Distribution board

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Relevant topics on

Electrical installations

Wiring practice by region or country

 North American practice

 United Kingdom Practice

Regulation of electrical installations

 BS 7671 UK wiring regulations

 IEC 60364 IEC international standard
 Canadian Electrical Code (CEC)
 US National Electrical Code (NEC)

Cabling and accessories

 AC power plugs and sockets

 Cable tray
 Electrical conduit
 Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
 Multiway switching
 Steel wire armoured cable
 Ring main unit
 Ring circuit
 Thermoplastic-sheathed cable

Switching and protection devices

 AFCI
 ELCB
 Electrical busbar system
 Circuit breakers
  Disconnector
 Fuse
 Residual Current Device (RCD) / GFCI (USA)
 Distribution board
 Consumer unit
 Electrical switch
 Earthing system

 v
 t
 e

A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a

component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into
subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a
common enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and in recent boards, one or more residual-current
devices (RCD) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO), are also
incorporated.
In the United Kingdom, a distribution board designed for domestic installations is known as a
consumer unit.[1]

Contents

North America[edit]
An American circuit breaker panel featuring interchangeable circuit breakers

North American distribution boards are typically housed in sheet metal enclosures, with the circuit
breakers positioned in two columns operable from the front. Some panelboards are provided with a
door covering the breaker switch handles, but all are constructed with a dead front; that is to say the
front of the enclosure (whether it has a door or not) prevents the operator of the circuit breakers from
contacting live electrical parts within. Busbars carry the current from incoming line (hot) conductors
to the breakers, which are secured to the bus with either a bolt-onconnection (using a threaded
screw) or a plug-in connection using a retaining clip. Panelboards are more common in commercial
and industrial applications and employ bolt-on breakers. Residential and light commercial panels are
generally referred to as load centers and employ plug-in breakers. The neutral conductors are
secured to a neutral bus using screw terminals. The branch circuit bonding conductors are secured
to a terminal block attached directly to the panelboard enclosure, which is itself grounded.
During servicing of the distribution board, when the cover has been removed and the cables are
visible, American panelboards commonly have some live parts exposed. In Canadian service
entrance panelboards the main switch or circuit breaker is located in a service box, a section of the
enclosure separated from the rest of the panelboard, so that when the main switch or breaker is
switched off no live parts are exposed when servicing the branch circuits.[2]
Breaker arrangement[edit]
Illustration of breaker numbering in a North American type panelboard. Some labels are missing, and some are
additional. The numbers on the toggles indicate the rated ampereagebefore tripping. The top right breaker
(Rated at 100 A) feeds a sub panel.

Breakers are usually arranged in two columns. In a U.S.-style board, breaker positions are
numbered left-to-right, along each row from top to bottom. This numbering system is universal with
numerous competitive manufacturers of breaker panels.
Each row is fed from a different phase (A, B, and C below), to allow 2- or 3-pole common-trip
breakers to have one pole on each phase. In North America, it is common to wire large permanently
installed equipment line-to-line. This takes two slots in the panel (two-pole) and gives a voltage of
240 V for split-phase electric power, or 208 V for three-phase power.

North American breaker numbering

Split-phase 3-phase Breakers

A A 1 2

B B 3 4

A C 5 6

B A 7 8

A B 9 10
B C 11 12

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

Interior[edit]

Electrical panel and subpanel with cover removed from subpanel

The photograph to the right shows the interior of a residential service panelboard manufactured
by General Electric. The three service conductors—two 'hot' lines and one neutral—can be seen
coming in at the top. The neutral wire is connected to the neutral busbar to the left with all the white
wires, and the two hot wires are attached to the main breaker. Below it are the two bus bars carrying
the current between the main breaker and the two columns of branch circuit breakers, with each
respective circuit's red and black hot wires leading off. Three wires (hot black, neutral white, and
bare ground) can be seen exiting the left side of the enclosure running directly to a NEMA 5-
15 electrical receptacle with a power cord plugged into it. The incoming bare, stranded ground wire
can be seen near the bottom of the neutral bus bar.
The photograph on the left shows a dual panel configuration: a main panel on the right (with front
cover in place) and a subpanel on the left (with cover removed). The subpanel is fed by two large hot
wires and a neutral wire running through the angled conduit near the top of the panels. This
configuration appears to display three violations of the current U.S. National Electric Code: the main
panel does not have a grounding conductor (here it is fed through the subpanel instead), the
connection between the main and subpanel lacks a grounding conductor (it must have four wires
instead of three), and the subpanel neutral bar is bonded to the ground bar (these should be
separate bars after the first service disconnect, which in this case is the main panel).
Fuse boxes[edit]

An older style fuse box of the variety used in the United States

A common design of fuse box that was featured in homes built from 1940 to 1965 was the 60-amp
fuse box that featured four plug fuses (i.e. Edison base) for branch circuits and one or more fuse
blocks containing cartridge fuses for purposes such as major appliance circuits.[3] After 1965, the
more substantial 100 A panel with three-wire (230 V) service became common; a fuse box could
have fuse blocks for the main shut-off and an electric range circuit plus a number of plug fuses
(Edison base or Type S) for individual circuits.[4]

United Kingdom[edit]
One type of UK distribution board.

This picture shows the interior of a typical distribution panel in the United Kingdom. The three
incoming phase wires connect to the busbars via a main switch in the centre of the panel. On each
side of the panel are two busbars, for neutral and earth. The incoming neutral connects to the lower
busbar on the right side of the panel, which is in turn connected to the neutral busbar at the top left.
The incoming earth wire connects to the lower busbar on the left side of the panel, which is in turn
connected to the earth busbar at the top right. The cover has been removed from the lower-right
neutral bar; the neutral bar on the left side has its cover in place.
Down the left side of the phase busbars are two two-pole RCBOs and two single-pole breakers, one
unused. The two-pole RCBOs in the picture are not connected across two phases, but have supply-
side neutral connections exiting behind the phase busbars. Down the right side of the busbars are a
single-pole breaker, a two-pole RCBO and a three-pole breaker.
The illustrated panel includes a great deal of unused space; it is likely that the manufacturer
produces 18- and 24-position versions of this panel using the same chassis.
Larger commercial, public, and industrial installations generally use three-phase supplies, with
distribution boards which have twin vertical rows of breakers. Larger installations will often use
subsidiary distribution boards.
In both cases, modern boards handling supplies up to around 100 A (CUs) or 200 A (distribution
boards) use circuit breakers and RCDs on DIN rail mountings. The main distribution board in an
installation will also normally provide a main switch (known as an incomer) which switches the phase
and neutral lines for the whole supply. (n.b., an incomer may be referred to, or sold as, an isolator,
but this is problematic, as it will not necessarily be used as an isolator in the strict sense.)
For each phase, power is fed along a busbar. In split-phase panels, separate busbars are fed
directly from the incomer, which allows RCDs to be used to protect groups of circuits. Alternatively
RCBOs may be used to provide both overcurrent and residual-current protection to single circuits.
Other devices, such as transformers (e.g. for bell circuits) and contactors (relays; e.g. for large motor
or heating loads) may also be used.
New British distribution boards generally have the live parts enclosed to IP2X, even when the cover
has been removed for servicing.
Consumer units[edit]
Main article: consumer unit
In the United Kingdom, BS 7671 defines a Consumer unit as " A particular type of distribution board
comprising a type tested coordinated assembly for the control and distribution of electrical energy,
principally in domestic premises..."[5] These installations usually have single-phase supplies at 230 V
(nominal standard) and historically they were known as fuse boxes as older consumer units
used fuses until the advent of mini-circuit breakers (MCBs). A normal new domestic CU used as a
main panel might have from 6 to 24 ways for devices (some of which might occupy two ways), and
will be split into two or more sections (e.g. a non-RCD section for alarms etc., an RCD-protected
section for socket outlets, and an RCD-protected section for lighting and other built-in appliances).
Secondary CUs used for outbuildings usually have 1 to 4 ways plus an RCD.
Recent (pre-17th edition wiring regulations) CUs would not normally have RCD protected sections
for anything other than socket outlets, though some older CUs featured RCD Incomers. Before 1990,
RCDs (and split busbars) were not standard in CUs.

 Old rewirable-fuse boxes



1950s MEM rewirable fuse box (covered)

1950s MEM rewirable fuse box (open)

1970s MEM rewirable fuse box (covered)

1970s MEM rewirable fuse box (open)

Fuse Boxes normally use cartridge or rewirable fuses with no other protective device, and basic 4-
ways boxes are very common. Some older boxes are made of brown-black bakelite, sometimes with
a wooden base. Although their design is historic, these were standard equipment for new installs as
recently as the 1980s, so they are very common. Fuseholders in these boxes may not provide
protection from accidental contact with live terminals.
The popular 4-way fusebox normally had two lighting and two socket circuits, with heavy or
sustained loads such as immersion heater and oven on a socket circuit. This arrangement is not
recommended practice today, but it is common for existing installations. Larger boxes with more
ways will have separate fuses for large loads such as immersion heater, oven and shower.
Legacy fuseboxes[edit]
A small number of pre-1950 fuseboxes are still in service. These should be treated with caution
because exposed live parts are common on these boxes. The installations they supply will not meet
modern standards for electrical safety. Another characteristic of very old installations is that there
may be two fuses for each circuit; one on the live and one on the neutral. In rare instances, old ring
circuits may be encountered with no fewer than 4 15 A fuses per ring, one on each of L and N, and
this duplicated for each of the two feeds for the ring.

Manufacturer differences[edit]
Most of the time, the panels and the breakers inserted inside them must be by the same
manufacturer. Each manufacturer has one or more "systems", or kinds of breaker panels, that will
only accept breakers of that type. In Europe, this is still the case, despite the adoption of a
standard DIN rail for mounting and a standard cut-out shape, as the positions of the busbar
connections are not standardized.
Certain panels use seemingly interchangeable 1-inch-wide (25 mm) breakers. However, a given
manufacturer will specifically mention exactly which devices may be installed in their equipment.
These assemblies have been tested and approved for use by a recognized authority. Replacing or
adding equipment which "just happens to fit" can result in unexpected or even dangerous conditions.
Such installations should not be done without first consulting knowledgeable sources, including
manufacturers.

Location and designation[edit]

A three-phase service drop enters through the side of this main service panel consisting of three
100 amperefuses.

For reasons of aesthetics and security, domestic circuit breaker panels and consumer units are
normally located in out-of-the-way closets, attics, garages, or basements, but sometimes they are
also featured as part of the aesthetic elements of a building (as an art installation, for example) or
where they can be easily accessible. However, current U.S. building codes prohibit installation of a
panel in a bathroom (or similar room), in closets intended for clothing, or where there is insufficient
space for an electrician to gain access to the panel. Specific situations, such as an installation
outdoors, in a hazardous environment, or in other out-of-the-ordinary locations might require
specialized equipment and more stringent installation practices.
Distribution boards may be designated for three phase or single phase and normal power or
emergency power, or designated by use such as distribution panels for supplying other panels,
lighting panels for lights, power panels for equipment and receptacles and special uses. Panels are
located throughout the building in electric closets serving a section of the building.

Theatre lighting[edit]
In a theatre, a specialty panel known as a dimmer rack is used to feed stage lighting instruments. A
U.S. style dimmer rack has a 208Y/120 volt 3-phase feed. Instead of just circuit breakers, the rack
has a solid state electronic dimmer with its own circuit breaker for each stage circuit. This is known
as a dimmer-per-circuit arrangement. The dimmers are equally divided across the three incoming
phases. In a 96 dimmer rack, there are 32 dimmers on phase A, 32 dimmers on phase B, and 32 on
phase C to spread out the lighting load as equally as possible. In addition to the power feed from the
supply transformer in the building, a control cable from the lighting desk carries information to the
dimmers in a control protocol such as DMX-512. The information includes lighting level information
for each channel, by which it controls which dimmer circuits come up and go out during the lighting
changes of the show (light cues), and over what fade time.
Distribution boards may be surface-mounted or flush. The former arrangement provides easier
alteration or addition to wiring at a later date, but the latter arrangement might be neater, particularly
for a residential application. The other problem with recessing a distribution board into a wall is that if
the wall is solid, a lot of brick or block might need to be removed—generally for this reason,
recessed boards would only be installed on new-build projects when the required space can be built
into the wall.

Mobile operation[edit]

A panelboard mounted for temporary construction use

Sometimes it is desired to have a portable breaker panel, for example, for special events. In this
case, a breaker panel is mounted to a board, together with various sockets. The American one
pictured at the right has a cord with an L21-30 plug to supply power. Power leaves the board through
four three-phase circuits: three 15 ampere circuits; and one 20 A circuit. The 15 A circuits each go to
a triplex box. The 20 A circuit goes to an L21-20 receptacle, and one leg of it goes to a 20 A duplex
receptacle shown at the upper left. The neon night-lights on the upper right triplex box are to show
the phase presence.
The use of a load center in this type of configuration is dangerous and violates UL and NEC rules for
their use. When power distribution is required on movie sets, concert stages and theatrical venues it
should be provided via products listed "for portable power distribution."[6]

See also[edit]
 Circuit total limitation
 Consumer unit
 Electric switchboard
 Electricity meter
 Electrical busbar system

References[edit]
1. ^ BS 7671 17th edition definitions
2. ^ C22.2 No. 29-15 — "Panelboards and enclosed panelboards". Canadian Standards Association.
2015. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-77139-712-4.
3. ^ The editors of Creative Publishing (2008). Black & Decker The Complete Guide to Wiring (4th
ed.). Cool Springs Press. p. 75. ISBN 1589234138. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
4. ^ George, Daniels (January 1966). "Improving Your Home Wiring". Popular Science. Bonnier
Corporation: 160. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
5. ^ BS7671 17th Edition
6. ^ "UL 1640". ULStandardsInfoNet.UL.com. UL. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012.
Retrieved 16 June 2014.