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Ejemplo de calculo de caídas de tensión:

y Linea de transporte trifásica a 50 Hz de 20km, con conductores de cobre de


50mm2 y diámetro efectivo 9,2mm colocados en triángulo equilátero de 1m.
y Suministra 5000kw con fdp 0.8 inductivo a 20kV.
y Calcular el porcentaje de caída de tensión y el rendimiento de la línea.

2
VL ≔ 20 kV long ≔ 20 km d ≔ 9.2 mm s ≔ 50 mm D≔1 m
2
mm
P ≔ 5000 kW fdp ≔ 0.8 ρCu ≔ 0.017 Ω ⋅ ―― f ≔ 50 Hz
m
ϕ ≔ acos (fdp) = 36.87 °
ρCu Ω
r ≔ ―― = 0.34 ―― R ≔ r ⋅ long = 6.8 Ω
s km

μ0 μ0 ⎛D⎞ H
l ≔ ―― + ―― ⋅ ln ⎜―⎟ = 0.001 ―― L ≔ l ⋅ long = 0.023 H X ≔ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ L = 7.077 Ω
8⋅π 2⋅π d km
⎜ ―⎟
⎝2⎠
P
I ≔ ――――― = 180.422 A
‾‾
3 ⋅ VL ⋅ cos (ϕ)
ΔU
3 ⋅ (R ⋅ I ⋅ cos (ϕ) + X ⋅ I ⋅ sin (ϕ)) = ⎛⎝3.027 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V
3
ΔU ≔ ‾‾ ―― ⋅ 100 = 15.135
VL
P
η ≔ ――――――――⋅ 100 = 86.855
⎛ ⎞
⎝P + ‾‾
3 ⋅ I ⋅ ΔU ⋅ cos (ϕ)⎠

P
⋅ sin (ϕ) = ⎛⎝3.75 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V ⋅ A
6
Q ≔ ―――
cos (ϕ)

1 ΔU
⋅ (R ⋅ P + X ⋅ Q) = ⎛⎝3.027 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V
3
ΔU ≔ ―― ―― ⋅ 100 = 15.135
VL VL
P
η ≔ ――――――――⋅ 100 = 86.855
⎛ ⎞
⎝P + ‾‾ 3 ⋅ I ⋅ ΔU ⋅ cos (ϕ)⎠

Ej l d l l d íd d t ió
Ejemplo de calculo de caídas de tensión:
y Linea subterranea de distribución trifásica a 50 Hz, con cables unipolares de Al
de 70mm2.
y Suministra 4000kw con fdp 0.8 inductivo a 20kV.
y Calcular la máxima longitud de línea para que el porcentaje de caída de tensión
sea del 1%.
2
VL ≔ 20 kV f ≔ 50 Hz P ≔ 4000 kW fdp ≔ 0.8 s ≔ 70 mm
Ω Ω
ϕ ≔ acos (fdp) = 36.87 ° r ≔ 0.57 ―― x ≔ 0.13 ――
km km

P
I ≔ ――――― = 144.338 A
‾‾
3 ⋅ VL ⋅ cos (ϕ)

V VL
ΔUkm ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ (r ⋅ I ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ I ⋅ sin (ϕ)) = 133.5 ―― l ≔ 0.01 ⋅ ―― = 1.498 km
km ΔUkm

P
⋅ sin (ϕ) = ⎛⎝3 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V ⋅ A
6
Q ≔ ―――
cos (ϕ)
1 V VL
ΔUkm ≔ ―― ⋅ (r ⋅ P + x ⋅ Q) = 133.5 ―― l ≔ 0.01 ⋅ ―― = 1.498 km
VL km ΔUkm
Se considera una línea con las derivaciones y cargas
correspondientes:

Ω Ω
VL ≔ 10 kV fdp ≔ 0.8 r ≔ 1.96 ―― x ≔ 0.391 ―― ϕ ≔ acos (fdp) = 36.87 °
km km
ia ≔ 15 A ib ≔ 5 A ic ≔ 15 A id ≔ 5 A ie ≔ 10 A

lAe ≔ 2 km lec ≔ 3 km lcd ≔ 2 km ldb ≔ 2 km lca ≔ 6 km

Calculamos la caida de tensión entre A y a por tramos:


IAe ≔ ie + ic + id + ib + ia = 50 A

ΔUAe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ IAe ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ IAe ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 312.219 V

Iec ≔ ic + id + ib + ia = 40 A

ΔUec ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lec ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Iec ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Iec ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 374.663 V

Ica ≔ ia = 15 A

ΔUca ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lca ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Ica ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Ica ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 280.998 V

ΔUAa ≔ ΔUAe + ΔUec + ΔUca = 967.88 V


Calculamos la caida de tensión entre A y a por nodos:

lAe = 2 km ΔUe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ie ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ie ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 62.444 V

lAc ≔ lAe + lec = 5 km ΔUc ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAc ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ic ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ic ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 234.165 V

lAc ≔ lAe + lec = 5 km ΔUd ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAc ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ id ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ id ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 78.055 V

lAc ≔ lAe + lec = 5 km ΔUb ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAc ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ib ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ib ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 78.055 V

lAa ≔ lAe + lec + lca = 11 km ΔUa ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAa ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ia ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ia ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 515.162 V

ΔUAa ≔ ΔUe + ΔUc + ΔUd + ΔUb + ΔUa = 967.88 V

Calculamos la caida de tensión entre A y b por tramos:

IAe ≔ ie + ic + id + ib + ia = 50 A ΔUAe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ IAe ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ IAe ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 312.219 V

Iec ≔ ic + id + ib + ia = 40 A ΔUec ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lec ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Iec ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Iec ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 374.663 V

Icd ≔ id + ib = 10 A ΔUcd ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lcd ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Icd ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Icd ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 62.444 V

Idb ≔ ib = 5 A ΔUdb ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ ldb ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Idb ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Idb ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 31.222 V

ΔUAb ≔ ΔUAe + ΔUec + ΔUcd + ΔUdb = 780.549 V

Calculamos la caida de tensión entre A y b por nodos:

lAe = 2 km ΔUe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ie ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ie ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 62.444 V

lAc ≔ lAe + lec = 5 km ΔUc ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAc ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ic ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ic ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 234.165 V

lAd ≔ lAe + lec + lcd = 7 km ΔUd ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAd ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ id ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ id ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 109.277 V

lAb ≔ lAe + lec + lcd + ldb = 9 km ΔUb ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAb ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ib ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ib ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 140.499 V

lAc ≔ lAe + lec = 5 km ΔUa ≔ ‾‾


3 ⋅ lAc ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ia ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ia ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 234.165 V

ΔUAb ≔ ΔUe + ΔUc + ΔUd + ΔUb + ΔUa = 780.549 V


Se considera una línea con las derivaciones y cargas
correspondientes:

VL ≔ 380 V
Ω
r ≔ 0.63 ――
km

Ω
x ≔ 0.325 ――
km

P1 ≔ 15 kW P2 ≔ 25 kW P3 ≔ 15 kW P4 ≔ 25 kW

ϕ1 ≔ acos (0.8) = 36.87 ° ϕ4 ≔ acos (0.8) = 36.87 °

Q1 ≔ P1 ⋅ tan ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 11.25 kV ⋅ A Q2 ≔ 0 kV ⋅ A Q3 ≔ 0 kV ⋅ A Q4 ≔ P4 ⋅ tan ⎛⎝ϕ4⎞⎠ = 18.75 kV ⋅ A

Calcular la caída de tensión de la línea.

En primer lugar, no sabemos cuál es el punto de menor tensión por lo que tendremos que
calcular la caída de tensión a todos los extremos:

Empezamos por el extremo que coincide con el punto de consumo 4. Calcularemos la caída
de tensión que provoca cada consumo y luego aplicaremos el principio de superposición.

1
lA1 ≔ 50 m ΔU1 ≔ ―― lA1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P1 + x ⋅ Q1⎞⎠ = 1.725 V
VL
1
lA2 ≔ 100 m ΔU2 ≔ ―― lA2 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P2 + x ⋅ Q2⎞⎠ = 4.145 V
VL
1
lA3 ≔ 150 m ΔU3 ≔ ―― lA3 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P3 + x ⋅ Q3⎞⎠ = 3.73 V
VL
1
lA4 ≔ 200 m ΔU4 ≔ ―― lA4 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P4 + x ⋅ Q4⎞⎠ = 11.497 V
VL
ΔUA4 ≔ ΔU1 + ΔU2 + ΔU3 + ΔU4 = 21.096 V

Ahora calculamos el extremo que coincide con el punto de consumo 3.

1
lA1 ≔ 50 m ΔU1 ≔ ―― lA1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P1 + x ⋅ Q1⎞⎠ = 1.725 V
VL
1
lA2 ≔ 100 m ΔU2 ≔ ―― lA2 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P2 + x ⋅ Q2⎞⎠ = 4.145 V
VL
1
lA3 ≔ 250 m ΔU3 ≔ ―― lA3 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P3 + x ⋅ Q3⎞⎠ = 6.217 V
VL
1
lA4 ≔ 150 m ΔU4 ≔ ―― lA4 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P4 + x ⋅ Q4⎞⎠ = 8.623 V
VL
ΔUA3 ≔ ΔU1 + ΔU2 + ΔU3 + ΔU4 = 20.709 V
El extremo del punto de consumo 1 lo podemos descartar, ya que en ningún caso podrá
caer más tensión en el tramo de 150m desde A hasta el punto de consumo 1 que en los
200m que hay desde A hasta el punto de consumo 4 debido a la mayor distancia y a la
mayor potencia del punto 4.

Podemos también calcular la caída de tensión por tramos. Lo hacemos para el tramo A-4y
comprobamos que el resultado es el mismo:

1
lA1 ≔ 50 m ΔUA1 ≔ ―― lA1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P1 + P2 + P3 + P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 7.914 V
VL

1
l12 ≔ 50 m ΔU12 ≔ ―― l12 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P2 + P3 + P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q2 + Q3 + Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 6.19 V
VL

1
l23 ≔ 50 m ΔU23 ≔ ―― l23 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P3 + P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q3 + Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 4.118 V
VL

1
l34 ≔ 50 m ΔU34 ≔ ―― l34 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 2.874 V
VL

ΔUA4 ≔ ΔUA1 + ΔU12 + ΔU23 + ΔU34 = 21.096 V


Cálculo de caída de tensión en redes en anillo:
Ω Ω
VL ≔ 20 kV ϕ ≔ −36.87 ° r ≔ 1.96 ―― x ≔ 0.391 ――
km km
l1 ≔ 5 km l2 ≔ 10 km l3 ≔ 5 km l4 ≔ 5 km l5 ≔ 10 km l6 ≔ 10 km

i1 ≔ 5 A i2 ≔ 10 A i3 ≔ 5 A i4 ≔ 15 A i5 ≔ 10 A

iTOTAL ≔ i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 + i5 = 45 A

L1 ≔ l1 = 5 km L2 ≔ l1 + l2 = 15 km L3 ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 = 20 km L4 ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 = 25 km

L5 ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 + l5 = 35 km LTOTAL ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 + l5 + l6 = 45 km

⎛⎝i1 ⋅ L1 + i2 ⋅ L2 + i3 ⋅ L3 + i4 ⋅ L4 + i5 ⋅ L5⎞⎠
Ix ≔ iTOTAL − ―――――――――――― = 22.778 A
LTOTAL

⎛⎝i1 ⋅ L1 + i2 ⋅ L2 + i3 ⋅ L3 + i4 ⋅ L4 + i5 ⋅ L5⎞⎠
Iy ≔ ―――――――――――― = 22.222 A
LTOTAL
Iab ≔ Ix − i1 = 17.778 A Ibc ≔ Ix − i1 − i2 = 7.778 A Icd ≔ Ix − i1 − i2 − i3 = 2.778 A

Ied ≔ Iy − i5 = 12.222 A El punto alimentado por


ambos extremos y por tanto
el de minima tensión es d.

ΔUoa ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Ix ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Ix ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 263.028 V

ΔUab ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l2 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Iab ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Iab ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 410.58 V

ΔUbc ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l3 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Ibc ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Ibc ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 89.814 V

ΔUcd ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l4 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Icd ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Icd ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 32.077 V

ΔUd ≔ ΔUoa + ΔUab + ΔUbc + ΔUcd = 795.499 V

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