8/5/2019 Notes And Assignment for History IX, XI and XII: chapter-1 Indus valley Civilization

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Notes And Assignment for History IX, XI and XII

THURSDAY, 25 APRIL 2013 FOLLOWERS

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chapter-1 Indus valley Civilization

CHAPTER I
The HarappanCivilisation
1. WHAT ARE THE SOURCES AVAILABLE TO UNDERSTAND (OR) TO STUDY HARAPPAN
CIVILIZATION? Follow

a) The Harappan seal is possibly the most distinctive artifact of the Harappans or Indus
valley civilisation. Harappan seals contain animal and plant motifs and signs from a
LIST
script that remains undeciphered.
b) We know a great deal of sources which were left by the people, such as their houses, ► 2019 (6)
pots, ornaments, tools and seals – in other words, archaeological evidence.
► 2018 (4)
2. *WHY WAS INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATIONALSO CALLED THE HARAPPAN CULTURE? ► 2017 (1)

a. Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group of objects,distinctive in style, that are usually ► 2015 (1)
found together within a specific geographical area and period of time. ► 2014 (5)
b. In the case of the Harappan culture, these distinctive objects include seals, beads, weights, stone
blades and baked bricks. ▼ 2013 (17)
c. These objects were found from areas as far apart as Afghanistan, Jammu, Baluchistan (Pakistan) ► December (3)
and Gujarat .
d. Harappan civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and1900 BCE. ► November (5)
► August (2)
3. S DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EARLY HARAPPAN CULTURES AND M
H CULTURES. ► July (1)
► June (2)
) Early and later Harappan cultures were associated with distinctive pottery, evidence of
agriculture and pastoralism, and some crafts. ► May (2)
b) In Early Harappan cultures Settlements were generally small, and there were virtually
no large buildings. But in Mature Harappan culture settlements were large and buildings ▼ April (2)
were also large. ▼ Apr 25 (2)
chapter-1 Indus valley Civilization
4. SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES (DIETARY PRACTICES) OF HARAPPAN CULTURES AND
MATURE HARAPPAN CULTURES Chapter-1 The French Revolution

a. The Harappans ate a wide range of plant products. Archaeologists have been able to
reconstruct dietary practices from finds of charred grains, seeds and bones.
b. These are studied by archaeo-botanists, who are specialists in ancient plant remains.
c. Food grains found at Harappan sites include wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, sesame, ABOUT ME
Millets and rice. P.Suresh
d. The Harappans ate a wide range of animal products.Archaeologists have been able to
reconstruct use of animals from finds of charred animal bones found at Harappan sites. VKV Teacher from
These include those of cattle, sheep,goat, buffalo and pig. 1996 to 2003. DPS
e. These are studied by Archaeo-zoologists or zoo-Archaeologists who are specialists in Duliajan Teacher
ancient animal remains. from 2004 to till
f. Bones of wild species such as boar, deer and gharial were also found. We do not know date
whether the Harappans hunted these animals themselves orobtained meat from other
hunting (tribal) communities. View my complete
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5. PREVALENCE OFAGRICULTURE IN HARAPPAN CIVILISATION

A. Representations on seals and terracotta sculptureindicate that the bull was

known, and oxen were used for ploughing.
B. Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at
Banawali (Haryana).

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C. Archaeologists have also found evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan
(Rajasthan).The field had two sets of furrows at right angles toeach other,
suggesting that two different cropswere grown together.
d. Archaeologists have also identified thetools used for harvesting. Harappans
used stone blades set in wooden handles and metal tools made of copper.
e. Most Harappan sites are located in semi-aridlands, where irrigation was probably
required foragriculture. Traces of canals, water reservoirs and wells have been
found at the Harappan sites indicate that agriculture was practiced.
f. Archaeologists have also found charred food grains which indicate prevalence of
agriculture.

6. UNIQUE FEATURES OF MOHENJODARO

A.DIVISIONS IN MOHENJODARO CITY

a. The settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher called as the Citadel
and the other much larger butlower called the Lower Town.
b. The Citadel owesits height to the fact that buildings were constructedon mud brick
platforms. It was walled and physically separated from theLower Town. We find
evidence of structures that were probably used for special public purposes.
B.CITADEL
c. The warehouse, a massive structure of which the lower brick portions remain, while
theupper portions, probably of wood, decayed long ago.
d. The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on
all four sides. There were two flights of steps on the north and south leading into the
tank. There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well. Across a lane
to the north lay a smaller building with eight bathrooms, four on each side of a
corridor.Scholars suggest that it was meant for some kind of a special ritual bath.

C. LOWER TOWN

E. The Lower Town was also walled. Several buildingswere built on platforms, which
served as foundations.
F. Once the platforms were in place, all building activity within the city was restricted to a
fixed area on the platforms. So it seems that the settlement was first planned and then
built accordingly.

D.DRAINAGE SYSTEM

G. One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the carefully planned
drainage system. If you look at the plan of the Lower Town you will noticethat roads and
streets were laid out along an approximate “grid” pattern, intersecting at right angles.
H. It seems that streets with drains were laidout first and then houses were built along
them.

E.DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
I. The Lower Town at Mohenjodaro provides examples of residential buildings. Many
were centred on a courtyard, with rooms on all sides. The courtyardwas probably the
centre of activities such as cooking and weaving, particularly during hot and dry
weather. People were more concern for privacy: there are no windows in thewalls along
the ground level. Besides, the mainentrance does not give a direct view of the interioror
the courtyard.
J. Every house had its own bathroom paved withbricks, with drains connected through the
wall tothe street drains. Some houses have remains of stair cases to reach a second
storey or the roof. Many houses had wells, often in a room that could be reached from
the outside and perhaps used by passers-by.

7. STRATEGIES TOFIND OUT WHETHER THERE WERE SOCIAL OR

ECONOMICDIFFERENCES AMONGST PEOPLE LIVING WITHIN HARAPPAN CULTURE.

a. At burials in Harappan sites the dead weregenerally laid in pits. Sometimes, there
weredifferences in the way the burial pit was made – insome instances; the hollowed-
out spaces were linedwith bricks. These variations are an indicationof social
differences.

b. Some graves contain pottery and ornaments,perhaps indicating a belief that these could
be used in the afterlife. Jewellery has been found in burialsof both men and women.

c. Inthe cemetery found in Harappa in the mid-1980s, a burial contained ornament

consisting of three shell rings, a jasper bead and hundreds of micro beads were found
near the skull of a male.In some instances the dead were buried with coppermirrors. But
the Harappans did not believe in burying precious thingswith the dead.

d. Another strategy to identify social differences is to study artefacts, which archaeologists

broadly classify as utilitarian and luxuries. The first categoryincludes objects of daily use
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made of stone or clay such as querns, pottery, needles, flesh-rubbers are usually found
distributed throughout settlements.

e. Archaeologists assume luxuries objects are rare and made from costly, non-local
materials or with complicated technologies such as little pots of faience, beads, micro
beads etc were probably consideredprecious because they were difficult to make.Rare
objects made of valuable materialsare generally concentrated in large settlements like
Mohenjodaro and Harappa

8. CRAFTPRODUCTION IN INDUS VALLEY

a. Mohenjodaro almost exclusively devoted to craft production, including bead-

making,shell-cutting, metal-working, seal-making andweight-making.
b. The variety of raw materials used to make crafts such as stones (carnelian - red stone,
jasper-yellow stone, crystal- colourless stone, quartz and steatite) metals(copper,
bronze and gold) shell and clay.
c. The shapes of crafts were numerous – discshaped,cylindrical, spherical, barrel-
shaped,segmented. Some were decorated by incising orpainting, and some had
designs etched onto them. Some beads were made oftwo or more stones, cemented
together, some of stones were decorated with gold caps
d. Techniques for making beads differed according to the material Moulding,
chipping,Grinding, polishing and drilling are some of the techniques used for making
crafts.
e. Chanhudaro, Lothal,Dholavira,Nageshwar and Balakot are some of the craft centres.

9. HOW DID ARCHAEOLOGISTS IDENTIFY CENTRESOF PRODUCTION?

a. In order to identify centres of craft production, archaeologists usually look for the
following: raw material such as stone nodules, whole shells, and copperore etc.
b. Archaeologists also lookfor tools which were used for making crafts.
c. Archaeologists lookfor unfinished objects, rejects and waste material. Waste isone of the
best indicatorsof craft work. Sometimes, larger waste pieces were used up tomake
smaller objects.
d. These traces suggestthat apart from small, specializedcenters, craftproduction was also
undertaken in large cities such as Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

10. STRATEGIES FOR PROCURING RAW MATERIALS WITH IN THE SUB-CONTINENT

Transportation:
a. Terracotta toy models of bullock carts suggest that this was one important means of
transporting goods and people across land routes.
b. Depictions of shipsand boats on seals suggest that Riverine routes along the Indus and
its tributaries, as well as coastal routes were also probably used for transporting goods
and people.

Strategies for ProcuringMaterials

a. The Harappans procured materials for craftproduction in various ways. For instance,
theyestablished settlements where raw material was available.(Nageshwar andBalakot-
shell, Shortughai- lapis lazuli, a blue stone, Lothal- carnelian, steatite and metal-
Rajasthan and Gujarat)
b. Another strategy for procuring raw materials mayhave been to send expeditions to
areas such as the Khetri region of Rajasthan (for copper) and southIndia (for gold).
These expeditions establishedcommunication with local communities.
c. Occasional finds of Harappan artefacts such as steatite micro beads in the Khetri area
indicates that the inhabitants of Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture supplied copper to the
Harappans according to the aggrement.
(What is Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture?-In the Khetri area archaeologists found a
new culture and call it as the Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture. Here they found
distinctive non-Harappan pottery and an unusual wealth of copper objects. It is
possiblethat the inhabitants of this region supplied copper to the Harappans).
STRATEGIES FOR PROCURINGMATERIALS FROM DISTANT LANDS

a. Recent archaeological finds suggest that copper wasalso probably brought from Oman,
on the southeasterntip of the Arabian Peninsula. Chemicalanalyses have shown that
both the Omani copper and Harappan copper artifacts have traces of nickel.
b. A distinctive type of vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of blackclay
has been found at Omani sites. Itis possible that the Harappans exchanged the
contents of these vessels for Omani copper.
c. Mesopotamian texts datable to the thirdmillennium BCE refer to copper coming from a
region called Magan, perhaps a name forOman, and interestingly enough copper found
Mesopotamian sites alsocontains traces of nickel.
d. It is worth notingthat Mesopotamian textsmention contact with regions named
Dilmun(Bahrain), Magan and Meluhha (the Harappan region).They mention the
products from Meluhha: carnelian, lapis lazuli, copper, gold, and varieties of wood.
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e. A Mesopotamian myth says of Meluhha: “May your bird be the haja-bird, may its call be
heard inthe royal palace.” Some archaeologists think the haja-bird was the peacock.
f. Mesopotamian texts refer to Meluhha (the Harappan region) as aland of seafarers.
Besides,we find depictions of shipsand boats on seals.

HARAPPAN SEALS
a. Seals and sealings were used to facilitate longdistancecommunication. Imagine a bag of
goodsbeing sent from one place to another. Its mouth wastied with rope and on the knot
was affixed some wetclay on which one or more seals were pressed,leaving an
impression.
b. If the bag reached withits sealing intact, it meant that it had not beentampered with. The
sealing also conveyed the identityof the sender.
c. Harappan seals usually have a line of writing and animal midifs. Scholars have also
suggested that the motif(generally an animal) conveyed a meaning to thosewho could
not read.

HARAPPANSCRIPT
a. Harappan seals usually have a line of writing. Most inscriptions are short, the longest
containing about 26 signs. Although the script remains undeciphered to date, it was
evidently notalphabetical but syllable.It has just too many signs –somewhere between
375 and 400.
b. It is apparent that the script was written from right to left as some seals show a wider
spacing on the right and crampingon the left, as if the engraver began working fromthe
right and then ran out of space.
c. A variety of objects on which writinghas been found: seals, copper tools, rims of
jars,copper and terracotta tablets, jewellery, bone rods, even an ancient signboard.
Remember, there mayhave been writing on perishable materials too such as cloth,
animal skin etc.

HARAPPANWEIGHTS
a. Exchanges were regulated by a precise system ofweights, usually made of a stone
called chert and generally cubical with no markings.
b. Thelower denominations of weights were binary (1, 2, 4,8, 16, 32, etc). while the
higherdenominations followed the decimal system. Thesmaller weights were probably
used for weighing jewellery and beads and bigger weights were used for food grains.
c. Metal scale-pans have alsobeen found. These were probably used for measuring cloth
and other materials.
Ruling Authority in indus valley civilisation

(What are indications prove that complex decisions were taken and implemented
in Harappan society by the ruler?)

a. The extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery, seals and

weights.
b. Bricks, thoughobviously not produced in any single centre, were ofa uniform ratio
throughout the region, from Jammuto Gujarat.
c. We have also seen that settlements werestrategically set up in specific locations for
variousreasons.
d. Labour was mobilised for makingbricks and for the construction of massive wallsand
platforms.
e. Who organised these activities? Most probably the king.

RULING AUTHORITY OR CENTRE OF POWER

a. A large building found at Mohenjodaro was labelled as a palace byarchaeologists but no

spectacular finds wereassociated with it.
b. A stone statue was labelled and continues to be known as the “priest-king”. This
isbecause archaeologists were familiar withMesopotamian history and its “priest-kings”
c. Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had no rulers, and that
everybody enjoyed equal status( Democracy)
d. Other archaeologistsfeel thatthere was no singleruler but several, that Mohenjodaro
had a separate ruler, Harappa another, and so forth.
e. Yet other archaeologistsargue that there was a single state and single ruler because of
the similarity in artefacts, the evidence for plannedsettlements, the standardized ratio of
brick size, andthe establishment of settlements near sources of rawmaterial.

The End of the Civilisation

a. There is evidence that by c. 1800 BCE most of the Mature Harappan sites had been
abandoned. Simultaneously, there wasan expansion of population into newsettlements
in Gujarat, Haryana andwestern Uttar Pradesh.
b. Distinctive artefacts of the civilisation- weights, seals, special beads, Writing, long-
distance trade, andcraft specialization disappeared after 1800 BCE.Houseconstruction
techniques deterioratedand large public structures were nolonger produced.
c. Overall disappearence of artefacts and settlements indicates a rural wayof life in what is
called Vedic culture or vedic civilisation began.
d. Several explanations havebeen put forward. These range fromclimatic change,
deforestation,excessive floods, the shifting and/or drying up ofrivers, to overuse of the
landscape.
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e. Some of these“causes” may hold for certain settlements, but theydo not explain the
collapse of the entire civilisation.It appears that a strong unifying element, perhaps the
Harappan state, came to an end.

Evidence of an “invasion”in Indus valley civilisation

a. Deadman Lane is a narrow valley wherepart of a skull, the bones of the thorax andupper arm of an
adult were discovered.Allwerein very friable condition, at a depth of4 ft 2 in. The body lay on its back
diagonally across the lane. Fifteen inches to thewest were a few fragments of a tiny skull. It is to these
remains that the lane owesits name.
b. Sixteen skeletons of people with the ornaments that they were wearing when theydied were found
from the same part of Mohenjodaro in 1925.
c. R.E.M. Wheeler, then Director-General of the ASI, tried tocorrelate this archaeological evidence with
that of the Rigveda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent.
d. There is no destruction level covering the latest period of the city Mohenjodaro, no sign of extensive
burning, no bodies of warriors clad in armour and surrounded by the weapons of war. The citadel, the
only fortified part of the city,yielded no evidence of a final defence.

Discovering the HarappanCivilisation

(How have archaeologistsused evidence from material remains topiece together
parts of a fascinating harappan history?) OR (Howdid archaeologists “discover”
the Harappan civilization?)

a. Cunningham’s confusion

Cunningham, the first Director-General of theASI, began archaeological excavations in

the midnineteenthcentury. Cunningham’s maininterest was in the archaeology of the
Early Historic(c. sixth century BCE-fourth century CE) and laterperiods. He used the
accounts left by ChineseBuddhist pilgrims who had visited the subcontinentbetween the
fourth and seventh centuries CE to locateearly settlements.

Harappan artefacts were found fairly often duringthe nineteenth century and some of
these reachedCunningham, he did not realise how old these were. A Harappan seal
was given to Cunningham by anEnglishman. He noted the object, but
unsuccessfullytried to place it within the time-frame of c. sixth century BCE-fourth century
CE.It is not surprising that he missedthe significance of Harappa.

b. John Marshall`s Ignorance

John Marshall , the Director-General of the marked a major change in

Indianarchaeology. He was the first professionalarchaeologist to work in India, and
brought hisexperience of working in Greece and Crete to thefield. He was interested in
spectacular finds and patterns of everyday life.

Marshall tended to excavate along regularhorizontal units, measured uniformly

throughout themound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the site. Thismeant that all the
artefacts recovered from the sameunit were grouped together, even if they were foundat
different stratigraphic layers. As a result, valuable information about Harappan
civilisation was irretrievably lost.

c. R.E.M. Wheeler`s problems

R.E.M. Wheeler, took over as Director-General of the ASI in 1944, who rectified many
problems. Wheeler recognised that it was necessaryto follow the stratigraphy of the
mound ratherthan dig mechanically along uniform horizontallines. Moreover, as an ex-
army brigadier, he broughtwith him a military precision to the practiceof archaeology.

However, with the partition of thesubcontinent and the creation of Pakistan, the
majorsites are now in Pakistani territory. This has spurredIndian archaeologists to try
and locate sites in India.

d. Daya Ram Sahni

Seals were discovered at Harappa by archaeologists such as Daya Ram Sahni in the
early
decades of the twentieth century, in layers that weredefinitely much older than Early
Historic levels. Itwas then that their significance began to be realised.

e. Rakhal Das Banerji

Another archaeologist, Rakhal Das Banerji found similar seals at Mohenjodaro, leading
to the
conjecture that these sites were part of a single archaeological culture. Based on these
finds, in 1924,John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI,announced the discovery of a
new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world.

f. S.N. Roy

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As S.N. Roy noted inThe Story of Indian Archaeology, “Marshall left Indiathree thousand
years older than he had found her.”This was because similar, till-then-unidentifiedseals
were found at excavations at Mesopotamiansites. It was then that the world knew not
only of anewcivilisation, but also of one contemporaneouswith Mesopotamia.

Since the 1980s, there has also been growing international interest in Harappan
archaeology.
Specialists from the subcontinent and abroad havebeen jointly working at both Harappa
and Mohenjodaro. They are using modern scientifictechniques including surface
exploration to recovertraces of clay, stone, metal and plant and animalremains as well
as to minutely analyse every scrap of available evidence. These explorations promise
toyield interesting results in the future.

How does material evidence allow the archaeologiststobetter reconstruct

Harappan life?.

1. Recovering artefacts is just the beginning of the archaeological enterprise.

Archaeologists thenclassify their finds. One simple principle ofclassification is in terms
of material, such as stone,clay, metal, bone, ivory, etc.
2. The second, and morecomplicated, is in terms of function: archaeologistshave to
decide whether, for instance, an artefact is a tool or an ornament, or both, or something
meantfor ritual use.
3. An understanding of the function of an artifact is often shaped by its resemblance with
present-daythings – beads, querns, stone blades and pots are obvious examples.
4. Archaeologists also try to identifythe function of an artefact by investigating the context
in which it was found: was it found in ahouse, in a drain, in a grave, in a kiln?
5. Sometimes, archaeologists have to take recourseto indirect evidence. For instance,
though there aretraces of cotton at some Harappan sites, to find outabout clothing we
have to depend on indirectevidence including depictions in sculpture.

What were the problems of archaeological interpretation to reconstruct religious

practices of the Harappans?

a. Early archaeologists thought thatcertain objects which seemed unusual or

unfamiliarmay have had a religious significance. These includedterracotta figurines of
women, heavily jewelled, some with elaborate head-dresses. These were regardedas
mother goddesses.
b. Rare stone statuary of men in an almost standardised posture, seated with onehand on
the knee – such as the “priest-king” – wasalso similarly classified.
c. In other instances, structures have been assigned ritual significance.These include the
Great Bath and fire altars found at Kalibangan and Lothal.
d. Attempts have also been made to reconstructreligious beliefs and practices by
examining seals,some of which seem to depict ritual scenes. Others,with plant motifs,
are thought to indicate nature worship. Some animals – such as the one-hornedanimal,
often called the “unicorn” – depicted on sealsseem to be mythical, composite creatures.
e. In someseals, a figure shown seated cross-legged in a “yogic”posture, sometimes
surrounded by animals, hasbeen regarded as a depiction of “proto-Shiva”, thatis, an
early form of one of the major deities ofHinduism. Besides, conical stone objects have
been classified as lingas.
f. Many reconstructions of Harappan religion are made on the assumption that later
traditions provideparallels with earlier ones.

CHAPTER –1 BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES

1. Which is the most distinctive artefact of Harappan civilization?
Why? 2
2. What are the sources available to understand the lives of Harappan people?
3. Mention any four
sources.
2
4. Why is Indus valley civilization called as the Harappan culture? Give two
reasons. 2
5. Mention any two basic differences between early Harappan culture and later

HarappanCulture.
2
6. Explain any five evidences to understand the prevalence of agriculture in
Harappan civilization? 5
7. List the items of food (plant and animal) available to people in Harappan cities?
8. How do we reconstruct the dietary practices and domestication of animals in

Harappancivilization?
5
9. Explain any five unique and distinctive features of Mohenjodaro
city. 5
10. How does drainage system of Harappan cities indicate town planning?
2
11. Explain any five features of domestic architecture of Mohenjodaro
city. 5
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12. How do archaeologists trace socio- economic differences in Harappan society?

What are the differences they

notice?
5
13. List the raw materials required for craft production in the Harappan civilization.

How did they obtain (procure)

them?
5
14. Discuss the craft production in following terms—Types, materials, Shapes,
techniques and

specialized
centers.
5
15. Write short notes on Seals, script and weights of Harappan
civilization. 5
16. Explain the opinions of archaeologists regarding ruling authority (political system)

of the Harappans. Discuss the functions performed by the

rulers. 5
17. What are the explanations put forward for the end of Harappan civilization by the
Archaeologists? 5
18. How did the archaeologists discover the Harappan
civilization? 5
19. How did the archaeologists classify the Harappanartefacts to reconstruct the
past?

How did they understand the function of an

artifact? 5
20. How did the archaeologists attempt to reconstruct religious practices of
Harappans? 5

Posted by P.Suresh at 7:43:00 am

26 comments:

VisZBarrY Friday, 26 April 2013 at 20:06:00 GMT+5:30

Thank You Sir :) !!!
Reply

Anonymous Saturday, 8 November 2014 at 14:30:00 GMT+5:30

this is highly resourceful
thank you
and please get the notes of remaining history chapters of class 12 asap
Reply

zimmei sen Sunday, 28 December 2014 at 22:04:00 GMT+5:30

thanks a lot sir.. it helped me a lot to understand this chptr..
Reply

Anonymous Saturday, 23 January 2016 at 20:34:00 GMT+5:30

Thnk u soo much!!
Vry helpful....! Love u...!!!
Reply

Anonymous Friday, 30 September 2016 at 13:14:00 GMT+5:30

Thank you so much for these useful and meticulous notes! Very helpful.

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8/5/2019 Notes And Assignment for History IX, XI and XII: chapter-1 Indus valley Civilization
Reply

Anonymous Friday, 30 December 2016 at 12:25:00 GMT+5:30

Thank you... Was really helpful
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Anonymous Thursday, 23 March 2017 at 09:21:00 GMT+5:30

Thank you... Was really helpful

Reply

Bushra Kiran Thursday, 1 June 2017 at 23:40:00 GMT+5:30

Thank you Sir .. very helpful and concise note. Thanks once again for sharing
Reply

Unknown Monday, 4 September 2017 at 01:41:00 GMT+5:30

Thank you so much, it's really helpful
Reply

Unknown Thursday, 14 September 2017 at 00:53:00 GMT+5:30

Helped a lot :)
Reply

Anonymous Thursday, 14 September 2017 at 21:02:00 GMT+5:30

Please post class 10 notes sir please why did you remove it please post
Reply

Sadaf Nahid Sunday, 25 February 2018 at 20:25:00 GMT+5:30

Sir please make notes of all chapter of history class 11.Its a humble request for you sir.
Reply

Anonymous Thursday, 8 March 2018 at 01:35:00 GMT+5:30

Please upload notes for the 9th chapter too...��
Reply

Sher Tuesday, 17 April 2018 at 22:21:00 GMT+5:30

agar saamne miljao na sir to ek chumma dena chahunga. very helpful.😘😘
Reply

Shivangi Singh Yadav Sunday, 6 May 2018 at 09:01:00 GMT+5:30

Thanks it's wonderful
Reply

Anonymous Sunday, 8 July 2018 at 16:07:00 GMT+5:30

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8/5/2019 Notes And Assignment for History IX, XI and XII: chapter-1 Indus valley Civilization
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Unknown Wednesday, 18 July 2018 at 22:00:00 GMT+5:30

Awesome Awesome really very very helpful thank A Lot
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Unknown Sunday, 7 October 2018 at 10:06:00 GMT+5:30

Very helpful
Reply

Unknown Sunday, 21 October 2018 at 19:22:00 GMT+5:30

Thnq very much sir its really very helpful
Reply

Unknown Sunday, 11 November 2018 at 22:02:00 GMT+5:30

Chapter 6 notes
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Muskaan Rathore Sunday, 2 December 2018 at 21:29:00 GMT+5:30

Ch 15 and 14 notes please...
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Unknown Wednesday, 12 December 2018 at 23:36:00 GMT+5:30

will u please write the notes of ch 2,3,4, n 5..it needed for me the most.your notes are in
simpliest form and i could easily understand it.
THANK U
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Unknown Friday, 4 January 2019 at 20:31:00 GMT+5:30

Very helpfull notes. Can you please provide the notes of ch-6, 8 and 9.
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Unknown Thursday, 7 February 2019 at 15:30:00 GMT+5:30

Thank you very much it really helped a lot
🤗🙏

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Unknown Friday, 22 March 2019 at 07:36:00 GMT+5:30

This notes are just awesome
Very easy to understand
Very helpful
Thank you
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Unknown Sunday, 21 July 2019 at 20:57:00 GMT+5:30

Sir you are doing a very good job plz keep it up.
But one thing I would like to ask that why I wanna not able to get the notes of class 10
and

historyandcivicsnotes.blogspot.com/2013/04/chapter-1-indus-valley-civilization.html 9/10
8/5/2019 Notes And Assignment for History IX, XI and XII: chapter-1 Indus valley Civilization
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