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156 Agric. Res. New Series Vol.

35 (2) : 156-163 (2014)


Ann. Anop Kumari et al.

Effect of different nitrogen levels and biofertilizers on growth,


yield and nutrient content of Chrysanthemum

Anop Kumari1, R.K. Goyal1, Mahesh Choudhary1 and S.S. Sindhu2

1
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,
2
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)
e-mail: anopflori.25@gmail.com

Received : January 2014 ; Revised accepted : April 2014

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment was conducted in the screen-house of the Department of Horticulture, College
of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2011-12 and 2012-13 to
investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen (0, 10, 20 and 30 g/m2) and biofertilizers
(Azotobacter and Azospirillum) on growth, yield and nutrient content of Chrysanthemum. The
interaction effect of different levels of nitrogen and biofertilizers on number of branches per plant
was found to be non-significant during both years of experimentation. The fresh weight of plant
was found to be significant during both the years. In the year 2011-12, the maximum fresh weight
of plant (102.36 g) was noticed with the application of Azospirillum along with nitrogen 20 g/m2,
whereas, in second year, it was maximum (103.45 g) with the application of Azospirillum in
combination of nitrogen 30 g/m2. The maximum dry weight of plant (10.52 and 10.50 g) was
observed in the application of Azospirillum along with nitrogen 20 g/m2, which was at par with
Azospirillum along with nitrogen 30 g/m2 (10.06 and 10.40 g). The maximum flower yield per plant
(59.16 and 67.22 g) was recorded with Azospirillum application alongwith nitrogen 20 g/m2. However,
in second year, it was at par with Azotobacter in combination of nitrogen 20 g/m2 (61.70 g). In the
year 2011-12, the maximum nitrogen content (4.79%) was recorded in Azospirillum along with
nitrogen 30 g/m2, whereas, in the next year, it was recorded maximum (4.65%) in Azotobacter along
with nitrogen 30 g/m2, which was at par with Azospirillum along with nitrogen 30 g/m2 (4.55 %).
Interaction effect of nitrogen and biofertilizers on phosphorus and potassium content were found
to be non-significant during both the years of investigation.

Key words: Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Chrysanthemum, growth, nutrient content, yield.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium and perfection in the form of plants are the
Ramat.) also known as Queen of East or Autumn important objectives to be reckoned in
Queen belongs to the family Asteraceae and is a commercial flower production. Though the
popular flower crop having its admires and quality of flowers is primarily a varietal trait, it
enthusiasts all over the world. There are about is greatly influenced by climatic, geographical
160 species in the genus Chrysanthemum among and nutritional factors. Application of chemical
which the modern autumn flowering perennial fertilizer is the most important which directly
Chrysanthemum morifolium is most important influence the growth and yield of flower crops
(Singh, 2006). It is mainly grown for its attractive (Beniwal et al., 2006). However, continuous use
and most showy flowers of huge form, dazzling of chemical fertilizers not only adversely affects
colour and varying size with long vase life. soil health and environment but also reduces
Increased flower production, quality of flowers productivity of crops. This situation emphasized
Effect of different nitrogen levels and biofertilizers on Chrysanthemum 157

the need for developing alternate production of phosphorous and potash were applied as a
systems that are friendlier to the environment basal dose just before planting of rooted
and is more judicious in managing soil health. cuttings, while the remaining half of the nitrogen
Use of biofertilizers in crop cultivation will help was applied after 30 days of planting by top
in safeguarding the soil health and the quality dressing method. For inoculating Azotobacter and
of crop products (Choudhary and Trivedi, Azospirillum, 20 ml of their inoculums were
2008). Biofertilizer application to soil can lower applied to rhizosphere of the plant after 6 days
nitrogenous fertilizer application and can reduce of plantation. The pinching was done in the 4th
week after transplanting. Data on various
dependence on chemical fertilizers, which are
growth, yield and nutrient content viz., number
responsible for soil and underground water
of branches per plant, fresh weight of plant (g),
pollution. Biofertilizers improves soil health and
dry weight of plant, flower yield per plant (g),
productivity, thereby, increasing the yield and nitrogen content (%), phosphorous content (%)
quality of Chrysanthemum flowers. With this and potassium content in plant (%) were
view, the present experiment was conducted to recorded and statistically analyzed. Fresh
study the effect of different nitrogen levels and weight of plant was recorded at full bloom stage
biofertilizers on growth, yield and nutrient whereas, for estimation of dry weight of plant,
content of chrysanthemum. the plant without roots was taken and placed in
the hot air oven at 60 °C until the reduction in
MATERIALS AND METHODS
weight became constant. The dry matter weight
The present investigation was carried out in was taken on digital weighing balance and
the screen-house of the Department of expressed in grams (g). Estimation of nitrogen
Horticulture, College of Agriculture, CCS was done by Nessler's reagent method as per
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during standard procedure (Jackson, 1967). Phosphorus
the year 2011-12 and 2012-13. Hisar is situated content in plant sample was determined by
at 29° 10 North latitude and 75° 46 East 'Vanado-Molybdate method' (Jackson, 1967).
longitude with an elevation of 215.2 meters The intensity of yellow colour was read at 430
above mean sea level. The tract falls in the semi- nm in Elico spectrometer model CL-24.
arid subtropical region having the characteristic Potassium content of plant tissue was
extremes of weather conditions with hot dry determined by flame photometer method.
winds during summer and severe cold in winter. Readings were taken in Elico flame photometer;
For experimental purpose, soil was collected model C-140 after digesting the samples with
from pure sand dune near Hisar and mixed triacid mixture (Jackson, 1967).
thoroughly. Each pot was lined with polythene
sheet and filled with 5 kg of soil. The RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
experimental soil was sandy in texture having Number of branches per plant
0.19% organic carbon, 95 kg/ha available
nitrogen, 10 kg/ha available phosphorus and 102 Number of branches per plant increased
kg/ha available potassium. One month old significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen
rooted cuttings of Chrysanthemum cv. "Dolly up to 20 g/m2 (Table 1) and it was maximum
Orange" having almost equal size and vigour (7.44 and 7.33) with the application of nitrogen
were transplanted in the centre of pot in the 20 g/m 2 in the year 2011-12 and 2012-13,
month of September. Soil was firmly pressed respectively, however, it was at par with
around the plant and light watering was done nitrogen 30 g/m2 (6.89) in the year 2012-13. The
immediately. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 10, 20 minimum number of branches per plant (5.56
and 30 g/m2) or (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm nitrogen) and 6.11) was found in control in the year 2011-
and two biofertilizers (Azotobacter and 12 and 2012-13, respectively. The increased
Azospirillum) and their combination were applied number of branches per plant might be due to
in three replications having CRD experimental that the absorbed nitrogen combined with
design. In addition to above treatments, carbohydrate synthesis led to the formation of
phosphorous and potash each @ 100 ppm were nitrogenous compounds such as proteins, amino
also applied. Half dose of nitrogen and full dose acids, nucleic acids, various enzymes and co-
158 Anop Kumari et al.

Table 1. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on number of branches per plant in Chrysanthemum
Year 2011-12 2012-13

Levels of nitrogen (g/m2) Levels of nitrogen (g/m2)


Treatments
0 10 20 30 Mean 0 10 20 30 Mean

Control 5.33 6.00 7.33 6.33 6.25 5.67 6.33 7.00 6.67 6.42
Azotobacter 5.67 6.33 7.33 6.67 6.50 6.33 7.00 7.33 6.67 6.83
Azospirillum 5.67 6.00 7.67 7.00 6.58 6.33 6.67 7.67 7.33 7.00
Mean 5.56 6.11 7.44 6.67 6.11 6.67 7.33 6.89
C.D. at 5%
Nitrogen 0.49 0.59
Biofertilizers NS NS
Nitrogen x Biofertilizers NS NS

Table 2. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on fresh weight of plant (g) in Chrysanthemum

Year 2011-12 2012-13

Levels of nitrogen (g/m2) Levels of nitrogen (g/m2)


Treatments
0 10 20 30 Mean 0 10 20 30 Mean

Control 55.73 72.15 85.66 76.04 72.40 59.05 74.75 79.20 87.85 75.21
Azotobacter 68.97 76.68 91.39 90.28 81.83 65.15 79.25 92.90 92.05 82.34
Azospirillum 80.99 86.35 102.36 96.91 91.65 84.25 90.40 102.75 103.45 95.21
Mean 68.56 78.39 93.14 87.74 69.48 81.47 91.62 94.45
C.D. at 5%
Nitrogen 2.28 3.63
Biofertilizers 1.97 3.14
Nitrogen x Biofertilizers 3.94 6.28

enzymes, which were responsible for cell respectively. The increase in fresh weight of
division and cell enlargement and finally the plant with nitrogen application might be due to
more number of branches per plant (Chaudhary, the increase in vegetative growth as nitrogen is
2007). These results are in accordance with the the component of chlorophyll, which results in
findings of Joshi et al. (2013) and Beniwal (2001) more vegetative growth. The results find
in chrysanthemum. The effect of biofertilizers support from reports of Barad et al. (2008),
as well as the interaction effect of nitrogen levels Deshmukh et al. (2006) in chrysanthemum and
and biofertilizers on number of branches per Kundu et al. (2010) in African marigold.
plant was found to be non-significant in both
The significant effect of biofertilizers on fresh
the years. weight of plant was recorded during both the
Fresh weight of plant years. The maximum fresh weight of plant (91.65
and 95.21 g) was observed with the inoculation
The fresh weight of plant increased of Azospirillum, whereas it was minimum (72.40
significantly with increasing levels of nitrogen and 75.21 g) with control during both the years,
up to 20 g/m2, and thereafter, it decreased in respectively. Biofertilizers produce the growth
first year (Table 2). In the year 2011-12, the stimulating substances viz., auxins, gibberellins
maximum fresh weight of plant (93.14 g) was and cytokinins, which contribute toward
recorded with the application of nitrogen 20 g/ vigorous growth of the plant. These finding are
m2, whereas in the year 2012-13, it was maximum in agreement with those of Hashemabadi et al.
(94.45 g) with nitrogen 30 g/m2, which remained (2012) in marigold. Among the interaction effect
at par with nitrogen 20 g/m 2 (91.62 g). The of nitrogen levels and biofertilizers, the
minimum fresh weight of plant (68.56 and 69.48 maximum fresh weight of plant (102.36 g) was
g) was recorded in control during both the years, noticed with the application of Azospirillum +
Effect of different nitrogen levels and biofertilizers on Chrysanthemum 159

Table 3. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on dry weight of plant (g) in Chrysanthemum

Year 2011-12 2012-13

Levels of nitrogen (g/m2) Levels of nitrogen (g/m2)


Treatments
0 10 20 30 Mean 0 10 20 30 Mean
Control 5.76 7.97 9.35 7.53 7.65 6.00 8.05 9.30 7.85 7.80
Azotobacter 7.23 7.62 7.97 8.89 7.93 7.30 7.85 8.25 9.15 8.14
Azospirillum 8.52 9.17 10.52 10.06 9.57 8.85 9.45 10.50 10.40 9.80
Mean 7.17 8.25 9.28 8.82 7.38 8.45 9.35 9.13
C.D. at 5%
Nitrogen 0.46 0.15
Biofertilizers 0.40 0.13
Nitrogen x Biofertilizers 0.80 0.27

Table 4. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on flower yield per plant (g) in Chrysanthemum

Year 2011-12 2012-13

Levels of nitrogen (g/m2) Levels of nitrogen (g/m2)


Treatments
0 10 20 30 Mean 0 10 20 30 Mean

Control 22.48 27.70 46.62 37.30 33.53 19.36 28.31 47.75 39.32 33.68
Azotobacter 27.03 34.52 53.63 45.00 40.04 23.37 32.03 61.70 48.99 41.52
Azospirillum 32.24 40.93 59.16 50.66 45.75 27.11 38.46 67.22 51.89 46.17
Mean 27.25 34.38 53.14 44.32 23.28 32.93 58.89 46.73
C.D. at 5%
Nitrogen 2.55 4.33
Biofertilizers 2.94 3.75
Nitrogen x Biofertilizers 4.89 7.68

nitrogen 20 g/m 2 and minimum (55.73 g) in and minimum (7.17 g) in control. In the year 2012-
control during first year, whereas, in second 13, the maximum dry weight of plant (9.35 g) was
year, the maximum fresh weight of plant (103.45 g) observed in nitrogen 20 g/m2 and minimum (7.38
was recorded with the application of Azospirillum g) in control. The possible reason of increasing
in combination of nitrogen 30 g/m 2, which dry matter yield per plant might be due to
remained at par (102.75 g) with the application increased plant growth parameters due to
of Azospirillum in combination of nitrogen 20 g/ application of nitrogen (Kumar et al., 2007). The
m 2 and minimum (59.05 g) in control. results are in accordance with the findings of
Application of nitrogen encourages the formation Joshi et al. (2013) , Dorajeerao et al. (2012), Barad
of new cells, cell division and cell elongation, et al. (2008) and Deshmukh et al. (2006) in
thus, results in vigorous growth of root system, chrysanthemum.
which ultimately helps in better absorption and The significantly maximum dry weight of
utilization of nutrients from the soil solution as plant (9.57 and 9.80 g) was observed with the
well as applied nitrogen and biofertilizers, which application of Azospirillum, whereas, it was
reflected in terms of better overall plant growth. minimum (7.65 and 7.80 g) in control during the
Dry weight of plant year 2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively. The
interaction between levels of nitrogen and
It is inferred from the data presented in biofertilizers was found to be significant during
Table 3 that the dry weight of plant significantly both the years. The maximum dry weight of
influenced by different levels of nitrogen, plant (10.52 and 10.50 g) was observed in the
biofertilizers and their interactions. In the year application of Azospirillum in combination of
2011-12, the maximum dry weight of plant (9.28 g) nitrogen 20 g/m 2 , which was at par with
was recorded with nitrogen 20 g/m 2, which Azospirillum along with nitrogen 30 g/m2 (10.06
remained at par with nitrogen 30 g/m2 (8.82 g) and 10.40 g), whereas, it was minimum (5.76 and
160 Anop Kumari et al.

6.00 g) in control during the year 2011-12 and plant and hence, more flower yield per plant
2012-13, respectively. Biofertilizer helps in (Barad et al., 2008). The interaction between
nitrogen fixation, which is assimilate in plants different levels of nitrogen and biofertilizers
thereby increasing the dry matter of plant. The was found to be significant in both the years of
result was supported by the findings of Kumar investigation. The maximum flower yield per
et al. (2007) in carnation, Gadagi et al. (2004) in plant (59.16 and 67.22 g) was recorded with
gaillardia and Johnson et al. (1982) in Azospirillum application along with nitrogen 20
chrysanthemum. g/m2. However, in second year, it was at par
with Azotobacter in combination of nitrogen 20
Flower yield per plant g/m2 (61.70 g), while the minimum flower yield
The perusal of data elucidated significant per plant (22.48 and 19.36 g) was obtained from
differences amongst the levels of nitrogen for control in the year 2011-12 and 2012-13,
flower yield per plant (Table 4). The maximum respectively. Similar observations were also
flower yield per plant (53.14 and 58.89 g) was made by Gadagi et al. (2012) and Panchal et al.
recorded with the application of nitrogen 20 g/ (2010) in chrysanthemum and Nandre et al. (2005)
m2 over other treatments, whereas, it minimum in China aster.
(27.25 and 23.28 g) in control during the year
Nitrogen content in plant
2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively. The increase
in flower production with the increase in The data pertaining to influence of different
nitrogen levels was mainly due to significant nitrogen levels and biofertilizers and their
increase in growth parameters. Adequate supply interaction on N content (%) in plants have been
of nitrogen to the plant resulted in proper presented in Table 5. Data revealed that nitrogen
development of photosynthetic system. These content increased significantly with the increase
findings lend support to the earlier findings of in nitrogen levels during both the years. The
Satar et al. (2012), Barad et al. (2008), Parekh et maximum N content (4.05 and 4.25%) was
al. (2010) and Beniwal et al. (2006) in recorded with the highest level of nitrogen i.e.,
Chrysanthemum. 30 g/m2 during both the years, respectively and
Further interpretation of data reveals that minimum (1.74 and 1.86%) in control during the
biofertilizers application significantly influenced year 2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively. The
the flower yield per plant. The maximum flower increase in plant nitrogen content with the
yield per plant (45.75 and 46.17 g) was observed increase in nitrogen levels might be due to high
in treatment receiving Azospirillum, while it was nitrogen availability and better uptake of it by
minimum (33.53 and 33.68 g) in control during the plants. These findings are in conformity with
both the years, respectively. Higher photo- those of Joshi et al. (2012), Beniwal et al. (2006)
synthesis enhanced food accumulation, which and Xiang et al. (2010) in chrysanthemum, who
might have resulted in better plant growth and reported an increase in nitrogen content of plant
subsequently higher number of flowers per with the increasing levels of nitrogen.
Table 5. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on N content (%) in Chrysanthemum plant

Year 2011-12 2012-13

Levels of nitrogen (g/m2) Levels of nitrogen (g/m2)


Treatments
0 10 20 30 Mean 0 10 20 30 Mean

Control 0.93 2.83 3.13 3.65 2.63 0.87 2.23 2.90 3.56 2.39
Azotobacter 2.10 3.05 3.48 3.70 3.08 2.47 3.33 3.84 4.65 3.57
Azospirillum 2.18 3.26 3.28 4.79 3.38 2.24 3.89 3.40 4.55 3.52
Mean 1.74 3.04 3.29 4.05 1.86 3.15 3.38 4.25
C.D. at 5%
Nitrogen 0.38 0.25
Biofertilizers NS 0.22
Nitrogen x Biofertilizers 0.54 0.43
Effect of different nitrogen levels and biofertilizers on Chrysanthemum 161

Table 6. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on P content (%) in Chrysanthemum plant

Year 2011-12 2012-13

Levels of nitrogen (g/m2) Levels of nitrogen (g/m2)


Treatments
0 10 20 30 Mean 0 10 20 30 Mean

Control 0.02 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.25 0.02 0.35 0.31 0.23 0.22
Azotobacter 0.09 0.45 0.41 0.36 0.33 0.07 0.42 0.36 0.29 0.28
Azospirillum 0.07 0.39 0.36 0.22 0.25 0.06 0.41 0.38 0.28 0.28
Mean 0.06 0.40 0.36 0.29 0.05 0.39 0.35 0.27
C.D. at 5%
Nitrogen 0.06 0.05
Biofertilizers 0.05 0.04
Nitrogen x Biofertilizers NS NS
Table 7. Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on K content (%) in Chrysanthemum plant

Year 2011-12 2012-13

Levels of nitrogen (g/m2) Levels of nitrogen (g/m2)


Treatments
0 10 20 30 Mean 0 10 20 30 Mean

Control 0.49 1.81 1.19 1.10 1.15 0.61 1.35 1.17 0.90 1.01
Azotobacter 0.19 1.80 1.42 1.38 1.20 0.83 1.30 1.41 1.25 1.19
Azospirillum 1.29 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.15 1.02 1.66 1.62 1.29 1.40
Mean 0.66 1.58 1.24 1.19 0.82 1.44 1.40 1.14
C.D. at 5%
Nitrogen NS 0.25
Biofertilizers NS NS
Nitrogen x Biofertilizers NS NS

The response of biofertilizers was found to (2010) in chrysanthemum and Kumar et al. (2007)
be non-significant in first year, whereas, it was in carnation.
significant in second year. The maximum N
content (3.57%) was recorded with Azotobacter Phosphorus content (%) in plant
inoculation, which was at par with Azospirillum The data regarding P content (%) in plants
(3.52%) in the year 2012-13. Interaction effect of have been presented in Table 6. It can be seen
nitrogen and biofertilizers on N content in plant from the table that there was significant
was found to be significant in both the years. In differences due to nitrogen and biofertilizers.
the year 2011-12, the maximum nitrogen content The maximum P content (0.40 and 0.39%) was
(4.79%) was recorded in Azospirillum along with recorded with nitrogen 10 g/m 2 , which
nitrogen 30 g/m2, whereas, in the next year, it remained at par with nitrogen 20 g/m2 (0.36 and
was recorded maximum (4.65%) in Azotobacter 0.35%), while it was recorded minimum (0.06
along with nitrogen 30 g/m2, which was at par and 0.05%) in control during the year 2011-12
with Azospirillum along with nitrogen 30 g/m2 and 2012-13, respectively. The decrease in
(4.55 %). The minimum nitrogen content (0.93 phosphorus content with increasing levels of
and 0.87%) was recorded in control during both nitrogen might be due to the increase in biomass
the years, respectively. Azospirillum increased leading to dilution effect. Similar reports have
availability of nitrogen to plants. They change also been given by Prakash et al. (2007) in lilium.
insoluble form to soluble form and atmospheric
form to available form. It might be due to Among the biofertilizers, the plants treated
increased availability of nitrogen to plants, with Azotobacter were found best with the value
because of enhancement of nitrate reductase of 0.33% in the first year, whereas, in the second
activity in mycorrhizal roots. These findings are year, application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum
in line to that of Gadagi et al. (2012) and Airadevi both were found with highest value (0.28%) of
162 Anop Kumari et al.

P content in plants. Interaction effect of nitrogen (1.40 %) in the year 2012-13. The K content of
and biofertilizers was found to be non-significant plant parts showed decreasing trend with
for both the years of investigation. Similar results increasing nitrogen levels. It might be due to
have been reported by Kumar et al. (2007) in excessive vegetative growth with higher doses
carnation. of nitrogen, which caused dilution of potash in
plants. The results of the present study are in
Potassium content (%) in plant agreement with the findings of Joshi et al. (2012),
The data depicted in Table 7 indicate that Dorajeerao and Mokashi (2012) and Beniwal et
response of nitrogen, biofertilizers and their al. (2006) in chrysanthemum. The effect of
interaction on K content in plants was found to biofertilizers and interaction of different levels
be non-significant in the year 2011-12, whereas, of nitrogen and biofertilizers on K content in
in the next year, the response of nitrogen was plants was found to be non-significant in the year
found to be significant. The maximum K content 2012-13. The results of present investigation are
(1.44%) was recorded with nitrogen 10 g/m2, in line with the findings of Kumar et al. (2007) in
which remained at par with nitrogen 20 g/m2 carnation.

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