TASK 1

In this activity, you will have to read two analytical exposition texts. Make necessary notes
of their key features. It may facilitate you in doing the other tasks. Enjoy it.

Text 1

In Australia there are three levels of government, federal government, state governments,
and the local governments. All of these levels of government are necessary. This is so for a
number of reasons.

First, the federal government is necessary for big things. They keep the economy in order and
look after things like defense. International affairs are also important to handle. For example,
they carry out mutual collaboration with other nations in the world.

Similarly, the state governments look after the middle sized things. For example, they look
after law and order, preventing things like vadalism in schools. Crimes occurring in a
particular state need quick and instant solution. This will take long time if they are handled
by the federal government.

Finally, the local governments look after the small things and daily matters. They look after
things like collecting rubbish, otherwise everyone would have diseases.

Thus, for the reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of government are
necessary.

(Adapted from (Gerot, L., & Wignell, P. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar).
TEXT 2
Learning from Television

Traditionally, educators have perceived television as not particularly beneficial to literacy

development. Concerns were fueled by findings suggesting that with the introduction of
television people spend less time reading books and reading scores decline. As our society is
striving to make adjustments to the decline in literacy skills, new ways of learning and
teaching are being explored, educators are becoming interested in exploring the educational
potential of television. Therefore, the interest in television as an educational medium has
increased for several reasons.

First, existing educational television programs that were developed to enhance the literacy
development of both children and adults have been quite successful in achieving their
intended outcomes. This has been reported in several researches dealing with such things
such as television supported distance learning programs from the Open University in Great
Britain.

Second, because television is a very accessible medium, it has the potential to reach learners
that have not been able to participate in traditional adult literacy programs. Television is
accessible both in terms of its technology and in terms of its content. By 1985, 99% of all US
households had a least one television set. Moreover, viewers are intimately familiar with the
content of television and tend to associate it with pleasurable experience because of its
power to entertain

Finally, the development of new visual technologies makes it possible to provide users with
more control and interactivity and thus to adapt televised instruction to the needs of a
variety of learners and learning styles.

To conclude, many teachers in UK are recently becoming aware to benefit the potential of
television programs to support the teaching processes.

(Adapted from https://dcmp.org/learn/static-assets/nadh175.pdf).

Task 2
Answer the questions below to check your comprehension about the social function, text
structures, and the lexico-grammatical features of analytical exposition texts.

Question Answer

1 Where can you probably find the Magazine, newspaper, journal,

first text to read? scientific book, educational book,
etc.
2 Where can you probably find the In educational newspaper, journal,
second text to read? and educational magazine, scientific
book
3 Who might be interested in Students, politicians, teachers,
reading the first text? parents, etc.

4 In text 2, which sentence is stating “Therefore, the interest in

the writer’s position to introduce television as an educational medium
his ideas? has increased for several reasons.”
(Paragraph 1 line 6)

5 How does the writer of text 2 The writer arranges his ideas in
arrange his ideas in the text? good order based on the generic
structure of analytical exposition
which start from the thesis,
argument, and reiteration.
6 Does the writer of text 1 use ‘the Yes, but he writes the text not only
present tenses’ to write his ideas uses ‘present tense’ but also
in the text? ‘present perfect tense’, ‘present
continuous tense’ and ‘present
future tense’.
7 Can you identify the internal a. Internal conjunction in text 1:
conjunction and causal  First
conjunction in both texts? Write  Similarly
them in your answers.  Finally
b. Causal conjunction in text 1:
 Thus
 Otherwise
c. Internal conjunction in text 2:
 First
 Second
 Moreover
 Finally
d. Causal conjunction in text 2:
 As
 Because
 Therefore
 Part 2: Comparing analytical exposition texts with other texts

TASK 3
Read the two texts above once again and compare them with the other two texts below
to identify their differences and similarities. Write your answer in the box provided
below

Text 3

In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol

there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of difference
between driving in the city and the country.
While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air
wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country,
where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the
problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city
roads.
Those who want to penalise older, leaded petrol vehicles and
their owners don’t seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is
no public transport to fall back upon and one’s own vehicle is the
only way to get about.

I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge

distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal
of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who
live in the city.

(Source: Gerot, L., & Wignell, P. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar).
Text 4

Iceberg Potential Source of Water

The supply of fresh water has not been a major problem for most
countries in the world because a rainy season is part of their yearly
climatic conditions. However, in countries where the rainfall is very
sparse scientists must constantly seek ways to increase supplies of this
precious element. One among other methods being considered is the
towing of icebergs. According to this method large icebergs from
Antarctica would be wrapped in cloth or plastic, tied to powerful
tugboats by strong ropes, and towed to the countries needing fresh
water. While this plan may have some potential, there are certain
practical problems that must be solved.
The first problem is the expense. According to estimates, it would cost
between $50 and $100 million to tow a 'single 100-million-ton iceberg from
Antarctica to, for example, the coast of Saudi Arabia. This is very expensive.
The second problem is possible risk with the iceberg. It is very
possible that the Iceberg would melt en route. No one knows if an
iceberg could be effectively insulated during such a long journey. At the
very least, there is the possibility that it would break up into smaller
pieces, which would create still other problems.
The third problem is about the environmental effects. There is the
danger that a huge block of Ice floating off an arid coast could have
unexpected environmental effects. The ice could drastically change the
weather along the coast and it would probably affect the fish population.
The last problem is the cost efficiency. According to this, the cost of
providing fresh water from icebergs would be less than the cost of
providing water by desalinization. According to most estimates, it
would cost between 50 cent and 60 cent per cubic meter to get water
from an iceberg as opposed to the 80 cent per cubic meter it costs to get
the same amount by desalinization. In conclusion, before icebergs can
become a source of fresh water in the future, problems involving cost,
overall practicality, and most importantly environmental impact must
be solved.
(Adapted from Oshima and Hogue, 3rd edition, 1998).
 Similarities Differences

1. The generic structure:  The texts talk about different subjects/

a. Thesis topics.
b. Argument  Texts 1 and 3 don’t have title, while
c. Reiteration texts 2 and 4 have title.
2. The use of significant lexicogrammatical  The text used different tenses. In text 1
features: and 3, the tense that mostly used is
a. Use of simple present tense ‘simple present tense’, while in text 2
b. Use of relational process used ‘present perfect tense, and in text
c. Use of internal conjunction to stage 4 used ‘future tense’ and passive voice.
argument
d. Use of causal conjunction
TASK 5
Use your own words to develop the two supporting ideas available in the text below.

Compulsory Attendance in College

On my first day of class in an American university, I discovered that there are many
differences between universities in US and in my country. One difference hit me
immediately when the professor walked into the classroom dressed in casual pants and a
sports shirt. Then he sat down, and I received a second shock. He sat down on the desk, not
behind the desk. The biggest shock happened when he passed out a piece of paper listing
the requirements of the class. I learned that I was not allowed to miss any classes! In my
country, professors do not know or care if students attend lectures, but in the United
States, professors actually call the roll at the beginning of each class meeting. In my
opinion, compulsory attendance in college is completely inappropriate for two reasons.

First, College students are adults, not elementary school children. Adults know better what
they actually need. They had experienced Elementary School and Secondary School, so they
are old enough to decide which class they need to attend. Moreover, students nowaday
know how to do with technologies. They can find more sources and materials from the
internet, so the professor can just inform the topic and confirm what is needed.

Second, students often have other obligations such as jobs and family. As an adult, they
have more responsibility than when they were a kid. Some students are also strugling with
economic issue. It usually ends up by having job while doing college. Some are also having
younger siblings to be taken care of. And for the married students who have obligation to
earn more money while taking care of their family, compulsorry attendence in college
gives more pressure. I think it is absolutely difficult for those kind of students to attend all
meetings in all classes, since they must fit the schedule with their working time.

To summarize, attendance in college classes should be optional. Students may already

know the material that the professor will cover. Sometimes the professor lectures on
material that is in the textbook, so students can read it on their own time. Therefore, in my
opinion, compulsory attendance in college classes should be abolished.

(Source: Oshima and Hogue. 2007. Introduction to Academic Writing).

Task 6
Choose one prohibition sign below which attracts you to generate your ideas to write an
analytical exposition text. Be sure to apply the knowledge you have learnt.

Source: https://www.seton.co.uk/do-not-litter-signs.html#A4GA56RP

LITTERING

Litter is what we call trash when it ends up outside a bin or landfill. Litter is bad for animals and
people. Plastic waste suffocates, disables and kills thousands of animals each year. Litter is dirty
and spoils our environment. Everyone has responsibility to their surrounding and other people life.
However, many people do not care for the environment with littering. There are some problems if
we keep littering.

First, litter can cause pollution. Litter like plastic, steel, and contaminated liquid that end up in
water like river or lake can cause water pollution and destroyed the ecosystem. Besides causing
water pollution, littering also causes soil pollution and air pollution. Organic garbage which is not
put in the right place will smell bad and make pollution. If we eat vegetables and fruits that are
planted in the polluted soil our body will contain of toxic and it can disturb our health. Many people
also contaminated with diseases like infections, chronic diseases and respiratory diseases. So, make
sure that we put garbage in the right place.

Second, litter is identical with bad smell. It can be inhaled by our nose. Besides, the environment
will also look dirty because of the garbage. There will be many insects like mosquitos, rats, and
cockroaches live there and bring many diseases for people around that place. When the people are
aware to the important of keeping the environment clean, they will not do litter anymore.

To conclude, based on the explanation above putting rubbish in its place is a must since so many
problems may occurs if we litter.