Reference Objective Variables Method Findings/Conclusion Recommendations

Effects of heat To study the effects Lightweight aggregate The procedure for This investigation reveals
treatment on oil palm of heat treatment concrete mixing the OPSC that there is a promising
shell coarse on oil palm shell Density comprises of the potential for the use of
aggregates for high (OPS) Mechanical properties following palm oil fuel ash as partial
strength lightweight Oil palm shell steps. Firstly, the sand cement replacement in oil
concrete Environmental and OPS were poured palm shell lightweight
performance into a concrete mixer aggregate concrete
Ming Kun Yew, and dry mixed for 1 production. Replacement
Hilmi Bin Mahmud, min. Secondly, the of palm oil fuel ash which
Bee Chin Ang , Ming cement was spread and is around 20% would be
Chian Yew (2014) dry able to produce
mixed for 1 min. Water lightweight concrete
and superplasticizer suitable for structural
were then added and application.
mixed for 5 min. Slump
test was performed on
the mixture prior to
sample casting. The
concrete specimens
were cast in 100-mm
cube.
To investigate the Concrete technology, This study involved Slump value is decreased Further research
The Effect of Concrete effects on concrete concrete replacement, oil two important stages: a) as the percentage of should be conducted
with Replacement of by replacement oil palm shell. determine density and replacement of oil palm tensile strength test
Oil Palm Shell as palm shell as strength of concrete shell increased. So decrease either it suitable for
Course course aggregates. b) Relationship in workability. The tensile structural.
Aggregates between ratios with compressive strength is The replacement of
compressive strength of decreased as the OPS as course
Muhammad Abu concrete. The study percentage of replacement aggregates in concrete
Khair Bin Ziatol began with the first increased, but oil palm mixture are suitable for
Ihazair1,Khairulzan stage, which shell (w/c 0.55) concrete lightweight concrete
Yahya1 (2012) determination strength, developed higher such as wall barrier.
workability and density compressive strength than Then, acoustic
of oil palm shell as oil palm shell with w/c performance should be
replacement aggregates ratio 0.60. conducted for oil palm
in concrete mixture. The Decrease of bonding shell either it good for
second stages of the between oil palm shell and noise barrier wall.
study will conducted to cement due to increase the
investigate the percentage of replacement
 relationship between of oil palm shell in concrete
water cement ratio with mixtures.
compressive strength of There exists a high
concrete. potential for the use of oil
palm shells as aggregates
in the manufacture of
lightly reinforced concrete.

Reference Objective Variables Method Findings/Conclusion Recommendations

To study the Low-cost housing, Solid The constituents of OPS In general, OPS has good
the effectiveness of waste, Lightweight concrete included potential as a coarse
Structural Concrete OPS as lightweight concrete, Stress-strain ordinary Portland aggregate in structural
Using Oil Palm Shell aggregrate curve, Prototype beam cement (ASTM Type 1), concrete production and
(OPS) as Lightweight test. river sand as fine can even be used for low to
Aggregate aggregate, OPS, and a moderate strength
Type-F naphthalene applications such as
D. C. L. TEO, M. A. sulphonate structural members for
MANNAN, V. J. formaldehyde low-cost houses. Based on
KURIAN (2006) condensate-based the beam test results, it
superplasticiser. was observed that the
The OPS aggregates experimental ultimate
were obtained from moment for the singly
local oil palm mills. the reinforced beams were
shell comprises about 19% to 35% greater
approximately 10% to compared to the predicted
50% of the total moments from BS 8110.
composition of the oil
palm fruitlets. OPS is
available in various
shapes, such as curved,

Research Title here | 2

flaky, elongated, and
other irregular shapes
In this investigation,
weathered OPS was
used. Before the OPS
was used as aggregate,
it was sieved and only
aggregate passing
through the 12.5 mm
sieve and retained on
the 4.75 mm sieve was
used. The acceptable
mix comprised 510
kg/m3 cement, 848
kg/m3 sand, and 308
kg/m3 OPS, with a free
water/cement ratio of
0.38. The amount of
superplasticiser used
was 1.4 l/100 kg
cement, which was
within the
recommended
concentration range
provided by the
manufacturer. This mix
proportion was used
throughout the entire
investigation. The OPS
aggregate used was
mixed at saturated
surface dry condition
based on 24 h
submersion in potable
water.

Research Title here | 3

 this study aims to Sustainable pervious The pervious concrete Compaction method was
present the concrete strength, void content found to be a major factor
Properties of development of a Permeability and permeability are that influenced the
sustainable sustainable Lightweight pervious dependent on the mechanical strength of
lightweight pervious lightweight concrete placement method. The pervious concrete
concrete containing pervious concrete Compressive strength level of compaction mixtures.
oil palm kernel shell by replacing Oil palm kernel shell must be considered in When subjected to very
as coarse aggregate natural coarse the mixture design. Too low or too heavy
aggregate sized much compaction can compaction technique,
Elnaz Khankhaje 6.30–9.50 mm with reduce the air voids to both the strength and void
Mohd Razman Salim waste material below 15% and plug the content of the pervious
Jahangir Mirza from palm oil flow channels. On the concrete significantly
Mohd Warid Hussin industry sized contrary, too little decreased. Between the
Mahdi Rafieizonooz 4.75–6.30 mm and compaction will leave three methods, which were
(2016) 6.30–9.50 mm. the structure with investigated in this study,
very high air void and method C that rodding 25
thus resulting in low times and dropping
strength and ravelling Proctor hammer 10 times
surface. into the three layer was
In this study, the target optimal to acquire good
performances were a strength.
compressive strength of Test results indicated that
13 MPa at 28 days and OPKS increased the void
total void content of at content of the pervious
least 20%.different concrete, and in turn also
percentages of fine decreased the mechanical
aggregates (0, 5, 10 and properties as the amount of
15% by weight of coarse OPKS added increased.
aggregate) on This was due to angular
Compressive strength shape of OPKS particles
and void content of that disturbed the granular
normal pervious arrangement of concrete.
concrete were
investigated to obtain
the target performance.
A
2.5 kg Proctor Hammer
with 45 cm drop and
steel rod with 15.9 mm
diameter were used to

Research Title here | 4

 achieve the desired
level of compaction.
The compaction
methods to fill 100 mm
_ 200 mm cylinder were
as follows:
Method A: 3 layer
Dropping Proctor
Hammer with 30 cm
height, 10 times each
layer.
Method B:
3 layer Rodding 25
times each layer.
Method C: 3 layer
Dropping Proctor
Hammer with 30 cm
height 10 times and
rodding 25 times each
layer.

Reference Objective Variables Method Findings/Conclusion Recommendations

This study aims to Coconut shells; Two nominal mix ratios A comparative study of In terms of cost,
presents the results Compressive strength; (1:1:2 and 1:2:4) concrete properties using the PKSC appears to be
of an investigation Cost analysis; Palm kernel involving CS and PKS as coarse cheaper. However,
A comparative study carried out on the shells crushed, granular aggregates has been considering
of concrete properties comparative cost coconut and PKSs as carried out. Generally the the strength/economy
using coconut shell analysis and substitutes for compressive strength of ratio and expecting
and palm kernel shell strength gravel in gradation the concrete decreased as further studies
as coarse aggregates characteristics of of0%, 25%, 50%, 75% the percentage shell on the durability
Concrete produced and 100% were used in substitution increased. performance ofboth
E.A. Olanipekun, K.O. using crushed, each case. A In all cases, the CSC types ofsh ell
Olusola, O. Ata granular coconut water/cement ratio exhibited a higher concrete, it could
(2006) and palm kernel of0.75 and 0.50 were compressive strength than reasonably be
shells as substitutes used, respectively, for PKSC in the two mix concluded that CSs
for conventional mix ratios 1:2:4 and proportion tested. wouldbe more suitable
coarse aggregate in 1:1:2. Slump test values Both types of concrete than PKSs when used
gradation of 0%, showed concretes of performed fairly equally as substitute for
25%, 50%, 75% and workabilities ranging well in terms of their water conventional
100%. from low (less than 25 absorption capacities high aggregates in concrete

Research Title here | 5

 mm) to medium and medium workability. production.
(25–50 mm). At These values decrease
0%replacement level progressively as
(normal concrete), percentage shell
the slump values substitution increases;
obtained were 62mm however, for CSC, they
for mix proportion remain fairly constant for
1:1:2 and 37mm for mix 1:2:4 mix ratio. The
proportion 1:2:4, concrete mixes and cubes
indicating were prepared in
accordance with the
provisions ofBS18 81
[Part108, 1983]. A total of
320 cubes of size
100x100x100mm were cast
and tested and their
compressive strength and
water absorption
properties determined. In
all cases, batching was
done by volume.

Reference Objective Variables Method Findings/Conclusion Recommendations

This study aims to Palm kernel shells, fly ash, Ordinary Portland Based on the experimental
determine the silica fume, mechanical cement (OPC) that results on PKS and PKSC
effect of aggregate properties. confirms to MS 522: that contained different
Effect of aggregate size and proportion Part-by Lafarge sizes and proportion of
size and proportion on strength of palm Malayan cement and PKS, the
on strength kernel shell ELKEM materials, following can be
properties of palm concrete. respectively were used concluded:
kernel shell concrete as cementitious 1. The medium size
materials. The chemical particles of size ranging
composition of from 5 to 10 mm account
U. Johnson OPC, FA and SF are for about 65 to 70% of the
Alengaram*, Hilmi shown in Table 1. total mass; the small size
Mahmud, Mohd Mining sand with (S) PKS particles have
Zamin Jumaat and S. specific higher relative density,
M. Shirazi gravity and fineness while the particles of 10
(2010) modulus of 2.7 and 2.81 mm and above are tougher
respectively was used and harder as seen from

Research Title here | 6

as fine aggregate. The their low abrasion and
PKS obtained from the impact values.
factory were washed, 2. The size and proportions
dried and divided into of PKS have slight
three groups, namely influence on the fresh and
small (0 to 5 mm), hardened densities of
medium (5 to10 mm) PKSC and an increase in
and large (10 to15 mm). density of about 4% was
The water to binder noticed in concrete
(w/b), sand to cement containing smaller
(s/c) and aggregate to particles owing to higher
cement (a/c) ratios for particle density. The air
all the mixes were kept and oven dry densities
at 0.35, 1.0 and 0.8, were 50 to 100 and 175 to
respectively. The binder 215 kg/m3 respectively
content includes FA and lower than the fresh
SF in addition to densities.
cement. All mixes had - The particle size affects
1% of naphthalene the flexural strength as a
based superplasticizer reduction of about 28%
by weight of cement. was noticed in specimens
that contained 70% of
particles of size more than
10 mm. The 28-day
splitting tensile and
flexural strengths were
about 7 and 12 % of their
respective compressive
strengths.
-The inclusion of about
70% of PKS of tougher and
harder shells of more than
10 mm produced the
highest modulus of
elasticity of about 11 GPa.
However, the use of large
size particles in large
quantity has negative
influence on compressive
strength due to bond

Research Title here | 7

 failure and hence the use
of all particles sizes is
suggested for the
production of PKSC.

Reference Objective Variables Method Findings/Conclusion Recommendations

Mix design and This study aims to Lightweight aggregate 1. The specific gravity of
mechanical properties determine the mix concrete, agricultural OPS range from about
of oil palm shell design and solid waste, mix design, 1.14- 1.37; that shows OPS
lightweight aggregate mechanical mechanical properties, oil are approximately 60%
concrete: A REVIEW properties of oil palm shell (OPS). lighter than conventional
palm shell as coarse aggregates. The 24 h
Payam Shafigh*, Mohd lightweight water absorption capacity
Zamin Jumaat and concrete is much higher than
Hilmi Mahmud conventional gravel
(2010) aggregates. It can be used
as lightweight aggregates
for the production of
structural lightweight
concrete.
2. The physical and
mechanical characteristics
of OPS are different from
the other types of
lightweight aggregates. For
this reason the mix design
is different and trial mixes
are necessary to achieve a
good mix design.
3. The 28-day compressive
strength of OPS concrete

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Is in the range of the
typical compressive
strength for structural
lightweight concrete with a
density of around 20- 25%
lower than normal weight
concrete.
4. The splitting tensile
strength of OPS concrete is
slightly lower than the
lightweight concrete made
with cold bonded fly ash
and palletized blast
furnace slag lightweight
aggregate.

Research Title here | 9