2
VL ≔ 20 kV long ≔ 20 km d ≔ 9.2 mm s ≔ 50 mm D≔1 m
2
mm
P ≔ 5000 kW fdp ≔ 0.8 ρCu ≔ 0.017 Ω ⋅ ―― f ≔ 50 Hz
m
ϕ ≔ acos (fdp) = 36.87 °
ρCu Ω
r ≔ ―― = 0.34 ―― R ≔ r ⋅ long = 6.8 Ω
s km
μ0 μ0 ⎛D⎞ H
l ≔ ―― + ―― ⋅ ln ⎜―⎟ = 0.001 ―― L ≔ l ⋅ long = 0.023 H X ≔ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ L = 7.077 Ω
8⋅π 2⋅π d km
⎜ ―⎟
⎝2⎠
P
I ≔ ――――― = 180.422 A
‾‾
3 ⋅ VL ⋅ cos (ϕ)
ΔU
3 ⋅ (R ⋅ I ⋅ cos (ϕ) + X ⋅ I ⋅ sin (ϕ)) = ⎛⎝3.027 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V
3
ΔU ≔ ‾‾ ―― ⋅ 100 = 15.135
VL
P
η ≔ ――――――――⋅ 100 = 86.855
⎛ ⎞
⎝P + ‾‾
3 ⋅ I ⋅ ΔU ⋅ cos (ϕ)⎠
P
⋅ sin (ϕ) = ⎛⎝3.75 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V ⋅ A
6
Q ≔ ―――
cos (ϕ)
1 ΔU
⋅ (R ⋅ P + X ⋅ Q) = ⎛⎝3.027 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V
3
ΔU ≔ ―― ―― ⋅ 100 = 15.135
VL VL
P
η ≔ ――――――――⋅ 100 = 86.855
⎛ ⎞
⎝P + ‾‾ 3 ⋅ I ⋅ ΔU ⋅ cos (ϕ)⎠
Ej l d l l d íd d t ió
Ejemplo de calculo de caídas de tensión:
y Linea subterranea de distribución trifásica a 50 Hz, con cables unipolares de Al
de 70mm2.
y Suministra 4000kw con fdp 0.8 inductivo a 20kV.
y Calcular la máxima longitud de línea para que el porcentaje de caída de tensión
sea del 1%.
2
VL ≔ 20 kV f ≔ 50 Hz P ≔ 4000 kW fdp ≔ 0.8 s ≔ 70 mm
Ω Ω
ϕ ≔ acos (fdp) = 36.87 ° r ≔ 0.57 ―― x ≔ 0.13 ――
km km
P
I ≔ ――――― = 144.338 A
‾‾
3 ⋅ VL ⋅ cos (ϕ)
V VL
ΔUkm ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ (r ⋅ I ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ I ⋅ sin (ϕ)) = 133.5 ―― l ≔ 0.01 ⋅ ―― = 1.498 km
km ΔUkm
P
⋅ sin (ϕ) = ⎛⎝3 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ V ⋅ A
6
Q ≔ ―――
cos (ϕ)
1 V VL
ΔUkm ≔ ―― ⋅ (r ⋅ P + x ⋅ Q) = 133.5 ―― l ≔ 0.01 ⋅ ―― = 1.498 km
VL km ΔUkm
Se considera una línea con las derivaciones y cargas
correspondientes:
Ω Ω
VL ≔ 10 kV fdp ≔ 0.8 r ≔ 1.96 ―― x ≔ 0.391 ―― ϕ ≔ acos (fdp) = 36.87 °
km km
ia ≔ 15 A ib ≔ 5 A ic ≔ 15 A id ≔ 5 A ie ≔ 10 A
ΔUAe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ IAe ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ IAe ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 312.219 V
Iec ≔ ic + id + ib + ia = 40 A
ΔUec ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lec ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Iec ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Iec ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 374.663 V
Ica ≔ ia = 15 A
ΔUca ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lca ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Ica ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Ica ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 280.998 V
lAe = 2 km ΔUe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ie ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ie ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 62.444 V
IAe ≔ ie + ic + id + ib + ia = 50 A ΔUAe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ IAe ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ IAe ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 312.219 V
Iec ≔ ic + id + ib + ia = 40 A ΔUec ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lec ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Iec ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Iec ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 374.663 V
Icd ≔ id + ib = 10 A ΔUcd ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lcd ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Icd ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Icd ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 62.444 V
Idb ≔ ib = 5 A ΔUdb ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ ldb ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Idb ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Idb ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 31.222 V
lAe = 2 km ΔUe ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ lAe ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ie ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ ie ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 62.444 V
VL ≔ 380 V
Ω
r ≔ 0.63 ――
km
Ω
x ≔ 0.325 ――
km
P1 ≔ 15 kW P2 ≔ 25 kW P3 ≔ 15 kW P4 ≔ 25 kW
En primer lugar, no sabemos cuál es el punto de menor tensión por lo que tendremos que
calcular la caída de tensión a todos los extremos:
Empezamos por el extremo que coincide con el punto de consumo 4. Calcularemos la caída
de tensión que provoca cada consumo y luego aplicaremos el principio de superposición.
1
lA1 ≔ 50 m ΔU1 ≔ ―― lA1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P1 + x ⋅ Q1⎞⎠ = 1.725 V
VL
1
lA2 ≔ 100 m ΔU2 ≔ ―― lA2 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P2 + x ⋅ Q2⎞⎠ = 4.145 V
VL
1
lA3 ≔ 150 m ΔU3 ≔ ―― lA3 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P3 + x ⋅ Q3⎞⎠ = 3.73 V
VL
1
lA4 ≔ 200 m ΔU4 ≔ ―― lA4 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P4 + x ⋅ Q4⎞⎠ = 11.497 V
VL
ΔUA4 ≔ ΔU1 + ΔU2 + ΔU3 + ΔU4 = 21.096 V
1
lA1 ≔ 50 m ΔU1 ≔ ―― lA1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P1 + x ⋅ Q1⎞⎠ = 1.725 V
VL
1
lA2 ≔ 100 m ΔU2 ≔ ―― lA2 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P2 + x ⋅ Q2⎞⎠ = 4.145 V
VL
1
lA3 ≔ 250 m ΔU3 ≔ ―― lA3 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P3 + x ⋅ Q3⎞⎠ = 6.217 V
VL
1
lA4 ≔ 150 m ΔU4 ≔ ―― lA4 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ P4 + x ⋅ Q4⎞⎠ = 8.623 V
VL
ΔUA3 ≔ ΔU1 + ΔU2 + ΔU3 + ΔU4 = 20.709 V
El extremo del punto de consumo 1 lo podemos descartar, ya que en ningún caso podrá
caer más tensión en el tramo de 150m desde A hasta el punto de consumo 1 que en los
200m que hay desde A hasta el punto de consumo 4 debido a la mayor distancia y a la
mayor potencia del punto 4.
Podemos también calcular la caída de tensión por tramos. Lo hacemos para el tramo A-4y
comprobamos que el resultado es el mismo:
1
lA1 ≔ 50 m ΔUA1 ≔ ―― lA1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P1 + P2 + P3 + P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 7.914 V
VL
1
l12 ≔ 50 m ΔU12 ≔ ―― l12 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P2 + P3 + P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q2 + Q3 + Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 6.19 V
VL
1
l23 ≔ 50 m ΔU23 ≔ ―― l23 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P3 + P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q3 + Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 4.118 V
VL
1
l34 ≔ 50 m ΔU34 ≔ ―― l34 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ ⎛⎝P4⎞⎠ + x ⋅ ⎛⎝Q4⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 2.874 V
VL
i1 ≔ 5 A i2 ≔ 10 A i3 ≔ 5 A i4 ≔ 15 A i5 ≔ 10 A
iTOTAL ≔ i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 + i5 = 45 A
L1 ≔ l1 = 5 km L2 ≔ l1 + l2 = 15 km L3 ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 = 20 km L4 ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 = 25 km
L5 ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 + l5 = 35 km LTOTAL ≔ l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 + l5 + l6 = 45 km
⎛⎝i1 ⋅ L1 + i2 ⋅ L2 + i3 ⋅ L3 + i4 ⋅ L4 + i5 ⋅ L5⎞⎠
Ix ≔ iTOTAL − ―――――――――――― = 22.778 A
LTOTAL
⎛⎝i1 ⋅ L1 + i2 ⋅ L2 + i3 ⋅ L3 + i4 ⋅ L4 + i5 ⋅ L5⎞⎠
Iy ≔ ―――――――――――― = 22.222 A
LTOTAL
Iab ≔ Ix − i1 = 17.778 A Ibc ≔ Ix − i1 − i2 = 7.778 A Icd ≔ Ix − i1 − i2 − i3 = 2.778 A
ΔUoa ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l1 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Ix ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Ix ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 263.028 V
ΔUab ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l2 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Iab ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Iab ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 410.58 V
ΔUbc ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l3 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Ibc ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Ibc ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 89.814 V
ΔUcd ≔ ‾‾
3 ⋅ l4 ⋅ ⎛⎝r ⋅ Icd ⋅ cos (ϕ) + x ⋅ Icd ⋅ sin (ϕ)⎞⎠ = 32.077 V