Current Electricity: Sura Publications

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UNIT
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
2
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
2.1 Electric current 2.5.2 Kirchhoff ’s Second rule
ns
2.1.2 Drift velocity (Voltage rule or Loop rule)
2.1.3 Microscopic model of current 2.5.3 Wheatstone’s bridge
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2.2 Ohm's Law
2.5.4 Meter bridge
2.2.1 Resistivity
a 2.5.5 Potentiometer
2.2.2 Resistors in series and parallel
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2.2.3 Color code for Carbon resistors 2.5.6 Comparison of emf of two cells with
2.2.4 Temperature dependence of resistivity a potentiometer
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2.3 Energy and power in electrical circuits 2.5.7 Measurement of internal resistance
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2.4 Electric cells and batteries of a cell by potentiometer

2.4.1 Electromotive force and internal 2.6 Heating effect of Electric current
resistance
2.6.1 Joule’s law
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2.4.2 Determination of internal resistance

2.4.3 Cells in series 2.6.2 Application of Joule’s heating effect
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2.4.4 Cells in parallel 2.7 Thermoelectric effect

2.5 Kirchhoff's rules 2.7.1 Seebeck effect
2.5.1 Kirchhoff ’s first rule 2.7.2 Peltier effect
(Current rule or Junction rule) 2.7.3 Thomson effect
71
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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

Branch of physics that deals with the study of motion of electric charges is called
current electricity.
Electromotive force (emf) is not a force, but it is the work done in moving a unit charge from one
end to the other, in a conductor.
The external energy necessary to drive the free electrons in a definite direction is termed emf.
Electric current : It is the rate of flow of charges across any cross sectional area of a
Q
conductor. I =
t
Drift velocity : It is the velocity with which free electrons are drifted towards the
positive terminal, when an electric field is applied.
ns
If τ is the average time between two successive collisions and the
acceleration experienced by the electron be 'a', then the drift
Current Electricity
velocity is,vd = aτ.
Current density (J) at a
point
Ohm’s law
tio
: It is the quantity of charge passing per unit time through unit area,
perpendicular to the direction of flow of charge at that point.
a
: At a constant temperature, the steady current flowing through a
ic
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference be-
tween the two ends of the conductor.
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Resistance : It is the ratio of potential difference across the conductor to the

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current flowing through it. The unit is ohm(Ω).

Conductance : It is the reciprocal of resistance. Its unit is mho (Ω–1).
Specific resistance : It is defined as the resistance offered to the current flow by a
ra
(electrical resistivity) of conductor of unit length having unit area of cross section (ρ). Its
a material unit is ohm-m (Ωm).
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1
Conductivity σ = : It is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. Its unit is mho m–1
ρ
(Ω–1 m–1).
The conventional current direction is the direction in which positive charges move.
The direction of current is always opposite to that of motion of electrons.
The conductivity of metals and their alloys is due to flow of electrons.
The conductivity of electrolytes is due to motion of positive and negative ions.
Charges flow from a body of higher electrical potential to that at a lower electrical potential.
The direction of flow of charges does not depend upon the quantity of charge of the two bodies. It
depends upon the potential difference between them.
Superconductivity : It is the ability of certain metals, their compounds and alloys to
conduct electricity with zero resistance at very low temperature.
73

Physical quantity Symbol SI unit
Power W watt
Magnetic induction B tesla
Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field BH gauss (or) microteslas
Frequency v hertz
Peltier coefficient π volt
Thomson coefficient σ volt per°C
Note : 1 gauss (G) = 10–4 T(tesla)
Formulae
(1) Instantaneous current I = dq ; (2) Amount of current I = ne
dt t
ns
eE eE
(3) Acceleration of electron a = ; (4) Drift velocity vd = τ
m m
tio
eτ
(5) Mobility µ = ; (6) Current density J = nevd
m
Unit 2
ρl
(7) Potential difference V= IR;
a
(8) Resistance of the wire R =
A
ic
RA
(9) Specific resistance ρ = ; (10) Current through conductor I = nAevd
l
bl
nAe 2
(11) Current through conductor I = τV
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mL
1 l
(12) Conductivity σ = =
ρ RA
ra
R 2 (l2 r12 )
(13) Ratio between resistances of the same material wires =
R1 (l1r22 )
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(14) Conditions to balance Wheatstone’s network P = R

Q S
(15) Colour code for carbon resistors
Colour Number Colour Number

Black 0 Brown 1
Red 2 Orange 3
Yellow 4 Green 5
Blue 6 Violet 7
Grey 8 White 9
BBROY GREAT BRITAIN VERY GOOD WIFE
(16) Tolerance
Silver
: ±10%
; Gold : ±5%
Red : ±2% ; Brown
: ±1%
76
Evaluation
I. Choose the Correct Answer: 4. A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7 ) k Ω to be
marked with rings of different colours for its
1. The following graph shows current versus identification. The colour code sequence will
voltage values of some unknown conductor. be
What is the resistance of this conductor? (a) Yellow – Green – Violet – Gold
V
(b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver
(c) Violet – Yellow – Orange – Silver
5
(d) Green – Orange – Violet - Gold
4
[Ans. (b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver]
3
5. What is the value of resistance of the following
2 resistor?
1
ns

0 1 2 3 4 5
I
(a) 100 k Ω (b) 10 k Ω
tio
(a) 2 ohm (b) 4 ohm (c) 1k Ω (d) 1000 k Ω
(c) 8 ohm (d) 1 ohm
Unit 2
[Ans. (a) 100 k Ω]

a
[Ans. (a) 2 ohm]
6. Two wires of A and B with circular cross
ic
2. A wire of resistance 2 ohms per meter is bent section made up of the same material with
to form a circle of radius 1m. The equivalent equal lengths. Suppose RA = 3 RB, then what is
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resistance between its two diametrically the ratio of radius of wire A to that of B?
opposite points, A and B as shown in the figure
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(a) 3 (b) 3
is 1 1
(c) (d)
3 3
1
[Ans. (c) ]
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3
A B 7. A wire connected to a power supply of 230 V
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has power dissipation P1. Suppose the wire

is cut into two equal pieces and connected

parallel to the same power supply. In this case
π P2
(a) π Ω (b) Ω
2 power dissipation is P2. The ratio is
P1
π (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 2π Ω (d) Ω
4 (c) 3 (d) 4 [Ans. (d) 4]
π
[Ans. (b) Ω]
2 8. In India electricity is supplied for domestic
3. A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of use at 220 V. It is supplied at 110 V in USA. If
120 Ω. The power is the resistance of a 60W bulb for use in India is
(a) 400 W (b) 2 W R, the resistance of a 60W bulb for use in USA
(c) 480 W (d) 240 W will be
[Ans. (c) 480 W] (a) R (b) 2R
R R
(c) (d)
4 2 R
[Ans. (c) ]
4
78
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9. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40W, 14. A piece of copper and another of germanium
5 bulbs of 100W, 5 fans of 80W and 1 heater are cooled from room temperature to 80 K.
of 1kW are connected. The voltage of electric The resistance of
mains is 220V. The minimum capacity of the (a) each of them increases
main fuse of the building will be ( IIT-JEE 2014) (b) each of them decreases
(a) 14 A (b) 8 A (c) copper increases and germanium decreases
(c) 10 A (d) 12 A (d) copper decreases and germanium increases
[Ans. (d) 12 A] [Ans. (d) copper decreases and germanium
increases]
10. There is a current of 1.0 A in the circuit shown
below. What is the resistance of P ? 15. In Joule’s heating law, when I and t are constant,
3 if the H is taken along the y axis and I2 along
the x axis, the graph is
(a) straight line (b) parabola
9V 2.5
(c) circle (d) ellipse
ns
[Ans. (a) straight line]
P
II. Short Answer Questions :
Current Electricity
tio
(a) 1.5 Ω (b) 2.5 Ω
(c) 3.5 Ω (d) 4.5 Ω 1. Why current is a scalar?
[Ans. (c) 3.5 Ω] Ans. (i) Though the current has both direction
a
and magnitude, it is scalar. Because the
11. What is the current out of the battery?
ic
direction in which the current flows is
same current. It does not obey vector law
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of addition and multiplication current

cannot resolved into components unlike
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5V 15 15 15 other vector quantities.

(ii) For a physical quantity to be termed vector
quantity having magnitude and direction
is not energy. The quantity should obey the

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laws of vectors addition. If two currents

(a) 1A (b) 2A meet at a junction the total current of the
resulatant current will be the algebraic
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(c) 3A (d) 4A
sum of the two current and not the vector
[Ans. (a) 1A]
sum.
12. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a 2. Distinguish between drift velocity and
wire is 0.00125 per °C. At 300 K, its resistance mobility.
is 1 Ω. The resistance of the wire will be 2 Ω at
Ans. Drift velocity Mobility
(a) 1154 K (b) 1100 K
i. It is defined as the It is defined as
(c) 1400 K (d) 1127 K
velocity with which the drift velocity
[Ans. (d) 1127 K] free electrons get acquired per unit
13. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which drifted towards the electric field
gives a current of 0.2 A through a resistance positive terminal.
of 10 Ω is ii. Formula : vd
I Formula : µ =
(a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω vd = (or) vd = aτ E
(c) 0.8 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω ηAe
[Ans. (b) 0.5 Ω] iii. Unit : m/s Unit : m2 V–1 s–1
79

15. State the principle of potentiometer. (ii) This effect is utilized in automobiles as
Ans. Principle : When a constant current flows automotive thermoelectric generators for
through a wire of uniform area of cross - section increasing fuel efficiency.
from potential difference between two points an (iii) Seebeck effect is used in thermocouples and
the wire is directly proportional to length of the thermopiles to measure the temperature
wire between the two points. (E = Irl) difference between the two objects.
E α l III. Long Answer questions :
16. What do you mean by internal resistance of a 1. Describe the microscopic model of current
cell? and obtain general form of Ohm’s law.
Ans. The resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell Ans. (i) Consider a conductor with area of cross
to the flow of current between its electrodes is →
section A and an electric field E applied
called internal resistance of a cell.
from right to left. Suppose there are n
17. State Joule’s law of heating. electrons per unit volume in the conductor
Ans. It states that the heat developed in an electrical and assume that all the electrons move
ns
→
circuit due to the flow of current varies directly as with the same drift velocity vd as shown
(i) the square of the current in Figure.
Current Electricity
tio
(ii) the resistance of the circuit and dx
(iii) the time of flow. →
v
(iv) H α I2Rt
a -
A
e -
ic
18. What is Seebeck effect?
Ans. In a closed circuit consisting of two dissimilar
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metals, when the junctions are maintained vd dt

at different temperatures an emf (potential Microscopic model of current
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difference) is developed. The current that flows (ii) The drift velocity of the electrons = vd
due to the emf developed is called thermoelectric The electrons move through a distance dx
current. The two dissimilar metals connected to within a small interval of dt
form two junctions is known as thermocouple. dx
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vd = ; dx = vd dt ...(1)
19. What is Thomson effect? dt
(iii) Since A is the area of cross section of the
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Ans. If two points in a conductor are at different

temperatures, the density of electrons at these conductor, the electrons available in the
points will differ and as a result the potential volume with time dt is
difference is created between these points. = volume × number per unit volume
Thomson effect is also reversible. = A dx × n ...(2)
Substituting for dx from equation (1) in (2)
20. What is Peltier effect?
= (A vd dt) n
Ans. when an electric current is passed through a
Total charge in volume element dQ =
circuit of a thermocouple, heat is evolved at one
junction and absorbed at the other junction. (charge) × (number of electrons in the
This is known as Peltier effect. volume element)
dQ = (e) (Avddt)n
21. State the applications of Seebeck effect. dQ neAvd dt
Ans. (i) Seebeck effect is used in thermoelectric Hence the current I = =
dt dt
generators (Seebeck generators).These I = ne Avd....(3)
thermoelectric generators are used in (iv) Current density (J) The current density (J)
power plants to convert waste heat into is defined as the current per unit area of
electricity. cross section of the conductor.
81

I J = σE = σ V ...(1)
J=
A l
A I
The S.I unit of current density is 2 (i.e.) (iv) But J = , so we write the equation (1) as
m A
A m–2.
neA vd = σ V ...(2)
I
J = (from equation 3)
A A l
J = nevd ...(4) (v) By rearranging the above equation we get,
(v) The above expression hold only when the  l 
V = I ...(3)
direction of the current is perpendicular to  σA 
the area A. In general, the current density l
is a vector quantity and it is given by (vi) The quantity is called resistance of the
→ → σA
J = ne v
d conductor and it is denoted as R. Note that
→ et → → the resistance is directly proportional to
Substituting vd from equation = E vd
m the length of the conductor and inversely
n. e 2 τ → ...(5)
ns
→ J= E proportional to area of cross section.
m
→ (vii) Therefore, the macroscopic form of ohm’s
→ J = sE ...(6)
law can be stated as
Where s =
ne 2 τ
is called conducitivity.
tio
V = IR ...(4)
Unit 2
m
The equation (5) is called microscopic
a (viii) From the above equation, the resistance
form of ohm's law. is the ratio of potential difference across
ic
the given conductor to the current passing
2. Obtain the macroscopic form of Ohm’s law
through the conductor.
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from its microscopic form and discuss its

limitation. V
R = ...(5)
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Ans. (i) The ohm’s law can be derived from the

I
equation J = σE. Consider a segment of (ix) The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω). From
the equation (4), we infer that the graph
wire of length l and cross sectional area A
between current versus voltage is straight
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as shown in Figure. line with a slope equal to the inverse of

l resistance R of the conductor. It is shown
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in the Figure (a).

A I
(x) Materials where the current against voltage
→
E graph is a straight line through the origin,
are said to obey Ohm’s law and their
V behavior is said to be ohmic as shown in
Current through the conductor Figure (a).
I I
(ii) When a potential difference V is applied
across the wire, a net electric field is created
in the wire which constitutes the current.
For simplicity, we assumed that the electric 1
field is uniform in the entire length of the Slope =
R
wire, the potential difference (voltage V) V V
(b)
can be written as (a)
V = El Current against voltage for

(a) a conductor which obey Ohm’s law and
(iii) As we know, the magnitude of current (b) for a non-ohmic device
density
82
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(xi) Materials or devices that do not follow V = V1 + V2 + V3 = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 ...(1)
Ohm’s law are said to be non-ohmic. These V = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
materials have more complex relationships
between voltage and current. A plot of V = I.RS ...(2)
I against V for a non-ohmic material is where RS is the equivalent resistance,
nonlinear and they do not have a constant RS = R1 + R2 + R3
resistance limitations of ohm's law is
obeyed by many substance under certain (iv) When several resistances are connected
conditions but it is not a fundamental law in series, the total or equivalent resistance
of nature. is the sum of the individual resistances as
3. Explain the equivalent resistance of a series shown in the Figure (b).
and parallel resistor network. Note: The value of equivalent resistance in
Ans. (i) When two or more resistors are connected series connection will be greater than each
end to end, they are said to be in series.
individual resistance.
The resistors could be simple resistors or
ns
bulbs or heating elements or other devices. Resistors in parallel :
Figure (a) shows three resistors R
R1, R2 and 1
(i) Resistors are in parallel when they are
Current Electricity
I I
R
R3 connected in series. V
tio
1
I
connected across the same potential
1
I
V +
(ii) The amount of charge passing through
1
V V R
– 2
difference as shown in Figure (a).

2
+
V V R
resistor R1–must also Ipass through resistors
2
V 2
3
V
I
a (ii) In this case, the total current I that leave
R2 I I
R
(a) Three resistors in series
3
3
the battery split into three separate paths.

ic
R3
R1 (a) Three resistors in series I
I I
V1 I Let I1, I2 and I3 be the current through the
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V
+
– V2 R2 V
+
–
RS resistors R1, R2 and R3 respectively. Due to
+
V RS
the conservation of charge, total current in
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V3 –
I I
R3
(a) Three resistors in series
(b) Equivalent resistance (Rs) has the same current the circuit I is equal to sum of the currents
(b) Equivalent resistance (Rs) has the same current
I Resistor through each of the three resistors.
1kΩ
Resistor
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(3)
ra
+
Battery
1kΩ
Resistor
2kΩ
+ + –
Battery
V RS
(iii) Since the voltage across each resistor is the
Resistor
–
2kΩ
– Resistor
3kΩ
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same, applying Ohm’s law to each resistor,

Resistor
3kΩ
(b) Equivalent resistance (Rs) has the same current (c) Resistors in series (Actual photo)
(c) Resistors in series (Actual photo)
we have
Resistor
Resistors in series
1kΩ
V V V

+
and R3 since the charges cannot accumulate I1 = , I2 = , I3 = ...(4)
Battery
Resistor
R1 R2 R3
2kΩ
anywhere in the circuit. Due to this reason,

Resistor
3kΩ
the current I passing through all the three Substituting these values in equation (3),
resistors
(c) Resistors is the
in series (Actual same.
photo) we get
(iii) According to Ohm’s law, if same current V V V  1 1 1 
pass through different resistors of different I= + + =V + + 
values, then the potential difference across
R1 R 2 R 3  R1 R 2 R 3 
each resistor must be different. Let V1, V2 V
I=
and V3 be the potential difference (voltage) RP
across each of the resistors R1, R2 and R3 1 1 1 1
respectively, then we can write V1 = IR1, V2 = + + ...(4)
R P R1 R 2 R 3
= IR2 and V3 = IR3. But the total voltage
V is equal to the sum of voltages across
each resistor.
83
I
I
I1 I2 I3
I1 I2 I3
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+
V
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only for sample www.surabooks.com
R1 R2 R3 2 3 V
V – V
–
Sura’s
I ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I
I ee resistors in parallel
ee resistors in parallel
I
I
I negative terminal of the cell ξ is connected
I1 I2 I3 to a jockey through a galvanometer and a
+
high resistance.
V R1 R2 R3 +
– + V RP
–
– RP Bt K1
( )
I I
ee resistors in parallel I J D
(b) Equivalent resistance (RP) has the same current
C
I
1kΩ
1kΩ ξ
G HR
+
RP
( )
– 2kΩ K2
2kΩ
3kΩ R
3kΩ
I
Battery
Battery measurement of internal resistance
– +
1kΩ
– +
(iii) A resistance box R and key K2 are
connected across the cell ξ. With K2 open,
ns
(c) Resistors in parallel(Actual photo)
2kΩ
the balancing point J is obtained and the
Resistors in parallel balancing length CJ = l1 is measured. Since
the cell is in open circuit, its emf is
tio
3kΩ
(iv) Here RP is the equivalent resistance of the
Battery ξ = l1 ...(1)
parallel combination of the resistors. Thus,
Unit 2
– +
(iv) A suitable resistance (say, 10 Ω) is included
a
when a number of resistors are connected in the resistance box and key K2 is closed.
ic
in parallel, the sum of the reciprocal of
Let r be the internal resistance of the cell.
the values of resistance of the individual The current passing through the cell and
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resistor is equal to the reciprocal of the the resistance R is given by

ξ
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effective resistance of the combination as I = R + r

shown in the Figure(b).
The potential difference across R is
Note: The value of equivalent resistance in
ξR
V = R + r
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parallel connection will be lesser than each

individual resistance. (v) When this potential difference is balanced
on the potentiometer wire, let l2 be the
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4. Explain the determination of the internal

balancing length.
resistance of a cell using voltmeter.
ξR
Ans. (i) To measure the internal resistance of a cell, Then ∝ l2 ...(2)
R+r
the circuit connections are made as shown From equations (1) and (2)
in Figure. The end C of the potentiometer R + r l1
=
wire is connected to the positive terminal R l2
of the battery B and the negative terminal r l
1+ = 1
of the battery is connected to the end D R l2
through a key K1. This forms the primary l −l 
r=R 1 2 
circuit.  l2 
(ii) The positive terminal of the cell ξ whose l −l 
internal resistance is to be determined is ∴ r=R 1 2 
 l2 
also connected to the end C of the wire. The
84

(vi) Substituting the values of the R, l1 and Going from a to b
l2, the internal resistance of the cell is I
determined. The experiment can be (a)

repeated for different values of R. It is a b
V = +IR
found that the internal resistance of the cell Going from b to a
is not constant but increases with increase I
of external resistance connected across its (b)

terminals. a
V = -IR
b
5. State and explain Kirchhoff ’s rules. Going from a to b

ξ
Ans. (i) It states that the algebraic sum of the
currents at any junction of a circuit is zero. (c)
- +
a b
It is a statement of conservation of electric V = +ξ
charge. Going from b to a
(ii) Current entering the junction is taken as ξ
ns
positive and current leaving the junction is (d)
- +
Current Electricity
a b
taken as negative. V = –ξ
tio
Kirchhoff voltage rule
I1 I2 (iv) Kirchhoff voltage rule has to be applied
a
only when all currents in the circuit reach
ic
A I3 a steady state condition (the current in
various branches are constant).
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I4
I5 6. Obtain the condition for bridge balance in
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Wheatstone’s bridge.
Kirchhoff’s current rule
Ans. An important application of Kirchhoff ’s rule is
(iii) Applying this law to the junction A in Wheatstone’s bridge.
Figure
ra
(i) The bridge consists of four resistances P, Q,

I1 + I2 – I3 – I4 – I5 = 0
R and S connected as shown in Figure. A
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[or] galvanometer G is connected between the

I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5 points B and D. The battery is connected
Kirchhoff’s Second rule (Voltage rule or between the points A and C. The current
Loop rule) through the galvanometer is IG and its
(i) It states that in a closed circuit the algebraic resistance is G.
sum of the products of the current and
(ii) Applying Kirchhoff ’s current rule to
resistance of each part of the circuit is equal
junction B
to the total emf included in the circuit.
(ii) This rule follows from the law of I1 – IG – I3 = 0 ...(1)
conservation of energy. Applying Kirchhoff ’s current rule to
(iii) The product of current and resistance is junction D,
taken as positive when the direction of the I2 + IG – I4 = 0 ...(2)
current is followed. Suppose if the direction
of current is opposite to the direction of the
loop, then product of current and voltage
across the resistor is negative.
85
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B 7. Explain the determination of unknown
I3
resistance using meter bridge.
P IG Q
I1
Ans. (i) The meter bridge is another form of
A
I2 C
Wheatstone’s bridge. It consists of a
G
uniform manganin wire AB of one meter
R I4 S length.
I I (ii) This wire is stretched along a meter scale
D
on a wooden board between two copper
ξ
strips C and D. Between these two copper
strips another copper strip E is mounted
Wheatstone’s bridge to enclose two gaps G1 and G2 as shown in
(iii) Applying Kirchhoff ’s voltage rule to loop Figure.
ABDA, (iii) An unknown resistance P is connected in
I1P + IGG – I2R = 0 ...(3) G1 and a standard resistance Q is connected
in G2. A jockey (conducting wire) is
ns
Applying Kirchhoff ’s voltage rule to loop
connected to the terminal E on the central
ABCDA,
copper strip through a galvanometer (G)
I1P + I3Q – I4S – I2R = 0 and a high resistance (HR).
(iv) When the points B and D are at the same
potential, the bridge is said to be balanced.
tio (iv) The exact position of jockey on the wire
Unit 2
can be read on the scale. A Lechlanche

As there is no potential difference between
a
cell and a key (K) are connected across the
B and D, no current flows through
ic
ends of the bridge wire.
galvanometer (IG = 0). Substituting IG = 0
P Q
bl
in equation (1), (2) and (2), we get

I1= I3 ...(4) C E D
Pu
G1 G2
I2 =I4 ...(5)
1
I P =I2R ...(6) G HR
Substituting the equation (4) and (5) in J
A B
ra
equation (6) l1 l2
I1P + I1Q – I2S – I2R = 0
Su
I1 (P + Q) = I2 (R +S) ...(7) Metre Scale

Dividing equation (7) by equation (6), we get ( )
ξ K
P+ Q R + S
= (v) The position of the jockey on the wire
P R
is adjusted so that the galvanometer
Q S
1 + =1 + shows zero deflection. Let the point be J.
P R The lengths AJ and JB of the bridge wire
Q S now replace the resistance R and S of the
=
P R Wheatstone’s bridge. Then
P R
= P = R = R ′.AJ ...(1)
Q S Q S R ′.JB

where R¢ is the resistance per unit length of
This is the bridge balance condition. Under
wire
this condition galvanometer shows null
P AJ l1
deflection. = = ...(2)
Q JB l2
86

l1 Rh
P = Q ...(3)
l2 Bt
K
(vi) The bridge wire is soldered at the ends of ( )
the copper strips. Due to imperfect contact,
some resistance might be introduced at the
J
contact. These are called end resistances. C D
This error can be eliminated, if another
set of readings are taken with P and Q M1 ξ1 N1
interchanged and the average value of P is M N G HR
found. M2
ξ2
N2
(vii) To find the specific resistance of the

material of the wire in the coil P, the radius
r and length l of the wire is measured. The Comparison of emf of two cells
specific resistance or resistivity ρ can be (iii) The DPDT switch is pressed towards M1, N1
calculated using the relation so that cell ξ1 is included in the secondary
ns
l circuit and the balancing length l1 is found
Resistance = ρ
Current Electricity
A by adjusting the jockey for zero deflection.
tio
By rearranging the above equation, we get Then the second cell ξ2 is included in
A the circuit and the balancing length l2 is
ρ = Resistance × ...(4) determined. Let r be the resistance per unit
l
a
If P is the unknown resistance equation (4) length of the potentiometer wire and I be
ic
becomes, the current flowing through the wire.
we have ξ1 = Irl1 ...(1)
bl
πr 2 ξ2 = Irl2 ...(2)
ρ= P
l By dividing equation (1) by (2)
Pu
8. How the emf of two cells are compared using ξ1 l1

potentiometer? = ...(3)
ξ 2 l2
Ans. (i) To compare the emf of two cells, the circuit (iv) By including a rheostat (Rh) in the primary
ra
connections are made as shown in Figure circuit, the experiment can be repeated
Potentiometer wire CD is connected to a several times by changing the current
Su
flowing through it.

battery Bt and a key K in series.
(ii) This is the primary circuit. The end C of the IV. Numerical problems :
wire is connected to the terminal M of a
1. The following graphs represent the current
DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) switch
versus voltage and voltage versus current for
and the other terminal N is connected to the six conductors A, B, C, D, E and F. Which
a jockey through a galvanometer G and a conductor has least resistance and which has
high resistance HR. maximum resistance?.
V I
(ii) The cells whose emf ξ1 and ξ2 to be
5 5
compared are connected to the terminals C F
4 4
B E
M1, N1 and M2, N2 of the DPDT switch. The 3 3
positive terminals of Bt, ξ1 and ξ2 should be 2 2
A D
connected to the same end C. 1 1
I V
87

Sol. Resistance of conductor A = RA = ? To find :
According to ohm's law V = IR (a) Total amount of charge transfered
V between cloud and ground q = ?
R=
J Charge transferred q = ?
Formula :
2
(i) RA = 0.5 Ω q
4 I= ∴q = I × t
t
4 By calculating slope q = 100 × 0.2 = 20C
(ii) RB = 1.33 Ω ∆V
3 R = slope = q = 20C
∆I
5 To find :
(iii) RC = 2.5 Ω (b) The current in the lighting I = ?
2
Energy E = power × time
4 Power P = V × I = potential × current
(iv) RD = 2Ω By calculating slope
2 Formula :
slope = ∆I
ns
3 ∆V ∴E = VIt
(v) RB = 0.75 Ω Solution :
4 ∆V
But R =
tio
∆I E 109
2 1 I= = = 102 = 100 A
(vi) RF = 0.4 Ω i.e. V × t 5 × 107 × 0.2
Unit 2
5 slope
a (c) The power delivered P = ?
Least resistance RF = 0.4; maximum resistance P = V × I = 5 × 107 × 102
ic
RC = 2.5 Ω. = 5 × 109 W (or) 5 GW
bl
2. Lightning is very good example of natural P = 5 GW.

current. In typical lightning, there is 109 J
3. A copper wire of 10–6 m2 area of cross
Pu
energy transfer across the potential difference

section, carries a current of 2 A. If the
of 5 × 107 V during a time interval of 0.2 s.
number of electrons per cubic meter is
8 × 1028, calculate the current density and
average drift velocity.
ra
Sol. Given : Area of cross section of copper wire

A = 10–6 m2
Su
Current I = 2A
No. of electrons per cubic meter n = 8 × 1028

To find :
Current density J = ?
Solution :
Using this information, estimate the following I 2
quantities (a) total amount of charge J = = −6 = 2 × 106 Am–2
A 10
transferred between cloud and ground (b) J = 2 × 106 A m–2
the current in the lightning bolt (c) the power
delivered in 0.2 s. average drift velocity vd = ? = 1.6 × 10–19
Ans. Given :Emergency transfer during lighting, 2
E = 109 J ud =
8 ×10 ×10 × 1.6 ×10 −19
28 −6
Potential difference, V = 5 × 107 V 2

The time interval, t = 0.2 s = = 0.156 × 10–3
12.8 ×103
vd = 15.6 × 10–5 ms–1
88
www.nammakalvi.org
additional questions and answers

Choose the Correct Answer 1 mark 7. Temperature co-effieient of resistance for
metals is
1. The colour code on a carbon resistor is red -
(a) constant (b) positive
red - black. The resistance of the resistor is?
(c) zero (d) negative
(a) 2.2 Ω (b) 22 Ω
[Ans. (b) positive]
(c) 220 2.2 Ω (d) 2.2 k Ω
[Ans. (b) 22 Ω] 8. An electron gun in a TV shoots out a beam
of electrons. The obeam current is 10µ A. The
2. The electrical resistivity of a thin copper wire charge that strikes the screen in 1 minute is
and a thick copper wire are respectively P1 Ω m
(a) + 600 µC (b) – 600 µC
and P2 Ω m. Then
(c) + 10 µC (d) – 10 µC
(a) P1 > P2 (b) P2 > P1
[Ans. (b) – 600 µC]
P1
ns
(c) P1 = P2 (d) q = It
P2 Hint:
[Ans. (c) P1 = P2] = 10 × 10–6 × 60 = – 600 µC
Current Electricity
tio
3. When 'n' resistors of equal resistance (R) 9. If the specific resistance of a potentiometer
are connected in series and in parallel wire is 10–7 Ωm and current flowing through it
respectively,then the ratio of their effective is 0.1 amp, cross - sectional area of wire is 10–6
a
resistance is m2, then potential gradient will be
ic
(a) 1 : n2 (b) n2 : 1 (a) 10–2 v/m (b) 10–4 v/m
(c) n : 1 (d) 1 : n (c) 10–6 v/m (d) 10–8 v/m
bl
[Ans. (b) n2 : 1] [Ans. (a) 10–2 v/m]

Pu
Rs = nR Hint:
R R s nR n 2 V IR
Rp = n = = Potential gradient = =
Hint: Rp R 1 l l
n
ra
ρl
We know that, R =
∴ Rs : Rp = n : 1
2
A
R ρ
Su
∴ =
4. Which of the following has negative l A
temperature coefficient of resistance? V ρ
(a) copper (b) tungsten ∴ = I×
l A
(c) carbon (d) silver
[Ans. (c) carbon] 0.1 ×10 −7
=−6 = 10–2 V/m
5. The temperature co-efficient of resistance for 10
alloys is 10. A metallic block has no potential difference
(a) low (b) very low applied across it, then the mean velocity of
(c) high (d) very high free electrons is
[Ans. (a) low] (a) proportional to T
6. Which of the following material has the (b) proportional for T
highest specific resistance? (c) finite but independent of temperature
(a) rubber (b) silver (d) zero
(c) germanium (d) glass [Ans. (d) zero]
[Ans. (a) rubber]
93

2. (I) : The total resistance in the circuit of cells 7. What are free electrons?
in series is nr + R Ans. Atoms in metals have one or more electrons
(II) : The internal resistance of a cell is which are loosely bound to the nucleus. These
(V − ξ)R electrons are called free electrons and can be
r= . easily detached from the atoms by applying
V
small energy.
Which one is incorrect statement?
(a) I only (b) II only 8. What is conductor?
(c) both are correct (d) None Ans. The substances which have an abundance of
free electrons are called conductors. These
[Ans. (b) II only] free electrons move at random throughout the
conductor at a given temperature. In general due
Very Short Answer 2 marks
to this random motion, there is no net transfer of
1. Define current. charges from one end of the conductor to other
Ans. If a net charge Q passes through any cross section
end and hence no current. When a potential
difference is applied by the battery across the
of a conductor in time t, then the current is
ends of the conductor, the free electrons drift
ns
Q
defined as I = towards the positive terminal of the battery,
t producing a net electric current.
2. Define instantaneous current.
tio
9. What is meant by conventional current?
Ans. The instantaneous current I is defined as the
Ans. By convention, the flow of current in the circuit
Unit 2
limit of the average current, ∆t → 0.

should be from the positive terminal of the
a
∆Q dQ battery to the negative terminal. This current is
I = lim =
ic
∆t − 0 ∆t dt called the conventional current or simply current
and is in the direction in which a positive test
bl
3. Define Ampere. charge would move.

Ans. 1A of current is equivalent to 1 Coulomb of
10. Define resistance.
Pu
charge passing through a perpendicular cross

section in 1second. The electric current is a Ans. The resistance is the ratio of potential difference
scalar quantity. across the given conductor to the current passing
through the conductor.
ra
4. Define mean free time τ. V

Ans. The average time between successive collisions is R=
I
It's unit is ohm (Ω)
Su
called the mean free time denoted by τ.

5. Why are household appliances connected in 11. Distinguish between ohmic & non-ohmic
parallel. device.
Ans. House hold appliances are always connected in Ans. Ohmic Non-ohmic
parallel so that even if one is switched off, the
Materials for which Materials or devices
other devices could function properly. the current against that do not follow
6. What is the function of Electric fuses. voltage graph is a Ohm’s law are said
straight line through to be non-ohmic.
Ans. Fuses are connected in series in a circuit to the origin, are said to These materials
protect the electric devices from the heat obey Ohm’s law and have more complex
developed by the passage of excessive current. It their behavior is said relationships between
is a short length of a wire made of a low melting to be ohmic. voltage and current.
point material. It melts and breaks the circuit if A plot of I against
V for a non-ohmic
current exceeds a certain value. Lead and copper material is non-linear
wire melts and burns out when the current and they do not have
increases above 5 A and 35 A respectively. a constant resistance.
e.g. metals. e.g. Diode.
106

51. When resistors are connected in parallel the 56. Why are connecting resistors in a metrebridge
effective resistance is reduced. Why? made of thick copper strips?
Ans. When resistors are connected in parallel there Ans. Thick copper strips offer minimum resistance
1 and hence avoid the error due to end resistance.
is an effective increase in area. Since R α
A Which have not been taken into account in the
resistance is reduced.
bridge formula.
52. Define electrical conductivity of a conductor.
57. Nichrome and copper wire of same length and
On what factor does it depend?
same radius are connected in series circuit I is
Ans. The reciprocal of resistivity of a material is called
passed through them. Which wire gets heated
1 up more? Give reason.
electrical conductivity (σ) σ = .
ρ Ans. In series the current I is same through both wires
It depends upon number density. nature of
Rate of production of heat P = I2 R ⇒ P α R
material.
(or) H = I2 Rt ⇒ H α R.
relaxation time & temperature
H - amount of heat produced; R - resistance of
ne 2 τ
ns
i.e. σ = the wire.
m Nichrome wire is heated up more since resistivity
53. Why is terminal voltage of a cell less than its
Current Electricity
is more and hence resistance of nichrome wire
tio
emf? is much more than that of copper wire of same
Ans. emf = Terminal voltage + P.D. across internal length & radius.
resistance.
a
58. Two 120 V light bulbs, one 25W and other of
E = V + Ir
100 W were connected in series across a 220
ic
A cell has always same internal resistance a part
V line. One bulb burnt out instantaneously.
of the emf is consumed in doing wire against the
bl
internal resistance in a closed circuit which one was burnt and Why?
So E > V (or) V < E V2 V2 1
Pu
Ans. P = ⇒R = Rα
R P P
54. Plot a graph showing the variation of circuit I
various resistance R connected to a cell of emf P - power, R - resistance
E and internal resistance r. 25 W bulb has more resistance. In the series
ra
circuit same circuit flows through both the bulbs.

E
Ans. I = The 25 W bulb develops more heat (H = I2Rt)
R+r
Su
and hence burns out almost instantaneously.
I Short Answer 3 marks

1. What are carbon resistors? What does the
colour indicates?
R Ans. (i) Carbon resistors consists of a ceramic core,
on which a thin layer of crystalline Carbon
55. Of which material is a potential wire normally is deposited. These resistors are inexpensive,
made and why? stable and compact in size. Color rings are
Ans. The potential wire is usually made of an alloy used to indicate the value of the resistance.
such as manganin or nichrome. Such an alloy (ii) Three coloured rings are used to indicate
has high resistivity and low temperature co- the values of a resistor: the first two rings are
efficient of resistance. significant figures of resistances, the third
ring indicates the decimal multiplier after
them. The fourth color, silver or gold shows
the tolerance of the resistor.
111
www.nammakalvi.org
Color Number Multiplier Tolerance 3. How does one can understand the temperature
dependence of resistivity of a conductor?
Black 0 1
Ans. (i) For conductors α is positive. If the
Brown 1 101
temperature of a conductor increases, the
Red 2 102 average kinetic energy of electrons in the
Orange 3 103 conductor increases. This results in more
Yellow 4 104 frequent collisions and hence the resistivity
Green 5 105 increases.
(ii) The graph of the Even though, the
Blue 6 106
resistivity of conductors like metals varies
Violet 7 107 linearly for wide range of temperatures,
Gray 8 108 there also exists a nonlinear region at very
White 9 109 low temperatures.
Gold 10–1 5% (iii) The resistivity approaches some finite value
as the temperature approaches absolute
Sliver 10 –2
10%
ns
zero.
Colorless 20% (iv) As the resistance is directly proportional
2. Derive an expression of drift velocity and to resistivity of the material, we can also
tio
write the relation between drift velocity and write the resistance of a conductor at
mobility. temperature T ºC as
Unit 2
RT = R [1 + α (T – T0]
a
Ans. The drift velocity is the average velocity acquired
by the electrons inside the conductor when it is RT − R0 1 ∆R
ic
α= =
subjected to an electric field. The average time R 0 (T − T0 ) R 0 ∆T
bl
between successive collisions is called the mean 1 ∆R

→
α=
free time denoted by τ. The acceleration a R 0 ∆T
Pu
experienced by the electron in an electric field where ∆R = RT − R0 is change in resistance

→
during the change in temperature
E is given by
∆T = T − T0
→
ra
→ −e E → →
4. (a) Distinguish between electric cells and
a= (sin ce F = − e E )
m batteries. (b) Explain its function.
Su
The drift velocity is given by Ans. (a) An electric cell converts chemical energy
→
→ into electrical energy to produce electricity.
vd = a τ
It contains two electrodes immersed in an
→ eτ →
vd = − E electrolyte as shown Several electric cells
m connected together form a battery.
→ →
vd = − µ E + –
Terminal Terminal
eτ + –
Here µ = m is the mobility of the electron and Carbon
electrode
Zinc
electrode
it is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity (+) (-)
per unit electric field.
→
vd
µ= →
E
Sulfuric acid
Simple electric cell

112

8. Find the expression for the equivalent emf & In the absence of any other external effect, this
internal resistance of the series combination energy is spent in heating the conductor. The
of cells. amount of heat(H) produced is
Ans. (i) Suppose n cells, each of emf ξ volts and H = VIt
internal resistance r ohms are connected For a resistance R,
in series with an external resistance R. H = I2Rt
ξ ξ ξ ξ
+ – This relation was experimentally verified by Joule
and is known as Joule’s law of heating. It states
I
that the heat developed in an electrical circuit due
to the flow of current varies directly as
R (i) the square of the current
(ii) the resistance of the circuit and
Cells in series (circuit diagram) (iii) the time of flow.
(ii) The total emf of the battery = nξ
10. Explain Peltier effect.
The total resistance in the circuit = nr + R
ns
Ans. (i) when an electric current is passed through
By Ohm’s law, the current in the circuit is a circuit of a thermocouple, heat is evolved
total emf nξ at one junction and absorbed at the other
tio
I= = junction. This is known as Peltier effect.
total resistance nr +R
(ii) In the Cu-Fe thermocouple the junctions
Unit 2
A and B are maintained at the same

Case (a) If r << R, then,
a
temperature.
ic
nξ
I= ≈ nI1 (iii) Let a current from a battery flow through
R the thermocouple. At the junction A,
bl
(iii) where, I1 is the current due to a single cell where the current flows from Cu to Fe, heat
is absorbed and the junction A becomes
Pu
 ξ cold.
 I1 = 
R (iv) At the junction B, where the current flows
Thus, if r is negligible when compared to from Fe to Cu heat is liberated and it
R the current supplied by the battery is n
ra
becomes hot.
times that supplied by a single cell. Cu
+ - Cu - +
nξ ξ
Su
Case (b) If r >> R, I = ≈ A B A B
nr r
Cooled Heated Cooled Heated
(iv) It is the current due to a single cell. That Fe

(a)
Fe
(b)
is, current due to the whole battery is the

same as that due to a single cell and hence Peltier effect: Cu – Fe thermocouple
there is no advantage in connecting several (v) When the direction of current is reversed,
cells. junction A gets heated and junction B gets
(v) Thus series connection of cells is cooled as shown in the Figure 2.36(b).
advantageous only when the effective Hence Peltier effect is reversible.
internal resistance of the cells is negligibly Long Answer 5 marks
small compared with R.
9. State Joule's law. 1. Calculate the effect internal resistance in series
Ans. If a current I flows through a conductor kept
and parallel.
across a potential difference V for a time t, the Ans. (i) Suppose n cells, each of emf ξ volts and
work done or the electric potential energy spent internal resistance r ohms are connected in
is series with an external resistance R as shown
W = VIt in Figure.
114

(ii) Let n cells be connected in parallel between
the points A and B and a resistance R is
connected between the points A and B as
shown in Figure. Let ξ be the emf and r the
internal resistance of each cell.
ξ
Cella in series (Schematic diagram) + –
ξ ξ ξ ξ
+ – ξ
+ + – –
I ξ
I + –-
R
V
Cells in series (circuit diagram)
cells in series R
cells in parallel (Circuit diagram)
(ii) The total emf of the battery = nξ
The total resistance in the circuit = nr + R
ns
By Ohm’s law, the current in the circuit is
Current Electricity
totalemf nξ
I= =
tio

total resistance nr + R
Case (a) If r << R, then,
a
nξ
I= ≈ nI1
ic
R Cells in parallel (Schematic diagram)
where, I1 is the current due to a single cell
bl
Cells in parallel
 ξ
 I1 =  (iii) The equivalent internal resistance of the
R
Pu
1 1 1 1 n
(iii) Thus, if r is negligible when compared to R battery is = + + ..... (nterms ) =
req r r r r
the current supplied by the battery is n times
that supplied by a single cell. 1 r
So = and the total resistance in
ra
nξ ξ req n
Case (b) If r>>R, I = ≈
nr r r
the circuit = R + . The total emf is the
Su
(iv) It is the current due to a single cell. That is, n

current due to the whole battery is the same potential difference between the points A
as that due to a single cell and hence there is and B, which is equal to ξ. The current in the
no advantage in connecting several cells. circuit is given by
(v) Thus series connection of cells is ξ
I =
advantageous only when the effective r
+R
internal resistance of the cells is negligibly n
small compared with R. nξ
I=
Cells in parallel r + nR
nξ
(i) In parallel connection all the positive Case (a) If r >> R, I = = nI1
r
terminals of the cells are connected to one (iv) where I1 is the current due to a single cell and
point and all the negative terminals to a ξ
is equal to when R is negligible. Thus, the
second point. These two points form the r
current through the external resistance due
positive and negative terminals of the battery.
to the whole battery is n times the current
due to a single cell.
115
www.nammakalvi.org
ξ (v) The graph of the Even though, the
Case (b) If r<<R, I = resistivity of conductors like metals varies
R
(v) The above equation implies that current linearly for wide range of temperatures,
due to the whole battery is the same there also exists a nonlinear region at very
as that due to a single cell. Hence it is low temperatures.
advantageous to connect cells in parallel (vi) The resistivity approaches some finite value
when the external resistance is very small as the temperature approaches absolute
compared to the internal resistance of the zero.
cells.
(vii) As the resistance is directly proportional
2. Obtain an expression for electrical conductor. to resistivity of the material, we can also
This question answer given in Evaluation write the resistance of a conductor at
question III - 1 temperature T ºC as
RT = R0 [1 + (T – T0]
3. Explain the variation of resistivity of
conductor and semiconductor with change in RT − R0 1 ∆R
α= =
ns
temperature. R 0 (T − T0 ) R 0 ∆T
Ans. (i) The resistivity of a material is dependent on
1 ∆R
tio
temperature. The resistivity of a conductor α=
increases with increase in temperature R 0 ∆T
Unit 2
according to the expression, where ∆R = RT − R0 is change in resistance

a
ρT = ρ0 [1 + α(T – T0) ...(1) during the change in temperature
ic
(ii) Where ρT is the resistivity of a conductor at ∆T = T − T0
TºC, ρ0 is the resistivity of the conductor at (viii) α of semiconductors For semiconductors,
bl
some reference temperature T0 (usually at the resistivity decreases with increase in

20ºC) and α is the temperature coefficient of
Pu
temperature. As the temperature increases,

resistivity.
more electrons will be liberated from
(iii) It is defined as the ratio of increase in their atoms. Hence the current increases
resistivity per degree rise in temperature to
and therefore the resistivity decreases.
ra
its resistivity at T0.

A semiconductor with a negative
From the equation (1), we can write
temperature coefficient of resistance is
Su
ρT – ρ0 = α ρ0 (T – T0)
called a thermistor.
ρT − ρ0 ∆ρ
∴α = = ρ (Ωm)
ρ0 (T − T0 ) ρ0 ∆T
where ∆ρ = ρT – ρ0 is change in resistivity

for a change in temperature ∆T = T – T0.
Its unit is per ºC.
α of conductor :
(iv) For conductors α is positive. If the
temperature of a conductor increases, the T(K)
average kinetic energy of electrons in the
conductor increases. This results in more Temperature dependence of
frequent collisions and hence the resistivity resistivity for a semiconductor
increases.
116

4. What is potentiometer? Give its constant and 5. Explain what is (i) Thomson effect, (ii) Positive
principle. Thomson effect, (iii) Negative effect.
Ans. (i) Potentiometer is used for the accurate Ans. (i) If two points in a conductor are at different
measurement of potential differences, temperatures, the density of electrons at
these points will differ and as a result the
current and resistances. It consists of ten
potential difference is created between these
meter long uniform wire of manganin or points. Thomson effect is also reversible.
constantan stretched in parallel rows each (ii) Heat is transferred due to the current flow
of 1 meter length, on a wooden board. in the direction of the current. It is called
(ii) The two free ends A and B are brought to positive Thomson effect. Similar effect is
the same side and fixed to copper strips with observed in metals like silver, zinc, and
binding screws. A meter scale is fixed parallel cadmium.
(iii) Heat is transferred due to the current flow
to the wire. A jockey is provided for making
in the direction opposite to the direction
contact. of current. It is called negative Thomson
(iii) The principle of the potentiometer is effect. Similar effect is observed in metals
illustrated. A steady current is maintained like platinum, nickel, cobalt, and mercury.
ns
across the wire CD by a battery Bt. The Numerical problems
Current Electricity
battery, key and the potentiometer wire 1. A carbon resistor has coloured strips. What is
tio
are connected in series forms the primary its resistors?
circuit.
a Ans. The first two colour bands
(iv) The positive terminal of a primary cell of emf
for yellow = 4
ic
ξ is connected to the point C and negative
terminal is connected to the jockey through for Violet = 7
bl
a galvanometer G and a high resistance HR. for Brown = 101

The value of carbon resistor = 47 × 10 = 470 Ω
This forms the secondary circuit.
Pu
The gold ring showing tolerance of ± 5%

Bt K
( )
R = (470 ± 5%) Ω
2. How will you represent a resistor of 3700 Ω
± 10 by colour code?
ra
l
D
C
J Ans. R = 37 × 102 ± 10 %
The colour of bands corresponding to
Su
G HR
ξ 3 - orange
Potentiometer 7 - violet
(v) Let contact be made at any point J on the wire 102 - red
by jockey. If the potential difference across 10% - silver.
CJ is equal to the emf of the cell ξ then no 3. Two students A & B were asked to pick a
resistor of 25 k from a collection of carbon
current will flow through the galvanometer resistors. A picked a resistors with bands of
and it will show zero deflection. colours of red, green, orange, white. B picked
(vi) CJ is the balancing length l. The potential a resistor with bands of colours : black, green,
difference across CJ is equal to Irl where I is red who picked the correct resistor?
the current flowing through the wire and r is Ans. For student A For student B
the resistance per unit length of the wire. Red Green Orange Black green red
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Hence ξ = Irl
2 5 3 0 5 2
(vii) Since I and r are constants, ξ ∝ l. The emf
RA = 25 × 103 = 25 k Ω RB = 5 × 102 = 500 Ω
of the cell is directly proportional to the
∴The student A picked up the correct resistor
balancing length.
of 25 k Ω.
117 www.nammakalvi.org

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2.4 Electric cells and batteries of a cell by potentiometer

2.4.2 Determination of internal resistance

2.4.4 Cells in parallel 2.7 Thermoelectric effect

MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

Resistance : It is the ratio of potential difference across the conductor to the

current flowing through it. The unit is ohm(Ω).

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

(14) Conditions to balance Wheatstone’s network P = R

Colour Number Colour Number

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

 [Ans. (a) 100 k Ω]

has power dissipation P1. Suppose the wire

of addition and multiplication current

5V 15 15 15 other vector quantities.

laws of vectors addition. If two currents

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

metals, when the junctions are maintained vd dt

Ans. If two points in a conductor are at different

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

from its microscopic form and discuss its

Ans. (i) The ohm’s law can be derived from the

as shown in Figure. line with a slope equal to the inverse of

in the Figure (a).

V = El Current against voltage for

difference as shown in Figure (a).

the battery split into three separate paths.

same, applying Ohm’s law to each resistor,

anywhere in the circuit. Due to this reason,

resistor is equal to the reciprocal of the the resistance R is given by

effective resistance of the combination as I = R + r

parallel connection will be lesser than each

4. Explain the determination of the internal

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

determined. The experiment can be (a)

of external resistance connected across its (b)

5. State and explain Kirchhoff ’s rules. Going from a to b

(i) The bridge consists of four resistances P, Q,

[or] galvanometer G is connected between the

can be read on the scale. A Lechlanche

in equation (1), (2) and (2), we get

I1 (P + Q) = I2 (R +S) ...(7) Metre Scale

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

(vii) To find the specific resistance of the

8. How the emf of two cells are compared using ξ1 l1

flowing through it.

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

2. Lightning is very good example of natural P = 5 GW.

energy transfer across the potential difference

Sol. Given : Area of cross section of copper wire

Potential difference, V = 5 × 107 V 2

additional questions and answers

 [Ans. (b) n2 : 1]  [Ans. (a) 10–2 v/m]

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

limit of the average current, ∆t → 0.

3. Define Ampere. charge would move.

charge passing through a perpendicular cross

4. Define mean free time τ. V

called the mean free time denoted by τ.

Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Physics - Volume-I

circuit same circuit flows through both the bulbs.

and hence burns out almost instantaneously.

[Ans. (a) 100 k Ω]

I1 (P + Q) = I2 (R +S) ...(7) Metre Scale

[Ans. (b) n2 : 1] [Ans. (a) 10–2 v/m]

I Short Answer 3 marks