Analysis of Venture Flow Rate PDF

AIJREAS VOLUME 1, ISSUE 12 (2016, DEC) (ISSN-2455-6300) ONLINE
ANVESHANA’S INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES
ANALYSIS OF VENTURE FLOW RATE

P.RAJITHA, 14JP1D2120, Dr. K. SUBRAMANYAM KALAPALA. PRASAD
M.Tech (THERMAL) Professor, Mechanical Assistant Professor,
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Kakinada Kakinada Institute of Engineering, JNTUK.
Institute of Technological Technological Sciences. Email:
Sciences., A.agraharam- A.agraharam- Ramachan Prasad_kalapala@yahoo.co.in
Ramachandrapuram East drapuram East Godavari
Godavari District, A.P. District, A.P. Email:
Email: somasundar.ar@gmail.com
rajithapala6@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: mixture of fluid and air will appear. The

Venturi plays very Important Role in different field Venturi effect is a special case of
of engineering. Venturi has a number of industrial Bernoulli’s principle, in the case of fluid or
applications in which its design is important factor.
air flow through a tube or pipe with a
One of the important factors that affect the fuel
consumption is that design of venture of carburetor. constriction in it.
The venture of the carburetor is important that
provides a necessary pressure drop in the carburetor Venturi Effect
device. There is a need to design the Venturi with an The Venturi effect is a jet effect; as with a
effective analytical tool or software. In this work,
funnel the velocity of the fluid increases as
two types of fluids kerosene and water with two
different mass flows are taken and analyzed using the cross sectional area decreases, with the
computational fluid dynamics. For this analysis CFD static pressure correspondingly decreasing.
will be done using two software’s namely CATIA for According to the laws governing fluid
designing and FLUENT for CFD analysis. The dynamics, a fluid’s velocity must increase
results obtained from the software’s will be analyzed
as it passes through a constriction to satisfy
from the design of a venture
the principle of continuity, while its
INTRODUCTION pressure must decrease to satisfy the
A venturi creates a constriction within a principle of conservation of mechanical
pipe (classically an hourglass shape) that energy. Thus any gain in kinetic energy a
varies the flow characteristics of a fluid fluid may accrue due to its increased
(either liquid or gas) travelling through the velocity through a constriction is negated by
tube. As the fluid velocity in the throat is a drop in pressure. When a fluid such as
increased there is a consequential drop in water flows through a tube that narrows to a
pressure. A venturi can also be used to mix smaller diameter, the partial restriction
a fluid with air. If a pump forces the fluid causes a higher pressure at the inlet than
through a tube connected to a system that at the narrow end. This pressure
consisting of a venturi to increase the water difference causes the fluid to accelerate
speed (the diameter decreases), a short piece toward the low pressure narrow section, in
of tube with a small hole in it, and last a which it thus maintains a higher speed. The
venturi that decreases speed (so the pipe Venturi meter uses the direct relationship
gets wider again), air will be sucked in between pressure difference and fluid
through the small hole because of changes speeds to determine the volumetric flow
in pressure. At the end of the system, a rate.

EMAIL ID: anveshanaindia@gmail.com , WEBSITE: www.anveshanaindia.com
46
downstream the carburetor. He compared

Bernoulli’s Principle the results obtained from the experiment
The Venturi effect is a special case of and prediction of the steady state model.
Bernoulli’s principle, in the case of fluid or The uncertainty in the measurement was
air flow through a tube or pipe with a found to be ±2 cm3/min. These results
constriction in it. indicated that the model was successful in
Bernoulli’s principle can be derived from showing the effects of the pressure drop and
the principle of conservation of energy. This the metering elements in the emulsion tube.
states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all He also studied the quasi steady state and
forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along dynamic model.
a streamline is the same at all points on that 1. Both the steady and dynamic models
streamline. This requires that the sum of were used to study the effect of
kinetic energy and potential energy remain different geometry and physical
constant. properties of fuel and air flow.
Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid 2. He also used the models to calculate
occurs proportionately with an increase in the gravitational and frictional pressure
both its dynamic pressure and kinetic drop across the carburetor.
energy, and a decrease in its static pressure 3. He developed an experimental set up to
and potential energy. If the fluid is flowing access the validity of the two phase
out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of flow models for both horizontal and
energy is the same on all streamlines vertical pipes.
because in a reservoir the energy per unit 4. He studied the effect of various
volume (the sum of pressure and parameters on the discharge
gravitational potential ρ g h) is the same coefficient. The parameters include the
everywhere. mesh sizes in case of small orifices and
chamfered inlet and outlet etc.
5. He studied the effect of mesh size on
the velocity profile of the square edged
orifices.
6. He studied the effect of inlet and outlet
chamfers on the static pressure.
The results obtained from his studies are
1. For the square edged orifices the result
was within 5% agreement with the
experimental results. The shortest
Venturi Tube orifice gave an agreement of 1%
whereas the larger orifice gave 4.6%
LITERATURE REVIEW agreement.
Diego Alejandro Arias [2] studied and 2. He derived the expressions for
conducted an experiment to validate the prediction of the discharge coefficient
steady state model of a carburetor by by the information obtained from the
measuring the fuel and air flows in a velocity and pressure fields.
commercial (Nikki) carburetor. He used a 3. The outlet chamfer does not seem to
flow-amplifier to create a low pressure zone affect the discharge coefficient.

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4. The inlet chamfer favored the  RTD with display unit.

attachment of velocity profile to the  Micromanometer (0-2000 mmwc
wall and allowed for a development of range with 0.1 mm resolution)
the velocity profile.  Selector box.
5. The comparison with the FLUENT  Traversing mechanism with
result showed the derived expressions controller.
were simple and effective.  Three holed cylindrical / wedge
probe.
He also studied the CFD analysis of the  Dry and wet bulb temperature.
compressible flow across the carburetor Absolute pressure transducer ( 0-
venturi. The steps involved in the analysis 1200 mbar )
process were
1. He developed a C program with 2 Calibration requirements of
scripts. First script was to create the instrumentation
geometry of the carburetor in GAMBIT All the instruments and measuring
and the second script was to instruct equipment’s listed in above are required to
the analysis of the model carburetor in calibrated in a setup where traceability is
FLUENT. maintained to the national or international
2. GAMBIT was used to create the standards.
geometry of the carburetor, to mesh the
carburetor and to define the boundary Venturimeter Calibration set up
conditions. preparation
3. He used condor to run the different  Venturimeter is to be inspected for
geometries and flow cases.
any burrs or rust which will be
4. Finally he analyzed the solutions
cleaned by emery/filling.
obtained in FLUENT.
 Checking of pressure tap nipples at
the upstream and venture throat for
WORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR
blockage and cleaning as needed.
CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER
 Connection of Venturimeter in the
This Work instructions details out the key
ducting as detailed.
processes, various procedure for calibration
 Setting up of traversing mechanism
for Venturimeters up to 500mm of upstream
along with aerodynamic probe for
diameter for low speed air flow
flow measurement at the upstream of
applications. This work instruction also
venturimeter.
addresses the various controls exercised and
 Leak proof Connection of three
the key measurement parameters involved
pressure signals from the cylindrical
in the calibration procedure.
probe and one static tap at the same
traverse plane to the selector box
using tubing.
Requirement of instrumentation and  Leak proof Connection of pressure
measurement parameters signals from venturimeter upstream
The following pre-calibrated instruments / and throat to the selector box using
items are required for the calibration tubing.

48
 Leak proof Connection between repeated with through checking of

selector box output port and micro primary signals for
manometer. leakage/blockage.
 Setting up of RTD at Venturi up  In case of new size of venturimeter,
stream and connection to digital the test will be repeated three times
display. and repeatability should be within
2%. Nonconformance will be dealt
Venturimeter Calibration procedure in the same manner as given above.
 Visual inspection of the pressure  The validation of the calibration
signal lines for leakage or blocks. results will be achieved for a
 Start of blower for mechanical run repeatability of calibration factor
and for system stabilization. within 2% and uncertainty within
 Run the blower at different speeds ( 2%.
at least five ) by regulating the IGV
and make the following Measure of Completion
measurements: The measure of completion would be the
 Ambient pressure (Barometric submission of the calibration report to the
pressure ) commercial departments as per the schedule
 Dry and wet bulb temperatures. given in the work order. Internal measure of
 Wall static pressure at the probe the productivity shall be as per the
location. procedure.
 Three pressure signals from the
probe.
 Venturi upstream and throat
pressures.
 Venturi upstream flow temperature.
 Recording of primary data as above
and data analysis
 Preparation of the detailed report.
Test Verification and Validation

The following methodology will be
followed to verify the correctness of the test
data: Fig.Calibration of Venturimeter with
 The uncertainty will be calculated as traverse mechanism
per procedure.
 The calibration constant K will be Test Results:
compared with previous data, if the
size of the venturimeter is same and
variation of the order of 5% will be
accepted considering geometry
variation and uncertainty. In case of
nonconformance, the test will be

49
angle on the flow across the venturi is

studied. The analysis was done for ϴ = 300,
400, 450 where ϴ is the angle between the
axis of the vertical axis of the body of the
venturi.
CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER Geometry of Simple venturi in CATIA
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Designing In this a simple venturi as shown Results and Discussions

in fig was taken and its various dimensions The inlet air was assumed to enter the
were measured. Then according to the venturi at normal temperature and the
measured dimensions a meshed structure of pressure was taken to be 0.1m/s. The
the venturi was drawn with the help of following are results of the analysis of the
CATIA software. Then the meshed venture for different angles of the throttle
structure was exported as the .mesh file and plate.
was analyzed with proper boundary
conditions using the software FLUENT and Fluid type: water
the results of this analysis were studied . Pressure: 0.1m/s
There are so many parameters to vary but in
this case only the effect of the variation of

50
Fig shows pressure gradient

Venture wall shear stress
Eddy viscosity
Pressure vector
Pressure volume rendering Velocity vector
Turbulence kinetic energy
Velocity flow

51
pressure at the throat of the venturi is

around 4.9200 Pascal. , when the throttle
plate is open, the mixture is slightly leaner
than in case of 450 opened throttle plate
condition. In this case the pressure at the
throat of the venturi is found to be around
9.4600 Pascal.
Eddy viscosity
Eddy viscosity
Pressure along y-direction

Fluid type: Kerosene
Pressure: 1m/s
Velocity plane
Pressure contour
Fig. shows the statics pressure view for 450
throttle plate From fig. it is clear that when Pressure along y-axis
the throttle plate is 450 open, there is less
amount of air flow through the inlet valve CONCLUSION:
and hence the mixture is somewhat richer From the above analysis the conclusions
than the other cases. In this case the obtained are

52
 When the flow inside the venturi AUTHOR DETAILS

was analyzed with two different Name: P.RAJITHA
fluids, in both cases it was found Roll No: 14JP1D2120
Course : M.Tech, (THERMAL)Department
that the pressure at the throat of the
of Mechanical Engineering,
venturi decreased with the increase College: kakinada Institute of technological
in opening of the throttle plate. sciences, A.Agraharam-
Because when the throttle plate Ramachandrapuram East Godavari District.
opening increases then the flow of College Code : JP
air through the venture increases.
But as obtained from the analysis
above the pressure at the throat the
throat also decreases with increase
in opening of the throttle plate so the
flow of air from the float chamber
into the throat increases.
 The Calibration of Venturimeter has
Name of the Guide: Dr. K. Subramanyam
done by the traversing mechanism. Designation: Professor, Mechanical
In the traverse mechanism with the Engineering Department.
help of probe and micro manometer College: Kakinada Inistitute Of
the required parameters has Technological Sciences, A.agraharam-
measured. The Dry and Wet bulb Ramachandrapuram East Godavari District,
Temperatures are required in the A.P.
calculation of density and volume
air flow.
BIBILOGRAPHY:
 Olson. A.T. , “ Nozzle Discharge
Coefficients Compressible flow “ J.
fluid eng
 Weber, H . E. , “ Boundary layer
Calculation for Analysis and Design
“ J. fluids Engg.
 Keith, T. G., and J.E.A.John,
“Calculated Orifice Plate Discharge
Coefficients at low Reynolds
numbers “J. fluids Engg.
 Head, V.P., “Improved Expansion
Factors for Nozzle, Orifices and
Variable Area Meters “J. fluids
Engg.
 Jordon. D, and M.D. Mintz, Air
tables. McGrew-Hill, New york,
1965.

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AIJREAS VOLUME 1, ISSUE 12 (2016, DEC) (ISSN-2455-6300) ONLINE

ANVESHANA’S INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES