A Quantitative Research
presented to the Faculty of Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School
Bolambao, Frella L.
Depra, Jearis Anne F.
Esporma, Norbert Rayjhon A.
Limjuco, Joseph John R.
Naval, Trisha Belle D.
Nicolas, Alfred Jhon M.
Tuban, Kristel Janne S.
Valenzona, Rod Clint M.
Grade 12 - ANDLAUER
ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS, AND MANAGEMENT
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
setting. Some of its main sources include the cost of education, the need to repay
loans after borrowing money for college, and family income. As defined by Brown
University, financial stress is the feeling of stress due to the current state of one’s
personal finances. Additionally, the said institution also stated that academic
Based on the results of a study conducted by Inceptia (2012) on college students and
financial stress indicates that one-third of college students stated that financial stress
indeed has negatively impacted their overall academic performance and progress
within school grounds. This suggests that college is a phase wherein financial
stressors become more relevant and existing given that these may be greatly
To address this, the researchers of this study aim to analyze and discuss
University Senior High School Grade 12 ABM learners and their academic
performance. In relation to this, since this research paper will make use of a
Financial Stress
Davis and Mantler (2004) define financial stress as a feeling that includes
emotions of anxiety, fear, and anticipation with apprehension. In some cases, it may
also include anger and frustration. Furthermore, most literature on financial stress is
and anxiety (Andrews & Wilding, 2004), poor academic performance (Harding, 2011),
academics, and relationships have been tied with financial stress (Northern et al.,
2010). Globally, it has been observed that among higher education systems, one of
the sources of stress for students relates to financial pressures (Joo, Durband, &
Grable, 2008). To further explain, as students in the higher education systems emerge
from adolescence, they constantly face big changes and new responsibilities which
is a first for many students to come across budget appropriation, payment of bills, and
Filipinos were reported to be struggling in terms of financial condition, and 30% were
found to be suffering. It was also indicated that the perception of Filipinos on financial
security was at below the Asian and Global averages of 25% (Diola, 2015).
financial difficulties. In the basic level of education, nearly 20% mentioned lack of
financial resources as the main reason why children withdraw from school (Philippine
Academic Performance
(2018), the first step of every organization and university that offer scholarship grants
when they are planning to hire fresh graduates. From this, it can be inferred that
grades itself play a vital role in one’s future employment. It tends also to carry more
weight and thus matter in industries in line mostly with technical professions including
student ratio, sex of the student, and distance of schools from student’s house.
Focusing on one of its variables, family income specifically, the results of the study
performance and family income. To explain this, there has been a coefficient value of -
0.003 and negative insignificant t-value -0.069 from the variables, showing the inverse
In the national level, a study conducted by Alos, Caranto, and David (2015) of
the College of Nursing in Benguet State University discussed the factors affecting the
related factors. It has been concluded, based on the findings, that several factors pose
factors topping the list. Among the five (5) factors, study habits and school-related
concerns follow after teacher-related factors. Despite this, both categories remained
highly impactful. Personal conditions and home-related factors, on the other hand,
the academe. Staying in school and being able to graduate on time is a vital factor for
students themselves and also to their families. More financial burdens, however, may
lead them to compromise their academic productivity or drop out of school to work
the students who dropped out because of financial reasons to the students who
between the two variables, monetary pressure and academic performance. Seven out
of 10 undergraduates feel unsure if their financial resources can settle their accounts,
as per another American overview. Almost 60% said they stress in regards to having
enough cash to pay for school, while the remaining 40% are worried about paying
their monthly expenses (Ohio State University, 2015). This led to a conclusion that
students who are stressed financially are less likely to graduate since they are more
likely to drop out from their courses and as a result, engage instead in the workforce.
In the Philippines, stress related to financial instability has been known to have a
a huge portion of the school-age population suffer from financial difficulties. Starting at
the basic education level, relatively 20% of Filipino children who dropped out of school
mentioned inadequate financial resources as the main reason behind their situations
(Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015). Dropping out of school was most common
among 17-year olds, especially among those from families in the lower class (Reyes,
Tabuga, Asis, & Mondez, 2015). In college, the primary reason for students to not
about 16% of those who opted not to finish their education reported that they did so in
order to earn money and support their families even though it may involve sacrificing
Research Design
plan regarding on what should be done in order to answer the research questions of
the study as well as the involvement of the research method to be used in the
collection and analysis of data. De Franzo (2011) stated that a quantitative research is
form of data that can be translated and transformed into statistics. This includes
quantifying attitudes, behaviors and other defined variables that can generalize results
between two variables. This is the most applicable research design for this study since
there are two variables involved, the level of financial stress and academic
performance.
The Sample
According to Fraenkel, Wallen, and Hyun (2012), sampling is the process of the
selection of the individuals that will participate as respondents in a research and will
represent a population. The researchers will have a total of thirty (30) respondents for
this study. According to Shott (1940), sample sizes as smaller as 30 are generally
adequate to ensure that the sampling distribution of the mean will approximate the
normal curve. In this study, the sampling method that the researchers will use is
participate in a study.
The Instrument
research instrument comprising of a sequence of questions and other stimuli for the
purpose of gathering information from respondents (Mathers, Fox & Hunn, 2009).
group of individuals (Kelley, Clark & Sitzia, 2003). It uses statistical analysis to gather
responses from which to choose an answer. It is made up of a question stem and a set
the researchers are able to limit responses that are within the scope of the study.
researchers will choose, gain access, and gather information from the respondents of
selection of respondents based on who are readily available and most accessible.
One of the major advantages of this sampling method is that it can be conducted and
can be facilitated in a short period of time, thus making it the easiest and the most
Methodology, 2018).
order to determine the relationship between the two variables. This statistical tool is
Ethical Considerations
and deliberately is giving his consent. It likewise inhibits attack on the individual’s
morals and dignity and protects veracity (Beauchamp & Childres, 2001). The informed
consent will discuss the methods on how the researchers will secure the anonymity
and confidentiality and other essential information the respondents may need to know
whether he will choose to become a participant for the study or not (Davies, 1983).
Lastly, the freedom to withdraw from the study will be explained (Robinson, 1992).
confidentiality that goes beyond the bounds of loyalty (Levine, 1976). To further
defend respondents from any type of attack, information on their rights will be
disclosed (Fouka & Mantzorou, 2018). However, in some cases in which respondents
discuss to the respondents' new confidentiality and privacy risks affiliated with their
Theoretical Framework
through the interaction of a stressor, and the situation of an individual (Smith, 1987).
both social and mental procedures (Folkman, 1984; Folkman & Lazarus, 1980). How an
both between and within individuals. Coping strategies fall into two groups: problem-
focused and emotion-focused (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980). At the time an individual
uses a problem-focused coping style, he/she attempts to alter their relationship with a
stressor. On the other hand, an individual uses an emotion-focused coping when he/she
Financial difficulty is one of the strong stressors of the students. This includes
tuition, school fees, and especially the expenses that the student will spend in satisfying
their peers. Financial stress is a pandemic, causing genuine monetary medical issues
among individuals around the world. Numerous people are getting to be exploited
people on the hands of this pressure. High debt levels, unstable income, little
investment funds and enormous understudy loans are some of the reasons (Financial
Stress: The Causes, Impact, and Remedies, 2017). To overcome every financial
difficulty, students must learn how to budget money and develop strategies to reduce
their expenses.
Conceptual Framework
Academic
Financial Stress Performance
The diagram above shows the correlation between the two variables involved in
the study. These are the level of financial stress and academic performance of Ateneo
The researchers of this study aim to analyze and discuss whether there is a
relationship between the financial stress of Ateneo de Davao University Senior High
School Grade 12 ABM learners and their academic performance. In relation to this,
since this research paper will make use of a quantitative approach, application of
thorough research principles will be observed to pave the way in the development of
Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the financial stress and the
ABM learners.
This study and its results will be of great help and benefit to the following:
The School. This study is beneficial to Ateneo de Davao University Senior High
School for it is helpful in the achievement of its vision, mission, and goals as an
between the financial stress and academic performance of Grade 12 ABM learners of
the said institution. By means of this, it achieves its primary purpose, and that enriches
students by not just providing them high-quality education and making them undergo
developing ways on how to address and resolve these concerns affecting their
academic performance.
informs the teachers and the non-teaching staff about the difficulties the learners
experience, particularly in financial matters. Through this, the school administration will
gain more awareness regarding the topic, leading them to extend their help and
guidance to the Grade 12 ABM learners on how they can manage their financial stress
The Participants. This study will help the Grade 12 ABM learners to be more
aware and to have prior knowledge about financial stress in relation to academic
performance.
will examine and articulate the same topic because it will serve as one of their
references, giving them insights and ideas on what strategies will work during the
conducted. They will also be enlightened whether there is a relationship between the
financial stress and the academic performance of Grade 12 ABM learners of Ateneo
This study focuses on the Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School
Grade 12 ABM learners and their level of financial stress and academic performance.
It aims to elicit response regarding the learners’ experience regarding financial stress
and how they cope up with academics. The participants of this study will be chosen
among the Grade 12 Senior High School learners of Ateneo de Davao University
specifically from the ABM strand. Accordingly, only thirty (30) learners from the said
strand will be chosen as participants in this study. The respondents will be chosen
based on their convenience and therefore does not reflect the majority of Grade 12
this, responses from learners in other strands, Science Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) and Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS), are not
Definition of Terms
The operational definitions of the terms used in the study are the following:
participants’ grades toward the finish of a given span (term, semester, and
their financial conditions are not sufficient, the situation may tend to influence their
scholarly performance unfavorably. If then again, their financial capacities are met
Financial Stress - Financial Stress refers to the amount of stress a student had
Stressors - These are used to imply constraints that demand some sort of
Tuition fee - The expense or fee for instruction and guidance, at a private
Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the research design, the sample, the instruments, the
Research Design
plan regarding on what should be done in order to answer the research questions of
the study as well as the involvement of the research method to be used in the
collection and analysis of data. This study will make use of a quantitative approach to
examine whether there is a significant relationship between the financial stress and
gathering numerical data or any form of data that can be translated and transformed
into statistics. This includes quantifying attitudes, behaviors and other defined
variables that can generalize results that will serve as a representation of a larger
sample population. In line with this, correlational as means of research design will be
variables. Thus, it can be inferred that this is the most applicable to this study given
that there are two variables involved, financial stress and academic performance. This
study will also use convenience sampling as its sampling method. The data needed
will then be collected from the survey questionnaires and will be analyzed and
thorough and systematic process that has been done to achieve results and
The Sample
the individuals that will participate as respondents in a research and will represent a
population. The researchers will have a total of thirty (30) respondents for this study.
ensure that the sampling distribution of the mean will approximate the normal curve.
The researchers will determine who the respondents will be by means of dividing the
total number needed, thirty (30) in this case, to the ten (10) Grade 12 ABM sections in
AdDU SHS. With that being said, three (3) learners in every Grade 12 ABM section
will be chosen to be the respondents. In this study, the sampling method that the
method that relies on data collection from members of a population who are
wherein the first available primary data source will be used for the research without
being asked for additional requirements and qualifications. This sampling method
fill out a survey questionnaire. It is one of the easiest ways to acquire respondents as
well as the most appropriate sampling method to be used in this study since this
The Instrument
A research instrument is a tool used for the gathering, measurement, and analysis
researcher-made survey questionnaire as the data collection instrument for this study to
gather the data needed for the learner’s profile. The researcher-made survey
questionnaire was first given validation by the research adviser before proceeding to the
other stimuli for the purpose of gathering information from respondents (Mathers, Fox &
advantageous to a group of individuals (Kelley, Clark & Sitzia, 2003). The survey
questionnaire uses statistical analysis to gather data, and the outcome of it will be used
The primary aim of the questionnaire is to determine the relationship between the
respondents’ financial stress and their academic performance. The researchers will
construct close-ended questions in such a way that respondents will be able to answer
responses from which to choose an answer. It is made up of a question stem and a set
the researchers are able to limit responses that are within the scope of this study.
researchers will choose, gain access, and gather information from the respondents of
the study. Aside from this, it also indicates and ensures that through a clear and
detailed data collection procedure or plan, the researchers will be able to obtain the
information needed in order to answer the research questions of the study itself. In the
case of this study, convenience sampling will be used given that the sample size must
be composed of at least thirty (30) respondents from ten (10) ABM sections thus to be
available and most accessible. One of the major advantages of this sampling method
is that it can be conducted and can be facilitated in a short period of time, thus making
it the easiest and the most convenient method in the data gathering process for
research (Research Methodology, 2018). In this study, this order will be followed in
and will finalize it to make sure that before its promulgation, the
primarily.
that all the data gathered from the respondents will be strictly confidential
3. The researchers will form groups composed of two (2) or three (3)
sections in ABM.
the respondents will be, three (3) learners per class will be chosen from
6. The survey will be done during dismissal or any vacant period depending
7. While the respondents are answering the survey questionnaire forms, the
itself.
8. After the respondents fill out the survey questionnaires, the responses
gathered will be tallied and prepared before it can undergo data analysis
and interpretation.
After collecting the data from the conducted survey to the sample population,
the analysis of data will be completed where the presentation and interpretation of
data are done. Furthermore, this study will be using a correlational statistical tool to
measure the relationship between the level of financial stress and academic
performance of AdDU SHS Grade 12 ABM learners. Specifically, the study will use the
relationship between the two variables. This statistical tool is defined as the measure
Ethical Considerations
researchers, with the aid of ethical consideration, prohibit fabricating and falsifying
data collected to minimize error. Researchers of this study will adhere to ethical
standards to ensure the course of action is in place to defend the ethical practice in
The first major ethical practice in conducting research is the use of informed
that he knowingly, willingly, and deliberately is giving his consent. In other words, it
attack on the individual’s morals and dignity and protects veracity (Beauchamp &
Childres, 2001). The informed consent will discuss the methods on how the
researchers will secure the anonymity and confidentiality and other essential
information the respondents may need to know whether he will choose to become a
participant for the study or not (Davies, 1983). Lastly, the freedom to withdraw from
the study will be explained (Robinson, 1992). The researchers will take in mind that
participation in this study is voluntary and respondents may pull out at any time.
Next is the respect for anonymity and confidentiality which is closely similar to
informed consent. Respondents are set at liberty to share information personal or not
confidentiality that goes beyond the bounds of loyalty (Levine, 1976). Researchers will
bear in mind that human subjects are included in the research and understand the
confidentiality and anonymity is not protected. To further defend respondents from any
type of attack, information on their rights will be disclosed (Fouka & Mantzorou, 2018).
Chapter 3
In reporting the results, the researcher stays close to the statistical findings
without drawing broader implications or meaning from them. Further, this section
includes summaries of the data rather than the raw data. A result section includes
Table 1 presents the overall mean of Financial Stress which is 2.8692. This
shows that the level of Financial Stress among the Grade 12 ABM learners is high.
In Table 1, the findings from the conducted survey are shown and presented with
the mean scores of every indicator that will assess the level of Financial Stress among
the Grade 12 ABM learners. The results of the mean scores in every indicator suggest
that the level of Financial Stress among the respondents is high with the mean scores of
2.897, 2.690, 2.897, 3.414, 2.828, 2.931, 2.483, 2.414, 2.586, and 3.552 respectively,
The highest mean of 3.552 has been acquired from the tenth indicator stating that
the respondents understand the value of money and give importance to it. This shows
that the Grade 12 ABM learners are still in the process of becoming financial-literate
individuals. According to Joo, Durband, and Grable (2008), it has been observed
globally among higher education systems that one of the sources of stress for students
relates to financial pressures. To further support the tenth indicator, as students emerge
from adolescence, they constantly face big changes and new responsibilities which
a first for many students to come across budget appropriation, payment of bills, and
The lowest mean of 2.414 acquired from the eighth indicator shows that the
respondents, despite having a high level of financial stress, least likely take into account
school to stimulate financial pressure. In a study about the factors that influence
students require external funding. Financial support for children has been greatly
affected by their parents' jobs. In the said study, 24.45% of the fathers and 22.2% of
the mothers were found to be professionally employed and were capable in terms of
providing sufficient financial resource and assistance to their children (Pather, 2015).
With this in view, it can be concluded that the Grade 12 ABM learners, based on the
results of the survey, have sufficient financial aid in sustaining their need for education,
Table 2 presents the overall mean of Academic Performance which is 3.317. This
shows that the level of Academic Performance among the Grade 12 ABM learners is
high.
Descriptive
Indicator SD Mean
Level
1. I consider myself as an academically-competent High
0.6805 3.034
learner.
2. Academic grades play a vital role in my future High
0.6769 3.379
employment.
3. Financial education will help me in my future career. 0.6278 3.586 High
In Table 2, the findings from the conducted survey are presented with the mean
scores of every indicator that will contribute in the assessment of the level of Academic
Performance of Grade 12 ABM learners. The results suggest that there is a high level of
Academic Performance among the respondents since the mean scores from the first to
the last indicator are 3.034, 3.379, 3.586, 3.345, 3.276, 3.241, 3.310, 3.310, 3.034, and
3.655, respectively.
The highest mean obtained is from the tenth indicator with a mean score of
3.655, suggesting that the respondents are in agreement and possess understanding
with regards to the value and importance of education. With this, it can be inferred that
addition, a study conducted by Watkins (2010) suggests that there are two motivational
understanding, and academic capacity and can also be associated with the confirmation
of one’s capability and competency. The results of the said study concluded that the
highest academic achiever has both of the motivational factors mentioned that drive one
The lowest mean is 3.034 obtained from two indicators, first and ninth statement,
competent learners and are also not satisfied with their performances in school.
the findings reflected that there is no causal effect of self-esteem and self-efficacy
Table 3 presents the correlation between Financial Stress and Academic Performance.
As depicted in the table, it revealed an overall r-value of 0.398 with a probability value of
0.032 which is lesser than .05 alpha level. This implies that the significance between the
two variables is significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis, stating that there is no
Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School Grade 12 ABM learners is rejected.
Pearson Correlations
3_25 2.8
3_25 Pearson's r —
p-value —
p-value 0.032 —
Chapter 4
study.
Summary of Findings
This section will epitomize the overall results without the presence of tables and
graphs. The first variable presents an overall mean of 2.8692, showing that the level of
financial stress among the Grade 12 ABM learners is high. The highest mean obtained
is from the tenth indicator with a mean score of 3.552, suggesting that the respondents
understand the value of money and give importance to it. The lowest mean, on the
other hand, is obtained from the eight indicator with a mean score of 2.414, suggesting
that the respondents don’t experience financial pressures in school. The second
variable of the study presents an overall mean of 3.317, showing that the level of
academic performance among the respondents is high. The highest mean obtained is
from the tenth indicator with a mean score of 3.655, suggesting that the Grade 12 ABM
learners are in agreement and possess understanding with regards to the value and
importance of education. On the other hand, the lowest mean obtained is from the
second indicator with a mean score of 3.034, suggesting that the respondents less
between the level of financial stress and academic performance, an overall r-value of
0.398 is depicted with a probability value of 0.032 and classified to be lesser than .05
alpha level.
Conclusions
This study investigated the relationship between the level of financial stress and
academic performance of the AdDU SHS Grade 12 ABM learners, S.Y. 2018-2019.
With the significant findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn.
The activities and performances conducted by the researchers with regards to the level
of financial stress of the Grade 12 ABM learners is high. The findings from the
conducted survey to pave the way in the overall assessment of the level of academic
The level of financial stress and academic performance among the Grade 12
ABM learners are correlated thus rejecting the null hypothesis of the study since the
two variables involved have a significant relationship. Vaughn (2013) stated that
students from low-income families where financial resources are inadequate for
meeting the high and rising cost of education. According to Medina (2013), financial
stress is one of the main sources of stress not only among learners but also to
professionals. Thus, financing an education has become more difficult for students.
Also, the amount of salaries and wages have not kept pace with the cost of education
(Baum & Ma, 2012). These are some of the factors that made financial difficulties of
learners increase to the point wherein some have considered dropping out despite the
Recommendations
The findings of the conducted study show that the two variables have been
proven to have a significant relationship, thus, the researchers recommend the following
A scholarship program is a financial aid given to deserving students for them to be able
government, corporate businesses, and schools offer these to financially assist students
with their expenses in terms of settling their tuition fees. An absolute example of this is
Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School’s scholarship program for the top 500
learners from public schools and also the Grant-in-Aid (GIA) scholarship program for
learners from private schools. As a form of repayment from learners who acquired the
said scholarship programs, they must maintain an overall average grade of 85% as
prescribed by the educational institution itself. This would not only lessen the financial
burden experienced by the learners but will also give them motivation in terms of
improving their academic performance since they are required to maintain the said
overall average grade. Aside from this, another solution the school can provide is to hire
a financial adviser that will facilitate in monitoring the financial stress level of learners
through a monthly financial symposium that aim to teach the learners themselves on
how to manage their money properly. This will also be beneficial on the part of the
learners for them to lessen their problems especially the ones concerning financial
difficulties.
The School Administration. The school can provide counseling services for
those who are experiencing financial stress. The school administration is expected to
have a one-to-one counseling session for every learner to assess their financial stress
level. Symposiums about financial literacy shall also be conducted by the school
administration itself to address and aid the financial difficulties endured by the learners
in the institution.
The Participants. The learners who are confirmed by the school to be financially
the school administration itself. They are also expected to exhibit participation towards
the programs facilitated by the school. This includes their attendance not just to the
forums but also to the monthly counseling sessions that aim to lower their risk of having
for future research papers to be more accurate. The future researchers shall have at
least 15% of the total population of the ABM learners in the Senior High School
community. This can help in the improvement of future studies given that this study led
to a more thorough and deeper understanding about the importance of financial literacy
in the life of every learner as well as the relationship between the level of financial
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