications, but also it is hard to concise
Function; Defected Ground Structure (DGS); Electromagnetic periodicity of the elements [12]. Besides, EBGs have been
Band Gap (EBG); Metamaterial.
successfully employed to the suppression of multiple spurious
I. INTRODUCTION bands in microstrip bandpass filter [13]. Similar to the author’s
at
Realization of the well-known, very small magnetic proposition of second and third harmonics suppression
resonators namely split ring resonators [1] in the field of left coupled-line bandpass filter above 38-dB up to 3fo [14] – [17]. As
handed medium anticipated in late 1960 [2] has been possible. mentioned above, due to this left handed properties split ring
This small particles wield a strong diamagnetic behaviour resonator (SRR) and complementary split ring resonator (CSRR)
above the normal resonant frequency, which opened a way of with negative permittivity (İ) and permeability (ȝ) at resonant
designing other small resonant particles in RF circuits. In frequency behaves as effective medium. Nevertheless, some
microwave an RF devices, presence of spurious transmission or techniques have been employed with both SRR and CSRR
bands is a basic limitation of stepped impedance resonators which reported in [18] – [21]. This designs are not only compact
realization. These unwanted transmission frequency bands can in size but also yields sharper cut-off. Still, the performance of
not only reduce the performance but also obstacle the stopband bandwidth on these devices are narrow and need
transmission path in certain applications which requires wide more SRR, CSRR to improve the overall rejection performance.
rejection bandwidth. However, the first harmonic appears at In this paper, a new complementary split ring resonator with
frequency relatively close to the frequency region of added slot for improved selectivity and rejection bandwidth with
significance. For instance, the first spurious transmission band low pass performance has been proposed and demonstrated.
appears at the twice of the central frequency (2fo) and Furthermore, this new CSRR not only have broaden rejection
consequently different phase velocities are supported by the bandwidth but also the compactness of the device is maintained.
coupled-line sections. In addition, an unwanted band is also This new CSRR has some important features which are:
present at the third harmonics of the central frequency (3fo) of • It yields a quasi-elliptic function at stopband.
the quarter (Ȝg/4) wavelength short circuited stub bandpass filter. • Improved return loss (RL) in the passband.
Finally, in case of stepped impedance low pass filter, the • The device architecture is simple.
stopband has been restricted by the spurious transmission band.
In brief, these statements explain clearly that the isolation of

978-1-5090-5627-9/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

504
 Rout R12

D1
G1
(a)

D2 Fig. 2: Simulated transmission responses of the conventional 1-stage

complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) LPF.

(b)
Fig. 1: Basic topology of the CSRR; (a) Detailed layout of conventional CSRR,
where, Rout = 5.60 mm, R12 = 1.30 mm, D1 = 1.20 mm and G1 = 0.80 mm; (b)
Layout of 900 rotated CSRR (with respect to symmetric plane) (900 R-CSRR),
where, D2 = 0.75 mm (other dimensions are same as previous one). Dotted line
indicates the symmetric plane.

In Section-ǿǿ, the analysis of different CSRR prototypes and

their simulated frequency responses will be presented.
Section-III deals with the layout and performance comparison
followed by Section-II. Finally, the conclusion of this study
will be featured in Section-ǿV.

II. STRUCTURES BASED ON HALF-WAVELENGTH

RESONATORS

Considering, the half-wavelength resonators namely, CSRR

which have been introduced by Garcia-Garcia et al. [19].
Moreover, Fig. 1(a) and 1(b) exhibit the basic topology of the
prototype CSRR. Their resonance frequency depends on the
perimeter of the ring i.e. inductance and capacitance per unit
length of the ring resonator. In terms of dimensions, the layout
of two resonators are identical. As depicted in Fig 1(b), CSRR
is the 900 rotated version of both rings in the clockwise direction Fig. 3: Simulated transmission responses of the conventional 1-stage 900 rotated
with respect to symmetric plane of CSRR presented in Fig. 1(a). complementary split ring resonator (900 R-CSRR) LPF.
Besides, the 50-ȍ transmission line is used as host transmission
line which is illustrated as metal strip on the conductor plane. 2.30 to 6 GHz with rejection level is lower than 6 dB which is
The frequency response for CSRR in Fig 1(a) is shown in Fig. not efficient performance. The maximum group delay is 0.80 ns.
2. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the insertion loss is less than 0.30 dB It has a variation within 0.30 ns, from 2.60 to 7.30 GHz over
and return loss is better than 13 dB in the passband. Besides, the 94% of the stopband. As shown in Fig. 3, the 900-rotated CSRR
3-dB cut off occurs at 2 GHz and sharp selectivity of 94.45 has almost same performance as in Fig. 2.
dB/GHz. Furthermore, in the stopband the rejection band is

505
 R34 R45
Rin
R2out

W1 L1
G3
G2
D3 D4
Fig. 4: Detailed layout of conventional double split CSRR (D-CSRR), where, Fig. 6: Detailed layout of the single stage slotted CSRR low pass filter. The
Rin = 4.50 mm, R34 = 1.30 mm, D3 = 1.25 mm and G2 = 0.70 mm. dimensions of the 1-stage are R2out = 4.00 mm, R45 = 1.15 mm, D4 = 1.10 mm,
W1 = 0.45 mm, L1 = 5.00 mm and G3 = 0.70 mm.

Fig. 5: Simulated frequency responses of the conventional 1-stage double split

complementary split ring resonator (D-CSRR) LPF. Fig. 7: Fluctuation of the transmission responses of the proposed slotted 1-stage
complementary split ring resonator (Slotted-CSRR) LPF on ARLON AD300A
substrate.

However, the selectivity is 100 dB/GHz which is sharper than

As illustrated in Fig. 5, the return loss is better than 13 dB and
Fig. 2, while the other dimensions remain same. The 900- rotated
insertion loss is less than 0.30 dB at passband. Also, the 3- dB
CSRR has only magnetic excitation and no current on the 50-ȍ
cut off frequency occurs at 3.90 GHz with a selectivity of
transmission line isn’t being inhibited by the structure at the side.
15.55 dB/GHz. The maximum group delay is 2.60 ns. Moreover,
In case of Fig. 1(a), the scenario was exactly opposite. As the
it is better than 0.40 ns over the entire stopband. The stopband
inductive reactance is getting bigger for 900- rotated CSRR, the
performance of D-CSRR is better than other two CSRR, except
selectivity has sharpened. However, the performance on the
the selectivity is very poor. In other words, D-CSRR has more
rejection bandwidth is extremely poor.
cross-polarizability than other two, which increases the
To improve the rejection bandwidth another type of CSRR
effective capacitance. As a result, stopband performance is
has been introduced by [19] namely, double slit CSRR [D-
more like typical low pass filter with compact circuit size. On the
CSRR]. The layout is shown in Fig. 4 with all relevant
whole, there is a trade-off between these structures about low
dimensions. Moreover, the frequency responses for single cell
pass performances. An approach to eradicate this trade-off will
D-CSRR inscribed on the bottom plane of the host 50-ȍ
be discussed in the Section-III with single resonant CSRR.
microstrip transmission line is exhibited in Fig. 5.

506
Fig. 8: Comparative simulated transmission (S21) for low pass responses of all
the CSRR configurations on ARLON AD300A substrate.
III. LOW PASS PERFORMANCE BASED ON SLOTTED
COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONATOR
In this section to validate the author’s proposition, a slotted
complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is inscribed on the
back side of the 50-ȍ transmission line, to observe its low pass
performance with sharp roll off function and wide rejection
band. All the CSRR structures on this letter have been
investigated on ARLON AD300A substrate with relative
dielectric constant İr = 3.00, thickness, h = 0.762 mm (i.e. 30
mil) and loss tangent, tanį = 0.0020. The substrate board is
relatively thin and hence magnetic coupling between 50-ȍ
transmission line and slotted ring resonator has strengthened.
The simulations are performed by ANSYS Electromagnetics
Suite 16.0.
The layout of the proposed slotted CSRR is illustrated in Fig.
6 with all relative dimensions. The simulated frequency
response (S11 and S21) of slotted CSRR are depicted in Fig. 7.
As illustrated in Fig. 7, the insertion loss is less than 0.40 dB
and return loss is better than 10 dB in the passband.
Furthermore, the 3-dB cut off occurs at 3.70 GHz with a skirt
selectivity of 141.67 dB/GHz, which is higher than CSRR
introduced in [19]. Besides, two transmission zero appears at the
rejection band which is at 3.85 GHz and 5 GHz respectively. This
transmission zeros justify the quasi-elliptic characteristics of
this slotted CSRR. Moreover, the rejection level of 20-dB is
maintained up to 1.67 GHz and rejection level of 13-dB is
maintained from 3.80 GHz to 7.20 GHz, about 3.40 GHz. With
such small device area is maintained, the rejection level is quite
significant in comparison with other two CSRR, namely CSRR
and D-CSRR.
507
Fig. 9: Comparative simulated group velocity responses for four different CSRR
configurations. All the structures are designed on ARLON AD300A substrate.
As illustrated in Fig. 9, the maximum group delay is 2.75 ns
and it also explains the quasi-elliptic characteristics by forming
two signal peaks. It has a variation within 0.15 ns, over the 79%
of total frequency of interest from DC to 10 GHz. As the
inductive reactance is increasing at the slit of the smaller rings,
so as to surface current density. Therefore, the device provides
a very sharp transition at the cut off frequency. Moreover, by
adding the slot in between the rings, also strengthens the electric
coupling on the CSRR. Thus, an improved wide rejection band
can be established.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In brief, a new approach in designing complementary split
ring resonator for the enhancement of rejection band with quasi-
elliptic function by controlling their transmission zeros in the
vicinity of resonance has been demonstrated. This paper has
shown that adding slot in the CSRR improve the surface current
density with decrease in the inductive reactance while the
effective capacitance remain same. However, more inductive
reactance yield more surface current and hence, the magnetic
coupling between 50-ȍ transmission line and slotted CSRR has
become strengthened. The orientation of slotted CSRR have
more improved rejection band performance than any other
configuration. Moreover, rejection levels of this new approach
is about 13-dB, which has been maintained over 55% of the
entire rejection band and also widened by 11% of D-CSRR and
95% of the conventional CSRR configuration. Nevertheless,
the group velocity of signals are within 0.20 ns which leads to

effective miniaturization of the device. Thus, this configuration and overview," in Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 15, no. 8, pp.
can be applied to other passive and active devices of 1263-1276, Aug. 1997. doi: 10.1109/50.618320
RF/microwave circuits. Good agreement between theoretical [12] M. A. G. Laso, T. Lopetegi, M. J. Erro, D. Benito, M. J. Garde, M.
and simulated data were confirmed in both the stopband. Sorolla,
REFERENCES
[1] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism
from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," in IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 11, pp.
2075-2084, Nov 1999. doi: 10.1109/22.798002
[2] V G Veselago, "The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously
negative values of İ and ȝ,” SOV PHYS USPEKHI, 1968, 10 (4), 509–
514.
[3] E. Yablonovitch, “ Photonic bandgap structures,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B.
Opt. Phys., vol. 10, pp. 383-385, Oct. 2002.
[4] J.S. Hong, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications, Wiley,
New York, 2011.
[5] N. C. Karmakar and M. N. Mollah, "Investigations into nonuniform
photonic-bandgap microstripline low-pass filters," in IEEE Transactions
on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 564-572, Feb.
2003. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2002.807817
[6] S. Parvez, N. Sakib and N. Mollah, "Dumbbell annular ring with circular
patterned microstrip low-pass filter with higher selectivity, wider
stopband and lower insertion loss," Electrical Information and
Communication Technology (EICT), 2015 2nd International Conference
on, Khulna, 2015, pp. 373-377. doi: 10.1109/EICT.2015.7391979
[7] S. Parvez, N. Sakib and M. N. Mollah, "Demonstration on performance
characteristics of microstrip low-pass filter for various substrates
employing Tschebycheff distribution," 2015 International Conference
on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Dhaka, Bangladesh,
2015, pp. 125-128. doi: 10.1109/ICAEE.2015.7506812
[8] S. Parvez, N. Sakib and M. N. Mollah, "Determination of appropriate
substrate for microstrip low-pass filter employing square designed
Tschebycheff distribution," 2015 18th International Conference on
Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), Dhaka, 2015, pp. 554-
559. doi: 10.1109/ICCITechn.2015.7488133
[9] S. Parvez, N. Sakib and M. N. Mollah, " Chebyshev Type-I Low Pass
Filter Using Annular Ring Resonator: A Comparative Performance
Analysis For Different Substrates," in press, 2016 9th International
Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), Dhaka,
2016.
[10] S. Parvez, N. Sakib, M. N. Mollah and M. A. Rashid, "Uniform high-Q
factored 3:9 annular ring resonator in coupled-line bandpass filter:
Design and applications," 2016 5th International Conference on
Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), Dhaka, 2016, pp. 1078-
1082. doi: 10.1109/ICIEV.2016.7760164
508
[11] K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, "Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals
"Novel wide-band photonic bandgap microstrip
structures", Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 24, pp. 357-360, Mar.
2000.
[13] T. Lopetegi et al., "Microstrip "wiggly-line" bandpass filters with
multispurious rejection," in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components
Letters, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 531-533, Nov. 2004. doi:
10.1109/LMWC.2004.837062
[14] M.N. Mollah, N.C. Karmakar, J.S. Fu, “Uniform circular photonic
bandgap structures (PBGs) for harmonic suppression of a bandpass filter,”
in Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEU), vol. 62, pp. 717-724, 2008.
[15] S. Parvez, N. Sakib and N. Mollah, "The 1x1 annular ring: Bandwidth
enhancement of microstrip asymmetric couple-line bandpass filter with
superior matching and lower insertion loss," Electrical Information and
Communication Technology (EICT), 2015 2nd International Conference
on, Khulna, 2015, pp. 368-372. doi: 10.1109/EICT.2015.7391978
[16] S. Parvez, N. Sakib and M. N. Mollah, "Advanced investigation on EBG
structures: A critical analysis to optimize the performance of asymmetric
couple-line bandpass filter," 2015 International Conference on
Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology
(ICEEICT),Dhaka,2015,pp.1-6.doi: 10.1109/ICEEICT.2015.7307533
[17] S. Parvez, N. Sakib and M. N. Mollah, "Investigation on EBG structures:
A critical analysis to optimize the performance of asymmetric couple-
line bandpass filter," The 8th International Conference on Software,
Knowledge, Information Management and Applications (SKIMA 2014),
Dhaka,2014,pp.1-7.doi: 10.1109/SKIMA.2014.7083529
[18] J. Baena, R. Marqués, F. Medina, J. Martel, "Artificial magnetic
metamaterial design by using spiral resonators", Phys. Rev. B Condens.
Matter, vol. 69, pp. 14 402-14 402, Jan. 2004.
[19] J. Garcia-Garcia et al., "Spurious passband suppression in microstrip
coupled line band pass filters by means of split ring resonators," in IEEE
Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 416-
418, Sept. 2004. doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2004.832066
[20] D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, S. Schultz,
"Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and
permittivity", Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, pp. 4184-4187, May 2000.
[21] Y. D. Dong, T. Yang and T. Itoh, "Substrate Integrated Waveguide
Loaded by Complementary Split-Ring Resonators and Its Applications
to Miniaturized Waveguide Filters," in IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 2211-2223, Sept.
2009. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2009.2027156