Second Year
Diploma in
Civil Engineering
Fourth Semester
Chapter wise Notes
HYDRAULICS
Ideal Fluid:-A fluid, which does not possess viscosity, Surface tension
and compressibility is known as ideal fluid.
Que.9 State the Newton‘s law of viscosity and give example of its
application.
Ans: Statement:-
Newton’s law states that “shear stress in fluid layers is directly
proportional to velocity gradient”.
Mathematically,
Where,
τ = Shear stress.
μ = dynamic viscosity.
= velocity gradient.
Example of Application:-
1. To design pipe.
OR
Newton’s law of viscosity- it states that, shear stress on a fluid layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
Diagram-
Total pressure P = 1/ 2 wH
Centre of pressure = H/3 from bottom
Pressure intensity at top of wall = zero
Pressure intensity at bottom of wall = wH
Pressure head on lift limb = pressure head on right limb above z-z
dat
hA + h1 s1 + h2 s2 = 0
hA = - (h1 s1 + h2 s2)
Que.7 State any four different between simple and different manometers
U- tube differential manometer U- tube inverted differential
manometer
1) It is a device used for measuring 1) It is a device used for measuring the
the difference of pressure difference of pressure between two
between two points in a pipe points in a pipe
2) A differential U-tube 2) A differential U-tube manometer
manometer consists of regular U- consists of inverted U- tube
tube
3) It contains heavy measuring 3) It contains lighter measuring liquid
liquid than flowing liquid. than flowing liquid
4) This type of monometer 4) This type of monometer measures
measures positive pressure Negative pressure difference
difference
5) Less sensitive comparative to U- 5) More sensitive comparative to U-
tube inverted differential tube differential manometer
manometer
Que.8 Explain the concept and use of pressure diagram with neat
sketches
Use:-
HOD
Civil Department,