Outline of philosophy

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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to philosophy:
Philosophy – study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence,
knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing
fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth, or religion) by its critical, generally systematic
approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] The word "Philosophy" comes from
the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]

Contents

 1Core areas of philosophy

 2Fields of philosophy
o 2.1Aesthetics
o 2.2Epistemology
o 2.3Ethics
o 2.4Logic
o 2.5Metaphysics
o 2.6Other
 3History of philosophy
o 3.1Ancient philosophy
o 3.2Western philosophy
o 3.3Eastern philosophy
o 3.4Contemporary philosophy
 4Philosophical theories
o 4.1Major traditions in philosophy
o 4.2Philosophical movements
 5Philosophies by branch
o 5.1Aesthetics
o 5.2Epistemology
o 5.3Ethics
o 5.4Logic
o 5.5Metaphysics
o 5.6Political philosophy
o 5.7Philosophy of language
o 5.8Philosophy of mind
o 5.9Philosophy of religion
o 5.10Religious philosophy
o 5.11Philosophy of science
 6Philosophical literature
o 6.1Reference works
 7Philosophers
 8See also
 9References
 10External links
Core areas of philosophy[edit]
The core areas of philosophy are:

 Aesthetics – study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of
truth
 Epistemology – study of the nature and scope of knowledge and belief
 Ethics – study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics
 Logic – study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting
their fallacies
 Metaphysics – study of the state of being and the nature of reality

Fields of philosophy[edit]
The branches of philosophy are divided into the many fields of philosophy:
Aesthetics[edit]
Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth

 Applied aesthetics – application of the philosophy of aesthetics to art and culture

Epistemology[edit]
Epistemology is the study of knowledge. How is knowledge different from belief? What can we
know? How does knowledge arise? Can there be objective knowledge?
Ethics[edit]
Ethics – study of the right, the good, and the valuable

 Applied ethics – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in

private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use
philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human
life.
o Decision ethics – ethical theories and ethical decision processes
o Environmental ethics – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts
influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental
sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography.
o Professional ethics – ethics to improve professionalism
 Computer ethics – deals with how computing professionals should make decisions
regarding professional and social conduct
 Ethics of artificial intelligence – specific to robots and other artificially intelligent
beings.
 Research ethics – application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics
involving research, including scientific research.
o Bioethics – study of the typically controversial ethical issues emerging from new situations
and possibilities brought about by advances in biology and medicine.
 Medical ethics – ethics to improve basic health needs of humans
o Business ethics – individual based morals to improve ethics in a business environment
o Organizational ethics – ethics among organizations
o Social ethics – ethics among nations and as one global unit
 Descriptive ethics – study of people's beliefs about morality
 Normative ethics – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act
 Metaethics – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties,
statements, attitudes, and judgments
Logic[edit]
Logic – the systematic study of the form of valid inference and reason

 Propositional logic
 Predicate logic
 Modal logic
Metaphysics[edit]
Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of
being and the world that encompasses it. Metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the
broadest possible terms: "What is ultimately there?" and, "What is it like?"

 Ontology – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as
the basic categories of being and their relations.
 Philosophy of mind – studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental
properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain.
 Philosophy of space and time – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the
ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.
 Philosophy of action – theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of
a more or less complex kind. This area of thought has attracted the strong interest of
philosophers ever since Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Third Book).
Other[edit]

 Meta-philosophy
 Philosophy of education
 Philosophy of history
 Philosophy of language
 Philosophy of law
 Philosophy of mathematics
 Philosophy of religion
 Philosophy of science
 Political philosophy
 Environmental philosophy

History of philosophy[edit]
History of philosophy – study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time. Issues specifically
related to history of philosophy might include (but are not limited to): How can changes in philosophy
be accounted for historically? What drives the development of thought in its historical context? To
what degree can philosophical texts from prior historical eras be understood even today?
Ancient philosophy[edit]
Main article: Ancient philosophy

 Sophism
 Epicureanism
 Platonism
 Stoicism
Western philosophy[edit]
Western philosophy

 Medieval philosophy (Scholasticism)

 Renaissance philosophy
 Modern philosophy
Eastern philosophy[edit]
Eastern philosophy

 Islamic philosophy
 Indian philosophy
 Chinese philosophy
Contemporary philosophy[edit]
Contemporary philosophy

 Analytic philosophy
 Continental philosophy

Philosophical theories[edit]
Main articles: List of philosophies and Glossary of philosophy
Major traditions in philosophy[edit]

 Analytic philosophy
 Continental philosophy
 Eastern philosophy
Philosophical movements[edit]
Philosophical movement

Ancient[edit] Modern[edit]

 Confucianism  Empiricism
 Platonic realism  Existentialism
 Aristotelianism  German idealism
 Pythagoreanism  Logicism
 Pyrrhonian skepticism  Logical Positivism
 Epicureanism (hedonism)  Marxism
 Stoicism  Phenomenology
 Cynicism  Poststructuralism
Medieval[edit]  Pragmatism
 Rationalism
 Neo-Confucianism  Structuralism
 Neoplatonism  Utilitarianism
 Thomism
 Scotism
 Scholasticism

Philosophies by branch[edit]
Aesthetics[edit]
Further information: List of art movements
Aesthetics

 Symbolism
 Romanticism
 Historicism
 Classicism
 Modernism
 Postmodernism
 Psychoanalytic theory
Epistemology[edit]
Epistemology

 Coherentism
 Constructivist epistemology
 Contextualism
 Embodied cognition
 Empiricism
 Fallibilism
 Foundationalism
 Holism
 Infinitism
 Innatism
 Internalism and externalism
 Naïve realism
 Naturalized epistemology
 Objectivist epistemology
 Phenomenalism
 Positivism
 Reductionism
 Reliabilism
 Representative realism
 Rationalism
 Situated cognition
 Skepticism
 Theory of Forms
 Transcendental idealism
 Uniformitarianism
Ethics[edit]
Ethics

 Consequentialism
 Deontology
 Virtue ethics
 Moral realism
 Moral relativism
 Error theory
 Non-cognitivism
 Ethical egoism
 Cultural relativism
 Evolutionary ethics
 Evolution of morality
Logic[edit]
Logic

 Classical logic
 Intermediate logic
 Intuitionistic logic
 Minimal logic
 Relevant logic
 Affine logic
 Linear logic
 Ordered logic
 Dialetheism
Metaphysics[edit]
Metaphysics

 Anti-realism
 Cartesian dualism
 Free will
 Materialism
 Meaning of life
 Idealism
 Existentialism
 Essentialism
 Libertarianism
 Determinism
 Naturalism
 Monism
 Platonic idealism
 Hindu idealism
 Phenomenalism
 Nihilism
 Realism
 Physicalism
 MOQ
 Relativism
 Scientific realism
 Solipsism
 Subjectivism
 Substance theory
 Type theory
 Emergentism
 Emanationism
Political philosophy[edit]
Political philosophy

 Anarchism
 Authoritarianism
 Conservatism
 Liberalism
 Libertarianism
 Social democracy
 Socialism
Philosophy of language[edit]
Philosophy of language

 Causal theory of reference

 Contrast theory of meaning
 Contrastivism
 Conventionalism
 Cratylism
 Deconstruction
 Descriptivist theory of names
 Direct reference theory
 Dramatism
 Expressivism
 Linguistic determinism
 Logical atomism
 Logical positivism
 Mediated reference theory
 Nominalism
 Non-cognitivism
 Phallogocentrism
 Quietism
 Relevance theory
 Semantic externalism
 Semantic holism
 Structuralism
 Supposition theory
 Symbiosism
 Theological noncognitivism
 Theory of descriptions
 Verification theory
Philosophy of mind[edit]
Philosophy of mind

 Behaviourism
 Biological naturalism
 Consciousness
 Disjunctivism
 Dualism
 Eliminative materialism
 Emergent materialism
 Enactivism
 Epiphenomenalism
 Functionalism
 Identity theory
 Idealism
 Interactionism
 Materialism
 Monism
 Neutral monism
 Panpsychism
 Phenomenalism
 Phenomenology
 Physicalism
 Property dualism
 Representational theory of mind
 Sense datum theory
 Solipsism
 Substance dualism
 Qualia theory
Philosophy of religion[edit]
Philosophy of religion

 Theories of religion
 Acosmism
 Agnosticism
 Animism
 Antireligion
 Atheism
 Dharmism
 Deism
 Divine command theory
 Dualistic cosmology
 Esotericism
 Exclusivism
 Existentialism
o Christian
o Agnostic
o Atheist
 Feminist theology
 Fideism
 Fundamentalism
 Gnosticism
 Henotheism
 Humanism
o Religious
o Secular
o Christian
 Inclusivism
 Monism
 Monotheism
 Mysticism
 Naturalism
o Metaphysical
o Religious
o Humanistic
 New Age
 Nondualism
 Nontheism
 Pandeism
 Pantheism
 Perennialism
 Polytheism
 Process theology
 Spiritualism
 Shamanism
 Taoic
 Theism
 Transcendentalism
Religious philosophy[edit]

 Buddhist philosophy
 Christian philosophy
 Hindu philosophy
 Islamic philosophy
 Jain philosophy
 Jewish philosophy
Philosophy of science[edit]
Philosophy of science

 Confirmation holism
 Coherentism
 Contextualism
 Conventionalism
 Deductive-nomological model
 Determinism
 Empiricism
 Fallibilism
 Foundationalism
 Hypothetico-deductive model
 Infinitism
 Instrumentalism
 Philosophy of artificial intelligence
 Positivism
 Pragmatism
 Rationalism
 Received view of theories
 Reductionism
 Semantic view of theories
 Scientific realism
 Scientism
 Scientific anti-realism
 Skepticism
 Uniformitarianism
 Vitalism

Philosophical literature[edit]
 Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
 A History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell
 A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston
Reference works[edit]

 Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second
edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale.
Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and
philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser
(Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden
(Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes
numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
 Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig
that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in
both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a
subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to
existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer
reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each
 entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many
academic institutions worldwide.

Philosophers[edit]
Lists of philosophers

 Timeline of Western philosophers

 Timeline of Eastern philosophers

See also[edit]
 Philosophy portal
 Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence
 List of important publications in philosophy
 Index of philosophy
 Index of philosophy of science articles
 Unsolved problems in philosophy