STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION AND RETROFIT OF TCWD 1000 cu.m.

TANK
Detailed Structural Analysis and Design

1. Structural Design Criteria

1.1 Design Loads

All components of the structural system were designed based on the design loads
presented below. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) method was used in the design and
investigation of all reinforced concrete members. Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) method was used in the design of all structural steel members.

1.1.1 Dead
Loads

Dead load includes all the weight of permanent construction materials and
equipment that are permanently fastened thereto and or supported thereby:

Unit weight of structural steel 77.00kN/m3

Dry unit weight of concrete 24.00 kN/
m3
Unit weight of soil 16.00
kN/m3
Ceiling/Utilities 0.30
kPa
150 mm thick CHB 3.10
kPa
100 mm thick CHB 2.10
kPa

1.1.2 Live Loads and Live Load

Reductions

Live load includes all the gravity loads except those mentioned above. These
loads may vary in magnitude and its distribution during the life span of the
structure. The minimum values are as follows: (NSCP 2015: Table 205-1 and
Table 205-3)
 Roof/Maintenance 0.5KPa

The design live load was reduced in members supporting an area more than
15m2, except for floors used for public assembly and floors designed for live load
greater than 4.80 KPa, in accordance with the following equation:(NSCP 2015:
Section 205.5)

R = r(A - 15)

Maximum reduction is 40 percent for members receiving load from one level
only,
60 percent for other members or R, as determined by the following equation:
(NSCP 2015: Section
205.5)

R = 23.1(1 +D/L)

Where:
R = reduction in
percentage
A = area of floor or roof supported by the member in square
meter
D dead load per square meter of area supported by the
member
L = live load per square meter of area supported by the member
r = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 percent for floors.(NSCP
2015: Table 205-3 for roofs)

For storage loads exceeding 4.80 KPa, no reduction was made, except that design
live loads in columns was reduced by 20 percent.
1.1.3 Earthquake Loads
Seismic Code: National Structural Code of the Philippines C101-15
Design Parameters
(UBC 1997 Lionear Static Procedure-LSP)
Seismic Zone
Soil Profile Type
Seismic Source
Seismic Source Proximity
Seismic coefficients
Near-Source Factor
Importance factor
Numerical Coefficient
Period of Vibration
Design Base Shear
V = CvIW/RT
Zone 4, Z = 0.4 (NSCP 2015: Table 208-3)
SD, (NSCP 2015: Table 208-2)
Type A (NSCP 2015: Table 208-6)
> 11.2 Km from West Valley Fault
Ca = 0.44Na (NSCP 2015: Table 208-7)
Cv = 0.64Nv (NSCP 2015: Table 208-8)
Na = 1.0, > 10 Km from Seismic Source A
(NSCP 2015: Table 208-4)
Nv = 1.2, < 15 Km from Seismic Source A
(NSCP 2015: Table 208-5)
I = 1, Essential Facilities
(ACI 350)
Ri = 2 (ACI 350)
Rc = 1 (ACI 350)
Tc = 2𝜋/𝜔𝑐, using ACI 350
Ti = 2𝜋/ωi, using ACI 350
As per ACI 350.
 1.1.4

Wind Loads

Design Code: National Structural Code of the Philippines C101-15

Design Parameters
Design Wind Zone
Wind Exposure
Basic Wind Speed
Importance Factor
Velocity Pressure
Velocity Pressure Exposure
Topographic Factor
WindDirectionality Factor
Wind Pressure
Zone I (NSCP 2015: Table 207-1)
Exposure B (NSCP 2015: Section 207.5.6.3)
V = 260 kph (NSCP 2015: Table 207-1)
Iw = 1.15 (NSCP 2015: Table 207-3)
qz = 0.0000473KzKztKdV2Iw
(NSCP 2015: Section 207.5.10)
Kz = 2.01(z/zg)2/α
(NSCP 2015: Section 207.5.6.6)
Kzt = 1.0 (NSCP 2015: Section 207.5.7.2)
Kd = 0.85 (NSCP 2015: Table 207-2) Design
p = qh[(GCpf) - (GCpi)], for main frame
(NSCP 2015: Section 207.5.12.2.2)
p = qh[(GCp) - (GCpi)], for component and
cladding (NSCP 2015: Section 207.5.12.4.1)

1.2 Material Strength and Specifications

The structural and non-structural components of the buildings were designed based on
the following material strength.

1.2.1 Concrete

Cement: Cement shall conform to “Specification for Portland Cement” ASTM

C150. Unless otherwise permitted or required, cement shall be Type I, ASTM
C150, or Type II.

Aggregates: Fine aggregates shall consist of sand meeting the requirements of

“Standard Specifications for Concrete Aggregates” ASTM C33. Coarse
aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel, crushed stone or air-cooled
blast furnace slag or a combination thereof, conforming to the requirements if
ASTM C33.
 Water: Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials or other substances
deleterious to concrete or reinforcements.

Strength: Concrete shall be proportioned and mixed to obtain a 28-day

compressive cylinder strength of 20 MPa for footings, columns, beams and
girders, and suspended slabs. Slab on grade and other non-structural members
shall be 17 MPa.

1.2.2 Reinforcing bars and Structural Steel

Grade of Bars: All bars shall conform to the “Standard Specifications for
Deformed and Plain Billet Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcements” ASTM 615M
with the following strengths:
Yield strength of 10mm and smaller f y = 275 MPa
Yield strength of 12mm and larger f y = 275 MPa
Structural Steel shall have a yield strength of Fy = 248 Mpa

Details of Reinforcements: Reinforcing steel shall be fabricated and placed in

conformance with the requirements of Section 407-Details of Reinforcements of
the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP-C101-15).

1.2.3 Allowable foundation pressures

The allowable foundation pressure used in the design of footings was estimated
to be conservatively 150kPa as per Geotechnics Philippines Inc.

The actual soil condition at the site should be checked and verified by the
Contractor and should be reported to the Structural Engineer or Architect in writing
for proper actions.

2. Structural Analysis and Design

The structural analysis and design were carried out in conformance with the minimum
requirements of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP C101-15).

Three-dimensional model was used in the analysis incorporating the additional eccentricity of
five percent (5%) of the building dimensions. This is in compliance with the code requirement
pertaining to the accidental torsion due to earthquake. See Chapter 5 for the computer-
generated output of analysis and design.
3. Codes and References

All structural components of the building were designed based on the following design codes
and references.

3.1 National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP C101-15) Vol.1, 7th Edition, 2015

3.2 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318-05

3.3 Design of Reinforced Concrete, 5th Edition, Jack C. McCormac

3.4 1997 UBC Structural Checklist, Association of Structural Engineers of the Phil., Inc.

3.5 Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th Edition by Joseph E. Bowles

3.6 A Short Course in Foundation Engineering, N. E. Simons and B. K. Menzies

3.7 Design of Concrete Buildings for Earthquake and Wind Forces, 2nd
Edition, S. K. Ghosh, August W. Domel, Jr., David A. Fanella