1.

1 INTRODUCTION
Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with
design, construction, and maintenance of physical and naturally built
environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and
buildings. The basic civil engineering starts from the land (ground) or
underground.

The first basic requirement to start building something is the availability

of land i.e. lot area. According to the plot we selected we have to decide
about the plan. Plan gives a very clear idea about the area, about the
structure that we decide to build. As per KTU University curriculum, we
the students of civil engineering department of SAINTGITS College of
Engineering has undertaken industrial training internship program. We
have undertaken our industrial training internship at P.W.D Kottayam.
We visited the site on 4th to 9th July 2019.

 Day 1:-Ladies Hostel, Medical College.

 Day 2:-Ladies Hostel, Medical College.
 Day 3:-House Surgeons Quarters Building.
 Day 4:-House Surgeons Quarters Building.
 Day 5:-House Surgeons Quarters Building.
 ABSTRACT
In recent years there has been a rise in constructional field. During our
five day internship program, we got an idea about different constructional
practises and procedures going on. All the information that we have
gathered from those places we visited were immense. On the first and
second day of our internship, we visited a plot where the construction of
a ladies hostel for the medical college was undergoing. There we were
able to see the construction of the building, which was a reinforced
concrete framed building. There we learned several practical knowledge
regarding in situ construction.

On the third, fourth and fifth days we were given a new site i.e. the House
Surgeons Quarters Building, Medical College. There also we tackled the
same construction practices as the former.
1.2 FORMWORK FOR BEAMS, SLABS AND COLUMNS:-

1.2.1 Introduction:-
Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould
into which concrete is poured and formed. Traditional formwork is
fabricated using timber, but it can also be constructed from steel, glass
fibre reinforced plastics and other materials.
While formwork is a broad term that is used in relation to the forming
process using a wide variety of materials, shuttering is a term that is often
used to refer to the process of using plywood to form the mould.
Shuttering is perhaps the most popular type of formwork and is normally
constructed on site using timber and plywood. A special grade of plywood
is necessary for shuttering, and it must be water-resistant. It is easy to
produce, although it can be time consuming for larger structures. It is used
when the labour costs are lower than the cost of producing re-usable
formwork from materials such as steel or plastic. It also has the advantage
of being at a significant amount of concrete can be poured at once.
Simple plank shuttering can be used for the construction of a path or
hardstanding. The planks should be trimmed so they are level with the top
surface of the slab, allowing a tidy concrete finish to be achieved.
1.2.2 Formwork specifications:-
When selecting formwork, the type of concrete and temperature of the
pour are important considerations as they both effect the pressure exerted.
The formwork sides must be capable of resisting the hydrostatic pressure
of the wet concrete which will diminish to zero within several hours
depending on the rate of setting and curing.
The formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead
load of the wet concrete and the dead load of the dry set concrete.
Once the concrete has gained sufficient strength the formwork can be
struck (removed). A minimum value of 5 N/mm2 is recommended in all
cases when striking vertical formwork as so not to damage the permanent
concrete in the process. High quality workmanship and inspection are
necessary to ensure a high standard and appearance of the resulting
concrete structure. Both shuttering and formwork in its various forms will
be supported by falsework. This refers to poles, stabilisers, or other units
that keep the shuttering or formwork in place as the concrete dries. For
more information, see Falsework.
1.2.3 Beam formwork:-
Formwork for beams takes the form of a three-sided box which is
supported and propped in the correct position and to the desired level. The
removal time for the formwork will vary with air temperature, humidity
and consequent curing rate. Typical striking times are as follows (using
air temperature of 7-16 ºC):
 Beam sides: 9-12 hours.
 Beam soffits: 8-14 days.
 Beam props: 15-21 days.
1.2.4 Column Formwork:-
This consists of a vertical mould of the desired shape and size of the
column to be poured. As a means of keeping the formwork material
thickness to a minimum, horizontal steel or timber clamps (or yokes) are
used at equal centres for batch filling and at varying centres for filling that
is completed in one pour.
The head of the column formwork can be used to provide support for the
beam formwork, but while this gives good top lateral restraint it can make
the formwork complex. Alternatively, the column can be cast to the
underside of the beams. Later on, a collar of formwork can be clamped
around the cast column to complete the casting and support the incoming
beam formwork.
1.2.5 Requirements of good formwork:-

The following requirements should be satisfied by good formwork:

 Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads.
  Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and
braced horizontally and vertically.
 Joints should prevent leakage of cement grout.
 Should be capable of being removed in various parts without
damaging the concrete.
 Material used be suitable for reuse.
 Should be set accurately to the desired line.
 As lightweight as possible.
 Material should not warp or distort on exposure to the elements.
 Should rest on a firm base.

1.3 Rebar:-
1.3.1 Introduction:-
Rebar, also known as reinforcement steel and reinforcing steel, is a steel
bar or mesh of steel wires used in reinforced concrete and masonry
structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. To improve the
quality of the bond with the concrete, the surface of rebar is often
patterned.
Rebar is necessary to compensate for the fact that whilst concrete is strong
in compression, it is relatively weak in tension. By casting rebar into
concrete, it is able to carry tensile loads and so increase overall strength.
Different uses of rebar include:
 Primary reinforcement: Used to provide resistance to support
design loads.
 Secondary reinforcement: Used for durability and aesthetic
purposes by providing localised resistance to limit cracking and
temperature-induced stresses.
 Provide resistance to concentrated loads, spreading it through a
wider area.
 Assist other steel bars in accommodating their loads by holding
them in the correct position.
 External steel tie bars to constrain and reinforce masonry structures,
sometimes as a means of building conservation.
  Reinforced masonry: Some masonry blocks and bricks include
voids to accommodate rebar to carry tensile loads. The rebar is
secured in place using grout.

1.3.2 Placing of rebar:-

Rebar cages are either pre-fabricated or constructed on site using
hydraulic benders and shears. Site labourers known as steel fixers place
the rebar and ensure adequate concrete cover and embedment. Rebar cages
are connected either by spot welding, tying steel wire or with mechanical
connections. Mechanical connections, also known as ‘couplers’ or
‘splices’, are an effective means of reducing rebar congestion in highly-
reinforced areas for cast-in-place concrete construction. Rectangular
stirrups are placed at regular intervals on the outer part along a column or
beam to prevent shear failure.
For safety purposes while being stored on site, protruding ends of rebar
should be bent over or guarded by using coloured plastic ‘mushroom
caps’.
Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, high
stresses can still pull the rebar out of the concrete, which may lead to
structural instability and ultimately failure. To prevent this, rebar must be
deeply embedded into adjacent structural members (40-60 times the
diameter), which increases the friction locking the bar into place.
Alternatively, rebar can be bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around
the concrete and other rebar sections, which makes use of the concrete’s
high compressive strength.
Steel rebar can also be susceptible to corrosion if insufficient cover is
provided which can cause the concrete to spall away from the steel, and
render it less efficient in terms of fire resistance. As a general rule, the
minimum cover should not be less than the maximum size of the aggregate
in the concrete, or the largest reinforcement bar size (whichever is largest).

1.4 Trench box:-

A trench is is an excavation, the length of which greatly exceeds its depth.
Shallow trenches are usually considered to be less than 6 m deep and deep
trenches greater than 6 m. Trenches are commonly required to allow
services, pipelines or foundations to be laid.
Over short periods of time, for relatively shallow depths most soil types
will stand almost vertically without difficulty. However, trenches other
than those which are relatively shallow may require support.
A trench box is a temporary retaining structure which allows the sides of
the trench to be cut vertically or near-vertically. Trench boxes are suitable
for low-risk situations in stable, dry ground, often when other solutions,
e.g. piling, would be inappropriate.Trench boxes are typically made from
steel or aluminium and are two-sided, supporting both sides of an
excavation, separated by spreaders. They require at least two separating
struts per panel for stability.
Trench boxes can be placed in pre-excavated trenches or installed using a
‘dig and push’ technique. This involves pushing them into the ground as
the excavation proceeds with an excavator removing soil from between
the panels, while ensuring that the sides of the trench are supported at all
times. The trench width must be sufficient to accommodate what is being
laid in the trench, the width of the excavator bucket, and the thickness of
the box panels.

1.5 Scaffolding:-

Scaffolding provides a temporary safe working platform for activities

such as:
 Maintenance.
 Construction.
 Repair.
 Access.
 Inspection.
It is formed from individual tubes and joints or proprietary components.
There are two main types of scaffolding:
 Freestanding scaffolds, such as Independent towers,
 Independent tied scaffolds, such as independent towers tied to an
adjacent structure.
NB For more types of scaffold, see Types of scaffolding.
The most common piece of structure used in scaffolding is the scaffold
tube (known as a standard). The tube generally comes in two thicknesses,
3.2 mm or 4 mm. The tubes are galvanised due to their exposure to the
elements and axial capacity loads are given either ‘as new’ or ‘used.’
Capacities of tubes used in tension are usually limited by the safe slip load
capacity of the coupler, which is far lower than the actual tensile resistance
of the tube.

Scaffolding is designed for its self-weight, i.e. the weight of the boards,
tubes, guardrails, toeboards, etc. and imposed loads such as wind. The
imposed load applied to the scaffolding depends on its use.
Four classes of loading are available:
 Service Class 1 - 0.75 kN/m2 – Inspection and very light duty
access
 Service Class 2 - 1.50 kN/m2 – Light duty such as painting and
cleaning
 Service Class 3 - 2.00 kN/m2 – General building work, brickwork,
etc.
 Service Class 4 - 3.00 kN/m2 – Heavy duty such as masonry and
heavy cladding
The wind load applied to scaffolding will change depending on whether
sheeting or debris nets are used. The magnitude of the wind load will alter
the required capacity of the ties and may affect their frequency.
When scaffolding is tied to a building it uses the permanent structure of
the building to provide stability. The selection of tie positions should be
tested and checked before use and the suitability of the permanent
structures composition to carry the ties should be analysed.

1.6 Retaining walls:-

1.6.1 Introduction:-
Retaining walls are vertical or near-vertical structures designed to retain
material on one side, preventing it from collapsing or slipping or
preventing erosion. They provide support to terrain where the soil’s angle
of repose is exceeded and it would otherwise collapse into a more natural
form. The principal characteristic of a retaining wall is being able to
withstand the pressure exerted by the retained material, which is usually
soil.
Retaining walls may include a parapet that extends above the height of the
retained material, often for safety reasons.
The main uses of retaining walls are to help prevent soil erosion, create
usable beds out of steep terrain and to provide decorative or functional
landscaping features. They may be independent structures, or may be part
of a wider construction works, such as a building.
Planning permission is required if the wall is to be over 1-metre high and
next to a road or pathway; or over 2-metres high elsewhere. Independent,
freestanding retaining walls may not require building regulation approval;
however, any structures must be structurally sound and well maintained.

1.6.2 Types of retaining walls:-

Gravity retaining wall –
This type of wall depends on its mass to retain the material behind it and
remain stable. Stone, concrete and brick masonry are the most common
materials used in this type of wall construction. To maintain stability, the
mass and friction of the interlocking wall materials must be greater than
the force of the material being retained. Gravity walls might be suitable
for heights of up to 2 to 3m
To better resisting pressure gravity retaining walls may have a ‘battered’
profile, (that is one face is sloping so that the wall is thicker at the bottom
than the top. Either the face or the back of the wall may be battered. Very
broadly, the base should be half to three-quarters of the wall’s height.
Cantilevered –
Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-
reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape
of an inverted T). These walls cantilever loads (like a beam) to a large,
structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to
vertical pressures on the ground below. Sometimes cantilevered walls are
buttressed on the front, or include a counterfort on the back, to improve
their strength resisting high loads. Buttresses are short wing walls at right
angles to the main trend of the wall. These walls require rigid concrete
footings below seasonal frost depth. This type of wall uses much less
material than a traditional gravity wall.

Sheet piling-
Sheet pile retaining walls are usually used in soft soil and tight spaces.
Sheet pile walls are driven into the ground and are composed of a variety
of material including steel, vinyl, aluminum, fiberglass or wood planks.
For a quick estimate the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3
below ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment.
Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed
in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall,
usually by a cable or a rod. Anchors are then placed behind the potential
failure plane in the soil.

Bored pile –

Bored pile retaining walls are built by assembling a sequence of bored

piles, proceeded by excavating away the excess soil. Depending on the
project, the bored pile retaining wall may include a series of earth anchors,
reinforcing beams, soil improvement operations and shotcrete
reinforcement layer. This construction technique tends to be employed in
scenarios where sheet piling is a valid construction solution, but where the
vibration or noise levels generated by a pile driver are not acceptable.

Anchored –
An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in any of the
aforementioned styles but also includes additional strength using cables
or other stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it. Usually driven into
the material with boring, anchors are then expanded at the end of the cable,
either by mechanical means or often by injecting pressurized concrete,
which expands to form a bulb in the soil. Technically complex, this
method is very useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall
itself has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak. Soil-nailed walls
(soil reinforced in place with steel and concrete rods).
 CONCLUSION

The whole industrial programme was an enlightening and informative

experience. The places visited were perfect and offered much information
about the architecture, the construction details and importance of the
place.

They revealed the need of architecture in the field of tourism. The places
have a great importance in the history of India and they are the most
common places which are well known for tourism. They shows the
construction style and architectural concepts of persons lived in the past
decades in India. Thus I realized that, these methodologies can be adopted
in our modern construction to the structure beautiful and attractive.
 CONTENTS

SL.NO. TITLE PAGE NO:

Acknowledgment. 1
Abstract. 2
1.1 Introduction. 3
1.2 Formwork for beams,
Slabs and columns. 4
1.2.1 Introduction. 4
1.2.2 Formwork specification. 4
1.2.3 Beam formwork. 5
1.2.4 Column formwork. 5
1.2.5 Requirements of good formwork. 5
1.3 Rebar. 6
1.3.1 Introduction. 6-8
1.3.2 Placing of rebar. 8-9
1.4 Trench box. 9
1.5 Scaffolding. 10-11
1.6 Retaining wall. 11
1.6.1 Introduction. 11
1.6.2 Types of retaining walls. 12-13
1.7 Conclusion. 15
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great in presenting the report of our Internship which was done in
partial fulfilment of B.Tech Civil Engineering Course at Saintgits College
of Engineering, Pathamuttom, Kottayam. We hereby express our sincere
gratitude to Mrs Sheena Rajan Executive Engineer Building sub
Division officer PWD Kottayam for giving us an opportunity to have an
exposure to the current construction site at medical college Kottayam. We
also express our sincere gratitude to Mrs Deepa Assistant Executive
Engineer PWD Kottayam and Mrs Maya Assistant Engineer PWD
Kottayam for their valuable guidance that has been the source of
inspiration throughout the internship. We thank Orage Builder’s and its
office bearers, especially Er Amal Kumar V R, for giving us an
opportunity for this internship and a very special thanks to Er Anu C Paul
and Er Shilpa Raj for their guidance throughout the intership days .
Furthermore we would also like to acknowledge HOD Er Reebu Zacharia
, Asst Prof Milu Mary Jacob , Asst Prof Arun G Sankar and all our staff
advisors for their valuable support, help and guidance throughout the
internship. We would also like to thank our college management and all
other staff for their support. We would like to express our deepest
appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to complete this
report. We would like to convey our profound gratitude to all who shared
their knowledge and technical expertise with us. Last but not the least we
express our sincere gratitude to the lord almighty for blessing us with
health, confidence and time for the satisfactory completion of the
internship.