Journal of Environment and Waste Management

Vol. 6(2), pp. 290-297, July, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 0274-6999

Research Article

Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural

Food Wastes
Ogunka-Nnoka, C.U1* and Atinlikou M.F2
1,2Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents
of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod;
Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean)
seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples
have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20
for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage
carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod
peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed
contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly
higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples
showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations.
Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin,
lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin.
This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.

Key words: Nutrient, Bioactive component, Telfairia occidentalis, Artocarpus camansi, Mucuna urens,

INTRODUCTION
As the production of food is resource-intensive, food
losses and wastes are indirectly accompanied by a broad
range of environmental impacts, such as soil erosion,
deforestation, water and air pollution, as well as
greenhouse gas emissions that occur in the processes of
food production, storage, transportation, and waste
management (Mourad, 2016; Schanes et al., 2018 ).
Waste management is a major problem facing agro-allied
industries, especially in developing countries. In its
simplest term, agro-waste food is the residue resulting
from food processing activities which are often discarded
or mostly not eaten hence lost to the environment. In most
cases, agro-wastes or plant biomass generated by these
agro-allied industries are burnt in the open, often resulting
in environmental pollution (Babayemi et al., 2009). Food
processing by-products and wastes are generated from
direct consumption or industrialization of primary products
that are no longer useful for food processing. Currently, in
several developing countries there is insufficient
infrastructure, technology, financial resources, and
specific legislation to facilitate proper disposal and provide
a final destination for the waste, which can create pollution.
Sustainable development based on the concept of bio-
refinery has produced alternatives that facilitate waste
recovery. The food processing by-products can be
transformed into biomaterials or bio-fuels by fermentation
(Gutiérrez-Macía, 2015). One key area that has received
tremendous support is the campaign of enzymatic,
chemical and biological transformation of agro-waste to
value-added products which are useful in diverse sectors
(Techobanoglous, 1993). Given the high amounts of agro-
food waste occurring on the household level, the
prevention of food waste at the final stages of the supply
chain is of utmost importance to help prevent further
climate change (Parfitt et al., 2010). There is, however, still
a relative paucity of scientific research on the utilization of
agro-food wastes. Thyberg and Tonjes (2016) have
*Corresponding Author: Ogunka-Nnoka U. Charity,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt,
Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Email: cogunkannoka@yahoo.co.uk

Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food Wastes

Ogunka-Nnoka and Atinlikou 291
provided a literature review of the causes of agro-food
waste which concentrates on cultural, political, economic,
and geographic drivers, with a particular focus on the US.
There is a great need to continuously screen food wastes
for their potential food value; this is mainly because these
food wastes are linked to several facets of the economical,
ethical, and environmental and even the immediate
households of our national life.
There are many agricultural food waste materials (Figures
1-4) generated in homes and littered all over the
environment mostly around the southern part of Nigeria.
These materials include waste products from Telfairia
occidentalis (fluted pumpkin), Artocarpus camansi
(Breadnut seeds) and Mucuna urens (Horse eye bean
seed) known as pumpkin pod peel (PPP), pumpkin seed
peel (PSP) Breadnut seed peel (BSP), Breadnut creamy
pulp (BCP) and Horse eye bean peel (HBP) respectively.
These wastes are potentially viable source of agricultural
components which needs to be harnessed for other uses
and to save the environment since they are biodegradable
to useful goods and services. Telfairia occidentalis (fluted
Figure 1: Artocarpus camansi (Breadnut) edible seeds
Figure 3: Mucuna urens (Horse eye bean)
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food Wastes
pumpkin) is a cultivar of a squash plant with thick shell
(pod) containing seed and pulp. The seed is the means of
propagation. It is nutritionally rich in minerals such as zinc
which helps balance hormones and aids in hair growths. A
number of researches have been carried out on fluted
pumpkin edible seed (Eddy et al., 2011; Udo and Alozie,
2016; Agatemor. 2006; Yusuf et al., 2006). Artocarpus
carmansi (breadnut seed) has been considered as a seed
bread fruit. This plant is grown for its nutritious seeds. It is
also a good source of protein (Adeleke and Abiodun,
2010). Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) is one of the
lesser-known legumes of a greater nutritional potential.
Studies on the nutrient composition showed that the bean
is a good source of protein, (23-35%), carbohydrate (50-
56%) and fat (8-11%) as reported by Umoren et al., (2007).
Increasing concerns about food security and
environmental impacts, such as resource depletion and
greenhouse gas emissions attributed to food waste, have
intensified attention to evaluate the nutrient and bioactive
potentials of the waste components of Telfairia
occidentalis, Artocarpus carmansi and Mucuna Urens.
Figure 2: Artocarpus camansi (Breadnut) showing
the creamy pulp
Figure 4: Telfaira occidentalis (Flutted pumpkin) pod

Table 1. Common and local names of the samples
Language Names
T. occidentalis
English Fluted pumpkin, fluted gourd
and Telfairia nut
Spanish Costillada
Ghana Krobonko
Sierra Leone Oroko, pondokoko
Igbo (Nigeria) Ugu
Yoruba (Nigeria) Aworoko, Eweroko
Efik/Ibibio (Nigeria) Ikong
Source: (Gbile, 1984; Natarajan et al., 2012).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample preparation
Matured plant samples namely; Artocarpus camansi
(Figure 1 & 2), Mucuna urens (Figure 3) and Telfairia
occidentalis (Figure 4) used for this project were bought
from Creek road market in Port Harcourt and Aluu market
all in Rivers State, Nigeria. Identification was carried out in
the Herbarium of the Department of Plant Science,
University of Port Harcourt by Dr. Edwin Nwosu. The
samples bought were processed into pumpkin pod peel
(PPP), pumpkin seed peel (PSP), breadnut creamy pulp
(BCP), breadnut seed peel (BSP) and horse eye bean peel
(HBP). The samples were sliced to tiny portions of 2mm
thickness, air-dried for three days at 25-27˚C and ground
to fine powder. The ground samples were stored in a
labelled air-tight container and kept at room temperature
until subsequent analysis.
Proximate Analysis
Determinations of the proximate amounts of nutritional
components (moisture, fat, ash, and crude fibre) in all five
experimental samples were done using the procedure
described by AOAC (1990). Nitrogen was determined by
the micro-Kjeldahl method reported by Pearson, (1976)
and crude protein content was subsequently calculated by
multiplying the nitrogen content by a factor of 6.25.
Carbohydrate content was estimated by subtracting the
sum of the amounts of protein, fibre, crude fat and ash from
the total dry matter.
Mineral Analysis
A total of 2g of the dried sample each was weighed into
different digestion flasks, then the following was added to
each flask; 200ml of the acid mixture of 650ml
concentrated nitric acid, 80ml perchloric acid, and 20ml
concentrated sulphuric acid. The flask was heated until a
clear digest was obtained. The digest was diluted with de-
ionised water to the 250ml mark. Appropriate dilutions are
then made for each element. Sodium, potassium, calcium,
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food Wastes
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 292
A. camansi M. urens
Breadnut, Bread Mucunaby, Cowhage, Velvet bean, Sea
fruit bean, Horse eye bean
Ukwa Achi
magnesium, iron and zinc were determined using atomic
absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer A100) by the
method described by Oshodi (1999). Phosphorus content
was determined by employing standard vabadomolybdate
method and read on CECIL CE3041 colorimeter as
described in AOAC (1990).
Extraction and phytochemical determination
The modified method of Nwiloh et al., 2016 was adopted
for phytochemical analysis. Dried powder (20g) was
soaked sequentially for 72 hours with ethyl acetate. The
filtered solvents were concentrated under reduced
pressure by using rotary evaporator at a maximum
temperature of 45oC to yield 1g crude extracts. The ethyl
acetate extract (1g) was subjected to a thin layer
chromatography (TLC) with ethyl acetate, the pure sample
from TLC was dissolved in ethyl acetate and subjected to
gas chromatography (GC-FID) analysis for phytochemical
determination. The GC-FID phytochemical analysis was
performed on a BUCK M910 Gas Chromatograph (GC)
(BUCK Scientific, USA), equipped with a flame ionization
detector (FID). A RESTEK 15meter MXT-1 column
measuring 15m x 250µm x 0.15µm was used. The injector
temperature was 280oC with a splitless injection of 2µl of
sample and a linear velocity of 30cms-1, Helium 5.0 Pas
was the carrier gas with a flow rate of 40ml per minute. The
oven operated initially at 200oC, it was heated to 330oC at
a rate of 3oC min-1 and was kept at the temperature of
320oC. Phytochemicals were determined by the ratio
between the area and mass of internal standard and the
area of the identified phytochemicals.
Statistical Analysis
Results are expressed as mean ± standard error of
triplicate determination. Statistical analysis was carried out
using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data
between groups were analyzed by the least significant
difference (LSD) test using Statistical Package for the
Social Science (SPSS Version 20 statistics software at
95% (p< 0.05) confidence level.
Ogunka-Nnoka and Atinlikou 293
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Proximate composition
The proximate composition (Table 2) of the food wastes
show that they comprise varying content of the major
nutrients. The percentage moisture (18.15±0.03%) was
highest in pumpkin seed peel while pumpkin pod peel had
the lowest moisture (4.40±0.01%) content. Breadnut
creamy pulp showed the highest percentage of ash
(15.25±0.04%) content, followed by horse eye bean peel
(14.90±0.05%) while pumpkin pod peel has the lowest ash
(3.40±0.04%) content. The percentage fiber content
shows horse eye bean peel (11.60±0.02%) to be rich in
fiber while breadnut seed peel (2.80±0.02 %) had the
lowest fiber as well as the highest protein (11.90±0.05%)
content. The percentage crude fat value indicates that
breadnut seed peel has a lower fat content when
compared to the rest of the samples. Breadnut creamy
pulp has the highest fat value. The highest carbohydrate
content was observed in pumpkin pod peel; while pumpkin
seed peel had the lowest carbohydrate content. The
moisture content in a food sample is an indication of its
Table 2. Proximate composition (%) of the Agricultural food wastes
Samples Moisture Ash Fiber
PSP 18.15±0.03 d 11.65±0.03 b 4.65±0.01 a
PPP 4.40±0.01 a 3.40±0.04 a 10.15±0.03 c
BCP 7.70±0.09 b 15.25±0.04 cd 7.75±0.03 b
BSP 8.25±0.01 bc 13.25±0.01 c 2.80±0.02 a
HBP 6.10±0.04 b 14.90±0.05 c 11.60±0.02 c
Values are mean ± Standard deviation of triplicate determinations. Values with different superscript in the same column
differ significantly (p< 0.05)
*PSP (Pumpkin seed peel), PPP (Pumpkin pod peel), BCP (Breadnut creamy pulp), BSP (Breadnut seed peel), HBP
(Horse eye bean peel)
Mineral contents
Figure 5 shows the mineral element content of the samples
analysed. The result shows that all the samples analysed
contain Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium
(K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) at
different concentrations in each sample. Horse eye bean
peel (HBP) had the highest concentration of Zn followed
by breadnut seed peel (BSP) with concentrations of
4.20±0.00 mg/kg and 2.61±0.01 mg/kg respectively.
Breadnut creamy pulp (BCP) had the lowest Zn
concentration of 1.92±0.01 mg/kg. Fe and Mg contents
were highest in horse eye bean peel (30.12±0.01 and
21.21±0.01 mg/kg respectively) while pumpkin seed peel
(9.66±0.06 mg/kg) and pumpkin pod peel (20.36±0.01
mg/kg) had the lowest Fe and Mg content respectively.
Figure 5 further shows that K, Na, Ca and P contents were
highest in pumpkin seed peel, breadnut seed peel,
pumpkin pod peel and horse eye bean peel respectively.
The substantial amount of Fe (30.119±0.009) relative to
other minerals, especially in the horse eye bean peel is
important, as the element plays a crucial role in blood
formation and overall improvement of the haemotopoietic
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food Wastes
shelf life (Tressler et al., 1980). The highest moisture and
protein contents were recorded for PSP and BSP
respectively. This means that the deteriorative rate of PSP
is high compared to the other food wastes. While the
protein level indicates that these food wastes can be
supplemented in animal diets for growth and tissue
maintenance. Adeleke and Abiodun (2010) reported
moisture and protein contents of 60.96% and 4.87%
respectively for the edible component of breadnut seed.
While Ragone (2006) also reported 56.0-66.2% and 13.3-
19.19% for moisture and protein contents of breadnut seed
respectively. BCP had the highest ash content; an
indication of a better mineral source. The carbohydrate
content recorded for pumpkin pod peel (PPP) will serve as
a good source of energy, while HBP will be useful in
digestion and the removal of bile acids due to its fiber
content. Edhioda et al. (2018) reported on the
carbohydrate content of 15.15% for pumpkin seed; while
Effiong and Umoren (2011) reported on the crude fiber
level of 5.04% for the edible component of horse eye bean.
The study revealed that these food wastes possess rich
nutrient for ruminant and non-ruminant animals.
Fat Protein Carbohydrate
4.40±0.02 b 9.45±0.04 ab 51.70±0.03a
4.45±0.01 b 7.35±0.05 a 70.25±0.01c
6.20±0.02 c 8.75±0.04 a 54.35±0.08 a
1.90±0.10 a 11.90±0.05 c 61.90±0.04 b
3.50±0.01 b 9.10±0.06 ab 54.81±0.01 a
system as well as proper function of the immune system
and production of energy (Ighodaro et al., 2012; Chen et
al., 2010). Calcium content was reasonably high in
pumpkin pod peel, horse eye bean peel and pumpkin seed
peel. Calcium is an important component of intracellular
processes. Alteration in calcium flux can have adverse
effects on insulin secretion which is a calcium-dependent
process (O’connell, 2001). Thus, the considerable
amounts of calcium in pumpkin pod peel as observed in
this study, suggest the importance of these peels to
diabetics (Okorie et al., 2015). Phosphorus content was
high in the peels of horse eye bean, pumpkin pod and
pumpkin seed peel. Phosphorus is involved in several
biological processes such as bone mineralization, energy
production, cell signalling and regulation of acid-base
homeostasis (Ighodaro et al., 2012); Magnesium is a
cofactor of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase and it also
modulates glucose transport across cell membranes
(O’connell, 2001). The considerable amounts of
magnesium in the peels of pumpkin seed, pumpkin pod,
breadnut creamy pulp, breadnut seed peel and horse eye
bean seed peel suggest their importance to diabetics. The
low level of Zn in all the samples is an indication that these
 J. Environ. Waste Manag. 294

food wastes may not be a good source of this mineral. Zinc compounds present in the agricultural food wastes. The
is important in general metabolism. It facilitates several result (Table 3) shows that PSP is rich in a number of
enzymatic processes related to the metabolism of protein, phytochemicals, namely; spartein, phytate, anthocyanin,
carbohydrates, and fats. Zinc also helps form the structure tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin and
of proteins and enzymes and is involved in the regulation kaemferol in varying concentrations (0.0025-51.38 µg/ml).
of gene expression (Otten et al., 2006). The low content of PPP analysis showed it contains spartein, phytate,
Zn is beneficial in the light of the toxicity associated with anthocyanin, tannin, rutin, oxalate and epicatechin
heavy metal accumulation in the body (Ighodaro et al., (0.0019-61.2066 µg/ml). BCP contains phytate,
2012). The peels of the food wastes indicate that Na and anthocyanin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, epicatechin,
K were of significant concentration. Both minerals have phenol and sapogenin (0.21-56.75 µg/ml) while breadnut
been implicated with several metabolic disorders seed peel contains spartein, phytate, ribalinidine and
especially when the Na to K ratio is high leading to catechin (0.0023-96.68 µg/ml). HBP contains spartein,
incidences of hypertension (Chen et al., 2010). The values anthocyanin, ribalinidine, catechin, kaempferol,
of the mineral contents reported in these food wastes are epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin (0.46-53.28 µg/ml).
comparable to their edible components (Effiong and Rutin appears to have the highest concentration of the
Umoren, 2011; Adeleke and Abiodun, 2010; Yusuf et al., phytocomponents present in all food wastes except for
2006). Therefore, these samples could be considered as BSP where catechin had the highest value.
useful in ruminant feeds.
Table 3. Phytochemical constituents (µg/ml) of pumpkin
seed peel, pumpkin pod peel, breadnut white pulp,
breadnut seed peel and horse eye been peel
Phytochemical PSP PPP BCP BSP HBP
Spartein 0.0025 0.0019 - 0.0023 0.46
Phytate 0.21 0.12 0.21 0.049 -
Anthocyanin 1.05 0.9198 0.86 - 0.94
Tannin 15.11 20.0262 - - -
Lunamarin 3.93 - - - -
Ribalinidine 0.80 - 2.04 0.82 2.26
Catechin 27.49 - 33.98 96.68 17.11
Rutin 51.38 61.2066 56.75 - 53.28
Kaempferol 0.023 - - -
Figure 5: Mineral contents of the Agricultural food wastes Oxalate - 0.0023 - - -
Epicatechin - 5.51 13.04 1.24 13.76
Phytochemical constituents Phenol - - 2.80 - 9.58
Sapogenin - - 3.06 1.20 2.92
The chromatogram from GC-FID analysis (Figures 6-10) (-) = Absent
revealed the following: spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, * PSP (Pumpkin seed peel), PPP (Pumpkin pod peel),
tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, BCP (Breadnut creamy pulp), BSP (Breadnut seed peel),
oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin as some of the HBP (Horse eye bean peel)

Figure 6: Chromatogram showing the phytochemical Figure 7: Chromatogram showing the phytochemical
constituents of PSP constituents of PPP

Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food Wastes

Ogunka-Nnoka and Atinlikou 295
Figure 8: Chromatogram showing the phytochemical
constituents of BCP
Figure 10: Chromatogram showing the phytochemical
constituents of HBP
The bioactive compounds contained in plants are majorly
responsible for their medicinal properties (Ighodaro et al.,
2012). These phytochemicals have been reported to exert
multiple biological and pharmacological effects which
include antibacterial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and
anti-inflammatory activities (Middleton and Kandaswami,
1992). Alkaloids (sparteine, ribalinidine and lunamarin)
play some important metabolic role in living organisms,
causing some physiological changes and are involved in
protective function in animals (Nwiloh et al., 2016). They
have been shown to have important pharmacological
functions such as anticancer, psychedelics and
antimalarial (Otitoju et al., 2014). The agricultural food
wastes are rich in flavonoids, which are the most common
polyphenols found in the human diet and which have been
implicated in many human diseases including lipid-
lowering, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-
oxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities by acting
as antioxidants (Okwu and Josiah, 2006). Rutin a
flavonoid has been shown to have anti-ulcer, antibacterial,
antiviral, anti-allergic, and antithrombosis activities. Also,
Anthocyanin, a flavonoid has been shown to decrease
triglycerides and increase HDL-cholesterol level in rats
(Nwiloh et al., 2016). It can also protect pancreatic β-cells
from glucose-induced oxidative stress due to its
antioxidant property, having anti-diabetic activity (Dilip and
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food Wastes
Figure 9: Chromatogram showing the phytochemical
constituents of BSP
Tetsuya, 2007). Catechin a polyphenol has been shown to
have anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatitis properties
(Dilipkuman and Preeti, 2013). Although tannin decreases
protein quality by reducing digestibility and palatability,
other anti-nutritional effects attributed to tannin include
damage to the intestinal tract, interference with the
absorption of iron and a possible carcinogenic effect
(Onyeka and Nwambekwe, 2007). However, the presence
of tannin is essential for the treatment and prevention of
diarrhoea, dysentery, and leucorrhoea (Etuk et al., 1998).
Saponin has been generally reported to be very useful for
the treatment of hyperglycemia, hypertension,
hypercholesterol, maintenance of bone health and helps in
building up the immune system (Skerman et al., 1998).
Lunamarin and ribalinidine have been reported to have
radical scavenging function (Rahmani and Sukari, 2010).
Phytate has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and
cholesterol lowering effects (Urbano et al., 2000). The
presence of these phytoconstituents in these food wastes
showed that they have therapeutic activity and could be
good sources of novel drugs.
CONCLUSION
The results of proximate analyses indicate that the food
wastes contain carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, moisture
and ash. Carbohydrate was the most prevalent nutrient in
all the food wastes. The mineral element analyses showed
that the food wastes are rich in Zn, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Ca and
P although their content varied in the food wastes studied.
The phytochemical screening of the food wastes indicated
that they are rich in a number of bioactive compounds. The
presence of these nutrients and bioactive substances in
the food waste peels suggests that the peels possess
some valuable potential yet to be properly explored.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Accepted 27 July 2019
Citation: Ogunka-Nnoka CU and Atinlikou MF (2019).
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural
Food Wastes. Journal of Environment and Waste
Management, 6(2): 290-297.
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