Understanding Startup and Shutdown Transients Page 1

Understanding Startup and

Shutdown Transients

System 1®
Optimization and Diagnostic Platform

After completing this presentation, the students should be able to:

• Explain what a startup/shutdown transient is in terms of Bently Nevada

nomenclature

• Explain why transient data is useful by identifying the key machine information
and malfunctions that we can diagnose with it.

• Identify the value of a 3500/22M TDI or TDXnet communications processor in

obtaining high resolution transient data

• Explain the fundamentals of how the TDI or TDXnet collects transient data

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Startup and Shutdown Transients

What is a startup/shutdown transient?

– Event where speed (rpm) of rotating
machine changes
– Machine startup
– Overspeed trip
– Planned shutdown
– Un-planned shutdowns

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A startup or shutdown transient is an event where the machine rotative speed changes
significantly over time. Examples include a machine startup, an overspeed trip, or a
planned machine shutdown before an outage. It does not include process related
transients, such as pressure or temperature changes if the machine stays at a constant rpm.

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Startup and Shutdown Transients

Why are startup/shutdown transients

important?

– Provides broader picture of rotor dynamic

behavior compared to steady-state
conditions
– Machine condition analysis and
maintenance
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Startup and shutdown transients are very useful for analyzing machine characteristics. It
provides a much broader picture of rotor dynamic behavior compared to steady-state
conditions because you have many samples of machine response at various operating
speeds compared with just one operating condition.

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Startup and Shutdown Data

Identified Information Application/Value

Rotor heavy spot location Balancing

Balance resonance (critical) Setting running speed alarm

speed and peak shape
Rotor Position
Unusual frequency content
limits, cracked shaft detection,
and rotor to stator rub
detection
Radial load identification and
misalignment detection
Data validation and rub
detection

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With startup and shutdown data, you can identify many things about a machine’s
characteristics. This chart outlines some of the machine information that transient data
provides along with the corresponding application or value to machine condition
management. Things such as the rotor heavy spot location, balance resonance speed,
resonance peak shape, rotor position, and unusual frequency content can all be identified
using startup and shutdown data. Knowing these characteristics can help you make better
decisions about how long to run a machine and when to shut it down for maintenance.
You can increase the reliability of your machines and get the most out of your assets.

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Startup and Shutdown Data

• High sample rate data desired

– Requires supplemental data acquisition
mode
– Collected with changing rpm (∆rpm) in
addition to ∆time

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In order to extract machine information from transient data, we must have data collected
at high sample rates. Many machines change speed so quickly that normal trend data
collected with respect to time does not capture enough data. When viewed from a plot,
the data is choppy and it’s difficult to detect things like balance resonance speed and
synchronous amplification factors. An additional data acquisition mode is necessary to
get the resolution that we need. Bently Nevada has equipment available to do just that.
By collecting data with respect to rpm, we can have higher resolution data.

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Startup and Shutdown Data

Collection
• Collected by TDXnet, TDe or 3500/22M TDI TDe

– Collected with changing rpm (∆rpm) in

addition to ∆time
– Simultaneous collection across all
channels for correlation TDXnet

– Fully configurable
– Transient region setpoints
– D rpm setpoints
– Contact Bently Nevada for assistance

3500/22M Transient Data

Interface (TDI)

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To meet the need of high resolution startup and shutdown data, Bently Nevada has
developed the TDXnet communications processor and the 3500/22M Transient Data
Interface (TDI). These instruments collect data with changing rpm in addition to
scheduled time intervals. Also, these instruments collect data simultaneously across all
channels, not sequentially in a scanning mode. This is very important and useful for
diagnosing and identifying machine characteristics. Both the TDXnet and TDI are fully
configurable for many different machine applications. Because of these different
applications, we recommend that you contact a qualified Bently Nevada representative
for assistance when configuring these instruments for collecting startup/shutdown data.

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3500 TDI

• Static Data
– 1 sample/sec (non “M” monitors)
– 10 samples/sec ( “M” monitors)
– 2-4 samples/sec (3500/60, /61 and /62)

• Dynamic Data
– Synchronous and Asynchronous
– 2048 samples, 1024/800 line Synch/Asynch Spectrums
– 1 waveform per second minimum

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Collection Process
Static data is collected by the TDI from the monitor rack approximately once per second
for non 'M' monitors and once per 0.1 second for 'M' series monitors. Based on the
configuration for the 3500/60, /61, and /62 monitors, data can be collected approximately
once per 0.25 or 0.5 seconds.
A TDI can collect all monitor data and an addition four (4) hardware nX values per
channel.

Normal Waveform Capture

TDI has the capability to collect 2048 samples continuously to create 800 line
asynchronous spectrums or 1024 line synchronous spectrums. When a Keyphasor® is
available, the data is collected simultaneously with the Keyphasor®.

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TDI Alarm Event Data Sets*

Collects data around an event to support troubleshooting analysis... providing
hard supporting evidence to make confident decisions

Data collection window Data collection frequency

- 20 sec + 10 sec - Static data at 100 msec resolution

- 10 min + 1 min - Static data at 1 sec resolution

- 2.5 min + 1 min - Dynamic wave form data at 10 sec

resolution
< before after >

time
Event

* predefined TDI behavior

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The data set for an alarm event typically captures::

10 minutes of 1 second interval static data from before the event;
20 seconds of 0.1 second interval static data from before the event;
2.5 minutes of 10 second interval waveforms from before the event;
2 to 3 waveforms from the time the event was detected;
10 seconds of 0.1 second interval static data from after the event;
1 minute of 1 second interval static data from after the event; and
1 minute of 10 second interval waveforms from after the event.

There is no possibility to change data span or density.

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3300 TDE /TDX Net

• Static Data
– 1 sample every 4 seconds

• Dynamic Data
– Synchronous and Asynchronous
– 1024 samples, 512/400 line Synch/Asynch Spectrums

• Alarm Event Data

– 40 Static Samples 4 seconds apart
– 1 sample at Alarm and 3 Dynamic Samples prior (40sec
apart)
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A TDXnetCP maintains two (2) transient buffers and one steady state buffer. Sampling rates for the steady state buffer are one vector
sample every four (4) seconds and one waveform sample every forty (40) seconds. Transient sample rates depend on the delta rpm
values entered during configuration. It can store the last 4 waveform and 40 vector samples prior to an alarm event. This lets you see
the events leading up to an alarm condition.

Two independent Startup/Shutdown buffers.

One independent Delta-Time buffer.
Delta time and delta RPM buffers each contain 320 vector and 32 waveform records.
Asynchronous data sampled to support a 400-line Spectrum.

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Asynchronous
Dynamic Signal

Dyn Buffer
Alarm Buffer

Synchronous Buffer 1 (Startup)

XX
1 XX
320
Filters cont.
& Sym 1X, 1 32
2X, not 1X
trend interv. Buffer 2 (Shutdown)
nX XX
1 XX
320

1 32
Internal trend
buffers. Min, max
Calc Avg. Overall XX
1 XX
320
Vibration & Gap
1 32
Static Signal

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SU-SD Scenarios
RPM

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NORMAL STARTUP
RPM

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NORMAL SHUTDOWN
RPM

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STARTUP WITH RECOVERED TRIP

RPM

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STAGED STARTUP
RPM

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INCOMPLETE STARTUP TO TRIP

RPM

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RECOVERED TRIP

RPM

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OVERSPEED TRIP
RPM

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STARTUP TO OVERSPEED TRIP

RPM

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Machine Startup Example

Running Speed = 3600 rpm

Machine
Speed Heat soak
(rpm)

Machine on turning gear

Time

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To illustrate startup and shutdown transient data collection, consider this typical steam
turbine startup example. This graphs shows the machine speed vs. time. At first, the
machine is in slow roll on a turning gear. Then, the turbine begins to startup where it
pauses for a time for the thermal growth to equalize across the machine train. Finally, the
turbine increases speed until it reaches the operating speed of 3600 rpm.

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Machine Startup Example –

Normal Data Acquisition Mode

Running Speed = 3600 rpm

Machine
Speed Data collected for
Poor resolution (4 data samples)
∆ time interval
(rpm) for “information rich” transient
region

Time

= Data collected in normal data acquisition mode

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Under normal data acquisition, data is collected on a configured time interval. This time
interval varies from one application to another, but rarely collects enough data during
machine speed transients. The resulting poor resolution makes it difficult or impossible to
extract startup/shutdown information. In this example, only four data samples were
collected in the information rich transient region.

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Machine Startup Example with

TDI or TDXnet
Running Speed = 3600 rpm

Transient
region upper
setpoint

Machine Data collected

Speed for ∆ rpm High resolution for “information
(rpm) rich” transient region

Transient
region lower
setpoint

Time
= Data collected in normal data acquisition mode
= Data collected during startup

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This example illustrates the additional data collected with a 3500/22M TDI. (The
TDXnet communications processor collects data in a similar way.) At first, the machine
is in slow roll on a turning gear recording trend data in the normal data acquisition mode.
At the same time, the TDI (or TDXnet) is also collecting samples at a higher resolution
(every few seconds) and is storing it temporarily in a memory buffer. The TDI has a
capacity of 200 data samples in this memory buffer and so the oldest sample is
continually replaced by the newest sample.

As the machine begins to startup, it crosses the transient region setpoint. This triggers the
memory buffer to upload these most recent 200 data samples. As the machine increases
in speed, the TDI collects a sample according to the delta rpm setting, which is fully
configurable. When the machine speed pauses for the thermal growth to equalize across
the machine train (heat soak), the TDI continues to collect data because you can
configure it to collect data according to a delta time setting in addition to the delta rpm
setting. Finally, the machine ramps up to operating speed at 3600 rpm where the TDI
concludes data collection leaving the normal data acquisition mode to monitor the
machine. This sequence results in high resolution data for the information rich transient
region.

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Review

• What is a startup/shutdown transient?

• Why is transient data useful?
• What information does transient data
provide?
• What malfunctions can be detected with
transient data?
• How does the TDI and TDXnet collect
transient data?

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Review the following objectives with your instructor:

Explain what a startup/shutdown transient is in terms of Bently Nevada nomenclature.

Explain why transient data is useful by identifying the key machine information and
malfunctions that we can diagnose with it.

Identify the value of a 3500/22M TDI or TDXnet communications processor in obtaining

high resolution transient data.

Explain the fundamentals of how the TDI or TDXnet collects transient data.

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Understanding Startup and

Shutdown Transients

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Objectives Revisited:

Explain what a startup/shutdown transient is in terms of Bently Nevada nomenclature

Explain why transient data is useful by identifying the key machine information and
malfunctions that we can diagnose with it

Identify the value of a 3500/22M TDI or TDXnet communications processor in obtaining

high resolution transient data

Explain the fundamentals of how the TDI or TDXnet collects transient data

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