CELL, NERVE & MUSCLE

PHYSIOLOGY

Felipe C. Barbon, M.D.

Regulating systems

Nervous system

Endocrine system
Cell Adhesion Molecules

Receptors
Regulation of nutrient
and water intake
Secretion and protection

L
A
T
Zonula occludens E
R
A
L
Cell contact
Zonula
adherens Cell adhesion

Communication

Cell-substratum contact
Generation of ion gradients Hemidesmosomes & focal adhesions
Hydrophilic
Lipophobic

Lipophilic
Hydrophobic
Lipophilic

Hydrophilic
Lipophobic
Semi-permeable/selectively permeable membrane
Functions of the cell membrane:
 Maintains the composition of ICF & ECF
 Regulates cellular transport
 Site of signal transduction
 Acts as an anchor for structural proteins
providing cellular stability
Composition of the cell membrane:

 Lipids = 50-60%

 Proteins = 40-50%

 Carbohydrates
Composition:
 A. LIPIDS (50-6O%)
* Phospholipids = phosphatidylcholine,
phosphatidylserine,
phosphatidylethonolamine,
phosphatidylinositol
* Cholesterol = “moderator molecule”
- provides mechanical stability as well as
flexibility
- makes the membrane less permeable to
water
- prevents lipid crystallization
* Glycolipids
Composition:
 B. PROTEINS (40-5O%)
Integral proteins / transmembrane proteins
- amphipathic
Peripheral proteins
 Functions:
- Act as channels/carriers
- Cell identity markers (antigens)
- Receptors (hormones/NTA)
- Source of enzymes
- Skeletal framework
- Stability
Composition:
 C. CARBOHYDRATES

 Glycolipids/Glycoproteins
mostly present on the extracellular surface

 Functions:
– Cell identity marker
– Cell communication
– Act as channels
IONS K+, Cl-
Cell Membrane Transport
 Passive Transport
 Active Transport
 Differences between:

Passive transport
 Along a gradient
 “Downhill”
 No ATP consumption
 Usually no “carrier”
 Glycoprotein channels
 No inhibition
 Equilibrium
 Bidirectional transport
 Hydrophilic  CHON
channels (gated/non-gated)
 Living/Non-living cells
 Water  CHON channels
 “Carrier”  facilitated
diffusion
 Lipophilic  lipid bilayer

Active transport
 Against a gradient
 “Uphill” (pump)
 ATP utilization (mitochondria)
 Always involves “carrier”
 Glycoprotein channels
 Undergoes inhibition
 Saturation
 Unidirectional
 Hydrophilic  CHON
channels (transporters)
 Living cells
 Active transport
Passive transport
Passive transport Active transport
 Factors affecting transport:
 Nature of the substance
 Size (molecular weight) of substance
 Membrane thickness
 Area for transport
 Presence of pores/channels (size & numbers)
 Electrical charge
 Solubility
 Energy gradient
 Membrane Transport Processes

Passive transport
Active transport

 Osmosis  Carrier mediated

 Diffusion – Uniport (Primary)
– Simple – Symport (Secondary)
– Facilitated – Antiport (Primary)
 Filtration  Transcytosis
 Bulk flow  Pinocytosis
 Solvent drag  Phagocytosis
(Semipermeable membrane)
(Semipermeable membrane)
Greater Lesser
Lesser Greater

Carrier protein
Uniport Symport Antiport
Three simple steps:
 Association - binding
 Translocation
 Dissociation - releasing
Antiport – exchange transport

2 K+

3 Na+
Symport – co-transport

+
+

+
Channel mediated
Properties of Channels:
 Selectivity – pore size & electrical charge
 Gating property – regulation/control
– Classification:
- Voltage gated
- Ligand gated
- Mechanically gated
- G-protein mediated
 Continuously open (partial or complete)
– Called passive or leaky channels
(Leaky) (Voltage) (Ligand)
Bulk transport
 Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
 Exocytosis (Emeiocytosis)
 Transcytosis
- Involves endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis
 Involves a “docking” process wherein there
is binding with a specific membrane protein
(receptor)  forming a vesicle in the cell
membrane coated by clathrin.
 Allows the cell to absorb or take in
substances
Two pathways (endocytosis)

 Fluid phase – non-specific transport

 Receptor mediated (adsorptive

endocytosis)
– Specific transport using a chemical agent
(ligand) that will initiate the transport.
Exocytosis
 Similar to endocytosis but it is transporting
substances out of the cell

 Explains the ability of cells to secrete or

excrete substances
Two pathways (exocytosis)
 Constitutive pathway – continuous partially
regulated pathway

 Non-constitutive pathway – fully regulated

pathway using a ligand that will initiate the
transport
Cell surface (membrane) receptors
 Ion channel linked
 Cytokine linked
 Catalytic linked (receptor tyrosine kinase)
 G-protein linked
– Adenyl cyclase (cAMP)
– Phospholipase A2 Second
messengers
– Transducin pathway
– Phospholipase C (IP3)
– Can also activate ion channels
 Intracellular receptors
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 When a ligand is present in excess , the
number of active receptors generally
decreases  down-regulation

 When there is deficiency of a ligand, there

is an increase in the number of active
receptors  up-regulation
 Cell signaling ( communication)

 Cell to cell (Gap junctions)

 Chemical agents (synapses, endocrine,
autocrine/paracrine)
Involving chemical agents:
 Steps involved:
 Synthesis of the agent
 Release
 Transport towards target cell
 Interaction with a cellular receptor
 Change in cellular activity
 Termination of effects
Signal transduction
 Extracellular changes are transformed into
intracellular messages causing alteration in
cellular activity
 Initiated by molecules (ligands) interacting
with membrane receptors or intracellular
receptors  activating 2nd messengers 
cellular response.
Signal transduction
Classification of signaling molecules

 Small lipophilic molecules – affect

intracellular receptors
 Large lipophilic molecules – affect
membrane receptors
 Hydrophilic molecules – affect membrane
receptors
Characteristics of receptors
 Located in the cytoplasm, nucleus or cell
membrane
 Made-up mostly of proteins
 Exhibits high degree of specificity
 High affinity to a specific signaling molecule
APOPTOSIS - programmed death of a cell
 Characterized by overall compaction of a cell and
its nucleus and the orderly dissection of the
chromatin by endonucleases
 Mediated by proteolytic enzymes called caspases
 Two phases:
– Activation phase  self-destruction
– Execution phase  “eat me” markers for phagocytes
 Two distinct pathways:
– Receptor mediated pathway (TNF) - Extracellular
– Mitochondria mediated pathway - Intracellular
Membrane Potentials
 Resting membrane potential (RMP) Steady
potential or Transmembrane voltage
potential
 Action potential
 Local potential (local response)
 Distribution of ions in most
human cells

Intracellular (mM/L of water) Extracellular

Sodium 15 150
Potassium 150 5
Chloride 10 125
A- ions 100 0.2
 A resting cell membrane has:

1. Greater permeability to potassium and chloride ions

2. Lesser permeability to sodium ions
3. Not permeable to A- ions ( intracellular proteins)
Electrical activity that is
inside negative
 Na+ leaks in
K+ moves out
 Electrical activity that is
inside negative

1. Nature of the cell membrane

2. Unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane
3. Operation of the Na+-K+ pump
Outside

Inside
 E

E Closure of K+ channels & increase activity of the Na+-K+ pump

CFV
DEPOLARIZATION
Equilibrium potential
Na+ = + 50 - +60 mV

Peak
DEPOLARIZATION
DEPOLARIZATION

REPOLARIZATION
DEPOLARIZATION
 Action Potential

DEPOLARIZATION

HYPERPOLARIZATION
Increased
activity of
Na+ - K+
pump

Equilibrium potential Potassium

channels
K+ = -80 to -90 close
mV
Action Potential
Dep. Repolarization

A.
After-hyperpolarization
D.

Potassium
channels
close
 After-depolarization
–Supernormal period
–More excitable
–Negative after-potential
 After-hyperpolarization
–Subnormal period
–Less excitable
–Positive after-potential
Action Potential Local Pot.

Potassium
channels
close
CFV
 Types of Local Potentials
 Generator or Receptor potential
 Synaptic potential (EPSP / IPSP)
 End-plate potential
 Electrotonic potential
Differences between:

Action potential
 Threshold / >Threshold
 Reaches the CFL
 Higher magnitude
 Greater electrical change
 Can be transmitted
 Hypo  Depolarization
 Repolarization
 Hyperpolarization
 Refractory periods
 Leads to activity (cell)
 Follows “all or none” law
 Intensity independent
 No summation

Local potential
 Sub threshold
 Do not reach the CFL
 Lower magnitude
 Lesser electrical change
 Never transmitted
 Hypopolarizing change
 None
 None
 None
 None
 Does not follow
 Intensity dependent
 With summation
 Temporal summation
–Successive application
– Wave summation
 Spatial summation
–Simultaneous application
Stimulus intensity
 Threshold
 Subthreshold
 Rheobase

 Utilization time
 Chronaxie
 Parts of a Neuron

Dendrites
Soma
Nucleus

Axon
Axon Hillock

Axon terminal
Node of Ranvier
Node of Ranvier
Saltatory conduction
 Myelin is an insulator and current
flowing through it is negligible so
depolarization in myelinated axons jumps
from one node to the next node of Ranvier
 enhancing neural transmission or
neural conduction.
Faster transmission of impulses:
 Myelinated neurons
Large diameter neurons
Higher temperature
Neurons with lower threshold
Hypopolarized neurons
Number of Na+ channels per square
micrometer of membrane in myelinated nerves:
Cell body = 50-100
Axon hillock = 350-500 (initial generation of AP)
Surface of myelin = < 25
Node of Ranvier = 2,000 – 12,000
Axon terminal = 20 – 75

Axons of unmyelinated nerve = 110

In the PNS, produced by the Schwann cells
In the CNS, produced by the oligodendroglias
Synapse
Synapses
 Chemical
 Electrical
 Conjoint
 Axosomatic
 Axodendritic
 Axo-axonal
 Axon
Axons
Synaptic
cleft

Soma Dendrite

Axo-axonal Axodendritic

Axons

Soma

Axosomatic
Communication through dendrites
 Transmitter Molecule Derived From Site of Synthesis

Acetylcholine Choline CNS, parasympathetic nerves

Serotonin CNS, chromaffin cells of the gut, enteric

Tryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) cells

GABA Glutamate CNS

Glutamate CNS
Aspartate CNS
Glycine spinal cord
Histamine Histidine hypothalamus
Epinephrine
Tyrosine adrenal medulla, some CNS cells
synthesis pathway
Nor-epinephrine
Tyrosine CNS, sympathetic nerves
synthesis pathway
Dopamine
Tyrosine CNS
synthesis pathway
Adenosine ATP CNS, peripheral nerves
ATP sympathetic, sensory and enteric nerves
Nitric oxide, NO Arginine CNS, gastrointestinal tract
Neurotransmitter and its receptor
Transmitter Receptor
Acetylcholine Cholinergic
Nor-epinephrine Adrenergic
Dopamine Dopaminergic
GABA GABA
Serotonin Serotonergic
Adenosine Adenosine
Criteria for a NTA
 Synthesized in a neuron
 Present in the pre-synaptic nerve (stored
in vesicles = 5,000 -10,000 NTAs/vesicle)
and is release on depolarization in
physiologically significant amounts
(200 – 300 vesicles/depolarization)
 Has immediate and short-lived effects on
the post-synaptic nerve
 A mechanism exists in the neuron or
synaptic cleft for the removal or
inactivation of the NTA
Synaptic vesicle docking and fusion
in nerve endings:
Synaptic vesicle Cell membrane

Synaptobrevin (VAMP)
Syntaxin

Pre-synaptic cell
Orthodromic transmission at
synapses:
 NTAs present only in the pre-synaptic nerve
 Post-synaptic area is devoid of NTAs
 The absolute refractory period
Mechanisms of NTA deactivation:

 Reuptake
 Enzymatic deactivation
 Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
Diffusion away from the synapse
 Desensitization of receptors:
 Homologous desensitization- loss of
responsiveness to one transmitter agent.

 Heterologous desensitization- loss of

responsiveness to almost all transmitter
agents.
 Mechanism of drug effects
Agonistic effects (Increase NTA effects)
– Increase synthesis of NTA
– Destroying deactivating enzymes
– Increase release of NTA from pre-synaptic cell
– Blocking the inhibitors on NTA release
– Increasing sensitivity of receptors (NTA)
– Stimulating the receptors mimicking the NTA
– Decreasing deactivation/reuptake of NTA
 Mechanism of drug effects
Antagonistic effects (Decrease NTA effects)
– Decrease synthesis of NTA
– Destroying NTA inside the pre-synaptic cell
– Blocking release of NTA from pre-synaptic cell
– Stimulating inhibitors on NTA release
– Decreasing sensitivity of receptors (NTA)
– Blocking the receptors
Characteristics of Synapses:
 Temporal summation
 Spatial summation
 Convergence
 Divergence
 Facilitation
 Occlusion
 Excitation
 Inhibition
Synaptic transmission
 Excitatory  EPSP
 Hypopolarization  depolarization
 Activation of sodium channels

 Inhibitory  IPSP
 Hyperpolarization  pre/post-synaptic inhibition
 Chloride influx; Potassium efflux
 Inactivation of sodium channels
 Synaptic inhibition
Synaptic inhibition – inhibitory NTA

Inhibitory neuron

Post-
synaptic
cell

Post-synaptic inhibition
 Synaptic
Synaptic inhibitioninhibitory NTA
inhibition-

Inhibitory neuron

Pre-
synaptic
cell

Pre-synaptic inhibition
 Renshaw cell inhibition

Inhibitory interneuron

An example of negative feedback inhibition

Convergence – several pre-
synaptic neurons transmitting
impulses to a single post-synaptic
nerve
Divergence – a single pre-synaptic
nerve transmitting impulses to
several post-synaptic neurons
Facilitation – occurs when
neuronal activation is
frequent/prolonged/repetitive
Occlusion – response of two
neurons simultaneously stimulated
is lesser than when the two
neurons are stimulated separately.
 Muscle action potential

-90 mV

Time

Relaxation period
Contraction period
 Muscle action potential
Simple Muscle Twitch

-90 mV

Time

Relaxation period
Contraction period
What are the 3 stages of the simple muscle twitch?

-90 mV

A B C
Time

Relaxation period
Contraction period
 ARP RRP

-90 mV

Time

Relaxation period
Contraction period
Steps in a muscle twitch:
1. Generation of impulses in a motor neuron
2. Release of NTA at motor end-plate
3. Binding of NTA to its specific receptor
4. Increased sodium and potassium conductance in end-plate
membrane
5. Generation of end-plate potential
6. Generation of action potential in the muscle fibers
7. Inward spread of impulses along sarco-tubular system
8. Release of calcium from terminal cisterns and diffusion to
the myofilaments
9. Binding of calcium to troponin-C, exposing myosin-binding
sites on actin
10.Formation of cross-linkages between actin and myosin 
shorteningdevelopment of tension (force)
11. Relaxation – return to resting length.
Steps in relaxation:

1. Cessation of the action potential

2. Calcium pumped back into terminal cisterns
3. Cessation of interaction between actin and
myosin
4. Loss of developed tension  muscle returns
to resting length
 Myofibril

Plasma
membrane
(sarcolemma)

TRIAD:
Triad:
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
cisterna

Transverse
Invaginations tubule
of plasma
membrane Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(form trans-
verse tubules) cisterna
Receptors involve in the activity
of the sarco-tubular system:
Activation of the T-tubule involves a
voltage-gated Ca++ channels called
dihydropyridine receptors in its
membrane.

Activity of the of the sarcoplasmic

reticulum involves ryanodine receptors
in its membrane which are not voltage
gated Ca++ channels
 Sarcomere

Myosin (thick) filament Actin (thin) filament

M line

Z line Z line

Actinin – binds actin to the Z lines

Titin – connects the Z lines to the M lines

A-band I-band

H-zone

M line

Contraction
A-band I-band

H-zone
A-band I-band

H-zone

Relaxation
M line
M line
Each thick filament is surrounded by six thin filaments in a
regular hexagonal pattern.
 Heat Production in Muscle
 Resting heat – generated at rest
 Initial heat – heat produced in excess of resting
heat during contraction.
– Activation heat
– Heat of shortening
 Recovery heat – heat generated by the
metabolic processes that restore the muscle to
its precontraction state
 Relaxation heat – extra heat in addition to
recovery heat produced when a muscle returns
to its resting length
-90 mV

Time

Relaxation period
Contraction period
 A
R
P RRP

-90 mV

Time

Relaxation period
Contraction period
(Temporal summation)
Fusion of contractions

(Temporal summation)
•When no visible contraction and relaxation, the
muscle is in complete (fused) tetanus.
Quantal summation
 Exposing muscles to gradually increasing
stimulus intensity  gradual increase in the
magnitude of response.
 Also known as graded response or multiple
motor unit summation
 Explained by recruitment of motor units
– Motor unit is made-up of a motorneuron and
the muscle fiber or fibers it controls
 Size principle
H
E
I
Quantal summation
G
H
T MAXIMAL INTENSITY
O
F T SUB-MAXIMAL SUPRAMAXIMAL
R INTENSITIES INTENSITIES
M E
U S
S H
C O
L L
E D
T
W
I
T 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
C
H STIMULUS INTENSITY
Length-Tension
Relationship
2 3
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
Load
 Isotonic contraction

W
o
r
k Concentric Eccentric

Load Isometric
Isometric
 Muscle Glycogen
Glycogenolysis

From Glucose
blood
Glycolysis
2 ATP (net gain)

2 Pyruvic acid

2 Lactic acid Into blood

 Creatine ATP
ATP

Energy for
muscle
contraction
Creatine
ADP ADP P
Phosphate

Relaxing Contracting
muscle muscle
 Fatigue

Treppe
 Differences between muscles:

Names Fast twitch Fast twitch Slow twitch

Other names Type II b Type IIa Type I
White muscles Red muscles Red muscles
Size Bigger Intermediate Small

Strength Stronger Intermediate Weak

Release of ATP Rapid Rapid Slow

Metabolism Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic

Glycolytic Fast oxidative Slow oxidative
 Differences between muscles:
Names Fast twitch Fast twitch Slow twitch
# of mitochondria Few Many Many

Myoglobin Lesser Greater Greater

Vascularity Lesser Greater Greater

Glycogen Greater Intermediate Lesser

content
Fatigability Prone Intermediate Resistant
 Differences between muscles:
Names Fast twitch Fast twitch Slow twitch
Size of motor Bigger Intermediate Smaller
units
Endurance Lesser Intermediate Greater
Size of Bigger Intermediate Smaller
motorneurons
Twitch duration Shorter Shorter Longer

Hypertrophy Positive Positive Negative

Activation Usually last Intermediate Usually first

Threshold Higher Intermediate Lower
Denervation hypersensitivity
 Attributed to:
 Decrease in NTA  increase in number of
receptors (up-regulation)
 Increase in the area of the muscle membrane
sensitive to Ach
Changes seen in contracting
muscles:
 Electrical changes
 Mechanical changes
 Chemical changes
 Thermal changes
Types of Muscles
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles
–Unitary
–Multi-unit
RMP = -90 mV; AP duration about 5 ms; regulated by somatic nerves
Time

Latent period
Relaxation period

Contraction period
 ARP RRP

Time

Latent period Relaxation period

Contraction period
 Ventricular muscle

Sinoatrial node

RMP = -90mV; AP duration = 200-250 ms; autonomic nerves

Mean BER(slow waves) = -50mV; AP duration = 50 ms; autonomic nerves
Generation Tiof slow Tiwaves
me ( msec) me ( ms ec ) and spikes in
Ti mesmooth
(s ec) muscles
GE NE RAT IO N OF S LO W WAVE S

Slow hypopolarization

Voltage-gated Caz
channels open

Ca++ influx; increase in

internal Ca++ conc.

Itage-gated
VoltageCa channels
gated Ca++ close;
channels
close; Open Ca++
Open Ca 2+
dependent
-dependent
+
ernal Ca concentration decreases K channels
Internal Ca++ conc. decreases K+ channels

LIRE 9-3. Action potentials and slow waves in smooth muscle.

Generation Tiof slow Tiwaves
me ( msec) me ( ms ec ) and spikes in
Ti mesmooth
(s ec) muscles
GE NE RAT IO N OF S LO W WAVE S

Slow hypopolarization

Voltage-gated Caz
channels open

Ca++ influx; increase in

internal Ca++ conc.

Itage-gated
VoltageCa channels
gated Ca++ close;
channels
close; Open Ca++
Open Ca 2+
dependent
-dependent
+
ernal Ca concentration decreases K channels
Internal Ca++ conc. decreases K+ channels

LIRE 9-3. Action potentials and slow waves in smooth muscle.

Generation Tiof slow Tiwaves
me ( msec) me ( ms ec ) and spikes in
Ti mesmooth
(s ec) muscles
GE NE RAT IO N OF S LO W WAVE S

Slow hypopolarization

Voltage-gated Caz
channels open

Ca++ influx; increase in

internal Ca++ conc. 3

Itage-gated
VoltageCa channels
gated Ca++ close;
channels
close; Open Ca++
Open Ca 2+
dependent
-dependent
+
ernal Ca concentration decreases K channels
Internal Ca++ conc. decreases K+ channels

LIRE 9-3. Action potentials and slow waves in smooth muscle.

Generation Tiof slow Tiwaves
me ( msec) me ( ms ec ) and spikes in
Ti mesmooth
(s ec) muscles
GE NE RAT IO N OF S LO W WAVE S

Slow hypopolarization

Voltage-gated Caz
channels open

Ca++ influx; increase in

internal Ca++ conc. 3

Itage-gated
VoltageCa channels
gated Ca++ close;
channels
close; Open Ca
Open++ Ca 2+
dependent
-dependent
+
ernal Ca concentration decreases K channels
Internal Ca++ conc. decreases K+ channels

LIRE 9-3. Action potentials and slow waves in smooth muscle.

Generation Tiof slow Tiwaves
me ( msec) me ( ms ec ) and spikes in
Ti mesmooth
(s ec) muscles
GE NE RAT IO N OF S LO W WAVE S

Slow hypopolarization

Voltage-gated Caz
channels open

Ca++ influx; increase in

internal Ca++ conc. 3

Itage-gated
VoltageCa channels
gated Ca++ close;
channels
close; Open Ca ++ Ca
Open 2+
dependent
-dependent
+
ernal Ca concentration decreases K channels
Internal Ca++ conc. decreases K+ channels

LIRE 9-3. Action potentials and slow waves in smooth muscle.

Generation Tiof slow Tiwaves
me ( msec) me ( ms ec ) and spikes in
Ti mesmooth
(s ec) muscles
GE NE RAT IO N OF S LO W WAVE S

Slow hypopolarization

Voltage-gated Caz
channels open

Ca++ influx; increase in

internal Ca++ conc.

Itage-gated
VoltageCa channels
gated Ca++close;
channels close; Open Ca
Open++ Ca 2+
dependent
-dependent
+
ernal Ca concentration
++ decreases K channels
Internal Ca conc. decreases K+ channels

LIRE 9-3. Action potentials and slow waves in smooth muscle.

Generation Tiof slow Tiwaves
me ( msec) me ( ms ec ) and spikes in
Ti mesmooth
(s ec) muscles
GE NE RAT IO N OF S LO W WAVE S

Slow hypopolarization

Voltage-gated Caz
channels open

Ca++ influx; increase in

internal Ca++ conc.

Itage-gated
VoltageCa channels
gated Ca++close;
channels close; Open Ca
Open++ Ca 2+
dependent
-dependent
+
ernal Ca concentration
++ decreases K channels
Internal Ca conc. decreases K+ channels

LIRE 9-3. Action potentials and slow waves in smooth muscle.

Mean BER(slow waves) = -50mV; AP duration = 50 ms; autonomic nerves
The role of calcium ions in smooth muscle activity
The role of calcium ions in smooth muscle activity
 Smooth muscles
 Unitary – several smooth muscles acting as a
single unit
 A functional “syncitium”
 Visceral smooth muscles

 Multiunit – smooth muscle acting independent of

each other
 Not a functional “syncitium”
 Ex. Erector pili, muscles of the iris
 Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Excitation NM transmission Pacemaker pot. Synaptic
Hormones
Pacemaker pot.
Electrical activity Action potential Action potential Slow waves
Action potential
Ca++ sensor Troponin Troponin Calmodulin

Excitation- Dihydropyridine Dihydropyridine Voltage gated Ca++

Contraction Receptors (T-T) Receptors (T-T) channels
coupling Ryanodine receptors IP3 mediated Ca++
(SR) release
Terminates Breakdown of Ach Repolarization Myosin light chain
contraction phosphatase
Twitch duration 20-200 msec 200-400 msec 200 msec -
sustained
Regulation of Frequency and Regulation of Balance bet. MLCK
force multifiber sumation Ca++ entry phosphorylation &
Stretch dephosphorylation
Latch state
Metabolism Aerobic/Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic
 Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Excitation NM transmission Pacemaker pot. Synaptic
Hormones
Pacemaker pot.
Electrical activity Action potential Action potential Slow waves
Action potential
Ca++ sensor Troponin Troponin Calmodulin

Excitation- Dihydropyridine Dihydropyridine Voltage gated Ca++

Contraction receptors (T-T) receptors (T-T) channels
coupling Ryanodine receptors Ca++ release IP3 mediated Ca++
(SR) Ca++ release (SR) release
Terminates Breakdown of Ach Repolarization Myosin light chain
contraction phosphatase
Twitch duration 20-200 msec 200-400 msec 200 msec -
sustained
Regulation of Frequency and Regulation of Balance bet. MLCK
force multifiber sumation Ca++ entry phosphorylation &
Stretch dephosphorylation
Latch state
Metabolism Aerobic/Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic
 Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Excitation NM transmission Pacemaker pot. Synaptic
Hormones
Pacemaker pot.
Electrical activity Action potential Action potential Slow waves
Action potential
Ca++ sensor Troponin Troponin Calmodulin
Excitation- Dihydropyridine Dihydropyridine Voltage gated Ca++
Contraction receptors (T-T) receptors (T-T) channels
coupling Ryanodine receptors IP3 mediated Ca++
(SR)  Ca++ release release
Terminates Breakdown of Ach Repolarization Myosin light chain
contraction phosphatase
Twitch duration 20-200 msec 200-400 msec 200 msec -
sustained
Regulation of Frequency and Regulation of Balance bet. MLCK
force multifiber summation Ca++ entry phosphorylation &
Stretch dephosphorylation
Latch state
Metabolism Aerobic/Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic
Thank You for listening

God Bless
Thank You for listening

God Bless