The EYES.

Our eyes are protected by the eyelids, eyelashes and eyebrows. :

The eyebrows prevent water from running to the eyes. The eyelids can open and close the eyes to protect
from too much light. The eyelashes blocked the dust and insects.

Cornea - is the outer layer of the front part of the eye. It permits light to enter our eyes.

Iris – colored part of the eye that contains muscles. It controls the amount of light entering the eye.

Pupil - is the dark circular opening in the middle of the eye. Light comes through this opening.

Lens - focuses the light on the retina making objects look bigger or smaller.
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Retina – the lining at the back of the eyeball where images of the objects that you see are formed.

Optic nerves – nerves that connect the eye to the brain. They send the messages to the brain so we can
recognize the object we saw.

COMMON EYE AILMENTS:

1. Conjunctivitis and Sore Eyes – inflamed and itchy eyeball. In conjunctiva, there is a watery discharge
from the eyelid. Sore eyes is caused by viral infection, the eyes are red with a milky discharge.

2. Sty (kuliti) – an infection characterized by the growth of a small boil at the margin of the eyelid. It is
caused by eye strain, anaemia, fatigue, diabetes or poor health.

3. Eye Irritation – due to dust and dirt.

EYE DISORDERS:

Nearsightedness - Nearsighted people cannot clearly see far objects. They need to wear corrective
eyeglasses to help them see far objects.

Farsightedness - Farsighted people also cannot clearly see the objects close to them. Farsighted people
also wear corrective eyeglasses to help them see nearby objects clearly.

Astigmatism - People with astigmatism may see blurred or ghost images, whether near or far.

THE EARS

Outer ear or PINNA

-shaped like a funnel because it catches the vibrations produced by moving objects.
Auditory or Ear Canal
-lined with tiny hairs and wax to prevent any dirt to enter into the inner ear.
Eardrum – it vibrates when sound waves enter the ear.
Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup – tiny bones in the middle ear which receive the sound
waves sent by the eardrum.
Cochlea – looks like a snail’s shell. It is filled with fluid which catches the sound waves
from the middle ear.

COMMON AILMENTS OF THE EAR:

1. Ear discharge and Inflammation – due to bad cold. Pus develops that cause pain or
earache.
2. Impacted earwax - hardened earwax can cause partial deafness and ear pain.
3. Deafness – due to serious inflammation of the auditory nerve. It can also be due to
impacted earwax.
4. Tinnitus – a person with this illness hears ringing or roaring sound. This can be
caused by nervousness, high blood pressure, use of certain drugs or ailment of the
auditory nerves.

THE NOSE

Nostrils – two openings where the air we breathe enters.

Cilia – tiny hairs inside the nose which filter the air as it enters the nostrils.
Nasal cavity – where the filtered air passes through. It contains mucus membrane that
moistens and warms the filtered air.
Olfactory Nerves – are sensory or nerve fibers connected to the olfactory bulb in the
brain.

COMMON AILMENTS OF THE NOSE:

1. Common cold – caused by certain viruses, highly contagious. Some common colds
are caused by allergy.
2. Nosebleed – caused by breathing dry air, or injury of an inside part of the nose.
3. Allergic Rhinitis - caused by a person’s allergic reaction to pollen. The person
having this ailment has teary eyes and watery discharge from the nose.

THE TONGUE
The tongue has nerve endings that send messages to the brain. These
nerve endings are the taste buds.

COMMON AILMENTS OF THE TONGUE:

1. Tongue Irritation and Inflammation - due to vitamin deficiency or tongue injury
caused by accidental biting or careless eating of hot and spicy foods.
2. Blisters (singaw) – due to infection or poor oral hygiene

THE SKIN
Epidermis – tough,outer layer of the skin. It has keratin which makes the skin
waterproof. It also contains pores and nerve endings.
Dermis - the layer under the epidermis. It is made up of several layers that contain oil
and sweat glands, nerve endings, fat deposits, hair follicles and blood vessels.
Sebaceous Glands – produce an oil substance which keeps the skin and hair on it soft.
Nerve Endings – can sense pain, touch, temperature, pressure.

COMMON AILMENTS OF THE SKIN:

1. BOIL (pigsa) – caused by poor health and dirty clothing causing infection of skin
glands or hair follicles. Red, painful swelling develops on the skin.
2. SCABIES (galis) – intense itching of the skin caused by “itch mite” – (a tiny organism
that lives and hatches eggs on one’s skin.)
3. CONTACT DERMATITIS – skin irritation caused by direct contact with some
chemicals or other materials that lead to an allergic reaction.
4. PRICKLY HEAT or HEAT RASH -usually occurs during summer when days are hot
and dry. Children develop skin irritation causing redness and itchiness.
5. SEBHORRHEIC DERMATITIS or DANDRUFF – presence oof mild itching and
presence of white, dry scales on the scalp.