HBM 511 HW3

Engin Deniz Alpman

October 7, 2018

Student Number: 702181008

Instructor: Enver Ozdemir

1
Answers
1)

a)p(x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + .... + a1 x + a0

an xn has n-1 multiplication in xn and 1 multiplication between xn and an , total n multiplication.

similarly an−1 xn−1 term has n-2 multiplication in xn−1 and 1 multiplication between an−1 and
xn−1 , total n-1 multiplication.

I we follow this pattern we can see that the total number of multiplication is :

n.(n + 1)
n + (n − 1) + (n − 2) + .... + 1 =
2

b) If we use nested multiplication like

p(x) = a0 + x(a1 + x(a2 + x(a3 + ...))

In this method, the number of multiplications equal to the biggest power of x since multiplication
by x is applied at each step, so the total number of multiplication is ”n”(first x is applied to the
all of the variables inside the parantheses , we can think that as following: The corresponding x of
a1 is applied to a1 and all of the other higher order terms, and corresponding x2 of a2 , which is
only an x because of the a1 ’s x at the outer paranthesis, is applied to a2 and terms with higher
orders This pattern goes like this and only 1 multipication is necessary at each step total of ”n”
multiplication ).

2)The prediction of the solution in the each step is c = a+b

2 in Bisection Method .Error in
b0 −a0 1
Bisection Method is 2(n+1) .In order to have error less than 100 we have to choose our function and
√
a0 and b0 then solve the error equation for them. For 7 to be the root of the function , function
can be choosen as f (x) = x2 − 7 . Then we can chhose our a0 = 2 to make the function negative
and b0 = 3 to make the function possitive.

So the error equation:

3−2 1 1
= n+1
= n+1 <
2 2 100

2n+1 > 100 −→ n = 6 since 27 = 128 > 100

step 1:

b0 + a0 3 + 2 5 5
a0 = 2 b0 = 3 c1 = = = f (c1 ) = ( )2 − 7 < 0 → a1 = c1
2 2 2 2

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step 2:

5 ( 11
2 ) 11 121
a1 = b1 = 3 c2 = = f (c2 ) = ( ) − 7 > 0 → b2 = c2
2 2 4 16

step 3:

5 11 21 21 2
a2 = b2 = c3 = f (c3 ) = ( ) − 7 = −0.1093 < 0 → a3 = c3
2 4 8 8

step 4:

21 11 43
a3 = b3 = c4 = f (c4 ) = 0.222 > 0 → b4 = c4
8 4 16

step 5:

21 43 85
a4 = b4 = c5 = f (c5 ) = 0.055 > 0 → b5 = c5
8 16 32

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step 6:

21 85 169
a5 = b5 = c6 = f (c6 ) = −0.027 < 0 → a6 = c6
8 32 64

step 7:

169 85 339
a6 = b6 = c7 = f (c7 ) = 0.014
64 32 128

√
2
So the approximation of 7 = c7 = 2.6484375

3)
√
a)The prediction of the solution in the each step is c = a+b
2 in Bisection Method .For 5 to be the
2
root of the function , function can be choosen as f (x) = x − 5 . Then we can chhose our a0 = 2 to
make the function negative and b0 = 3 to make the function possitive.

step 1:

b0 + a0 3 + 2 5 5
a0 = 2 b0 = 3 c1 = = = f (c1 ) = ( )2 − 5 > 0 → b1 = c1
2 2 2 2

step 2:

5 (
a1 = 2 b1 = c2 = 4 f (c2 ) = 0.06 > 0 → b2 = c2
2 9

step 3:

9 17
a2 = 2 b2 = c3 = f (c3 ) = −0.484 < 0 → a3 = c3
4 8

step 4:

17 9 35
a3 = b3 = c4 = f (c4 ) = −0.214 < 0 → a4 = c4
8 4 16

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step 5:
35 9 71
a4 = b4 = c5 = f (c5 ) = −0.077
16 4 32

√
So the approximation of 5 = c5 = 2.21875 with Bisection Method.

b)The prediction of the solution in the each step is xn+1 = xn − ff0(x n)

(x )
in Newton’s Method .We
n
will choose our function as f (x) = x2 − 5 and our initial x as x0 = 3

step 1:
0 4 7 7 4
x0 = 3, f (x0 ) = 4, f (x0 ) = 6 x1 = 3 − = f (x1 ) = ( )2 − 5 =
6 3 3 9

step 2:
4
7 4 0 14 7 9 47 4
x1 = , f (x1 ) = , f (x1 ) = x2 = − 14 = f (x1 ) =
3 9 3 3 3
21 441

step 3:
4
47 4 0 94 47 2207
x2 = , f (x2 ) = , f (x2 ) = x3 = − 441
94 = f (x3 ) = 4.106 × 10−6
21 441 21 21 21
987

step 4:
2207 0 4414 2207 4.106 × 10−6
x3 = , f (x3 ) = 4.106 × 10−6 , f (x3 ) = x4 = − 4414 = 2.23606 f (x4 ) = 8.429 × 10−13
987 987 987 987

step 5:
0 8.429 × 10−13
x4 = 2.23606, f (x4 ) = 8.429 × 10−13 , f (x4 ) = 4.47213 x5 = 2.23606 − = 2.2360679 f (x5 ) ≈ 10−22
4.47213

√
So the approximation of 5 = x5 = 2.2360679 with Newton’s Method. Since the absolute value of
f (c5 ) in Bisection method is bigger than the absolute value of f√(x5 ) in Newton’s method,
Newton’s method’s approximation
√ gived us better solution for 5 (because we want our function
to equals to 0 for finding 5 as a function’s root. And f (x5 ) is closer to zero)

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4)

(
7 6 5 4 3 2 +∞ if a > 0
lim ax + bx + cx + dx + ex + f x + gx + r =
x→∞ −∞ if a < 0

(
−∞ if a > 0
lim ax7 + bx6 + cx5 + dx4 + ex3 + f x2 + gx + r =
x→−∞ +∞ if a < 0

For positive ”a”, p(x) goes to +∞ as x → +∞ and goes to −∞ as x → −∞ : Since polynomials

are continuous we can say according to ”Mean Value Theorem” that function p(x) should pass the
value 0 when it goes negative value to positive value since it is continuous.

We can say the same things if sign of ”a” is negative since p(x) goes to −∞ as x → +∞ and goes
to +∞ as x → −∞