Experiment – 1 Date: xx/xx/xxxx

Verification and application of Bernoulli’s equation

Aim

To measure the distribution of the difference between the total pressure and static
pressure along the duct to (i) compare theoretical and experimental results and (ii)
determine the absolute velocity values.

Apparatus

 Airflow bench
 Convergent-divergent duct
 Multi-tube manometer
 Pitot-static tube

Theory

I. From incompressible continuity equation,

(1)
(2)
(3)
II. From Bernoulli’s equation,
(4)

(5)

(6)

From eq. (5) and eq. (6),

(7)

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Experiment – 1 Date: xx/xx/xxxx

Where,
A – Duct area
V – Velocity of fluid
P0 – Total pressure
PS – Static pressure
ρ – Density of fluid
Subscript
X – Particular location in duct
T – Throat of duct

Figure 1 Air flow bench [2]

Procedure

1. Take dimensions of convergent-divergent duct.

2. Fix the convergent-divergent duct in the air flow bench.
3. Fix the Pitot - static tube along the center of the duct.
4. Set the flow regulator to desired position.

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Experiment – 1 Date: xx/xx/xxxx

5. Take the pressure measurements from top of the duct to bottom of the duct,
by traversing the Pitot - static tube.
6. Plot graphs for (i) Bernoulli’s equation verification (theoretical Vs
Experimental) and (ii) Duct area Vs VX.

Calculations

1. From eq. (3) find the velocity ratio, may call it as theoretical value
2. From eq. (7), find the velocity ratio, may call it as experimental value
3. From eq. (6), find the absolute velocity (VX)
4. Find the free stream velocity of the flow for the statement no. 4 in procedure
section, using eq. (4)

Table 1 Observations

Sl. No X (mm) P0X – PSX VX/Vt VX/Vt VX (m/s)

(theoritical) (experimental)

Discussion

Conclusions

References
[1] White, F. M., “Fluid Mechanics,” 6th ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2008.

[2] URL: http://www.tecquipment.com/Aerodynamics/Subsonic/AF10.aspx/

[3] Anderson, J.D., “Introduction to Flight,” 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 2005.

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Experiment – 1 Date: xx/xx/xxxx

Questions

1. Explain Bernoulli’s theorem in detail.

2. Define favorable, adverse and neutral pressure gradient.
3. Applications of Bernoulli’s theorem.
4. Assumption/limitation of Bernoulli’s theorem.
5. Why pressure measurements have been taken at the centre section of
the duct.
6. If you have noticed any mismatch in theoretical and experimental
results. Explain why.

Note: Draw the required figures (like experimental setup, convergent-

divergent duct) by yourself. Do not copy from any of the reference. Unlike in
the present manual, figure 1 has been used from reference [2]. You may take
the photographs of the set-up.