Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS.

Nguyễn Quốc Ý

Chapter 4: Pipe flow

Lectures by PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý

nguyenquocy@hcmut.edu.vn

Ngày 5 tháng 7 năm 2019

Content
Characteristics of pipe flow: Laminar, Turbulent, and Development of
velocity profile
Distributions of velocity and shear stress in laminar and turbulent flow
Head losses in pipe
Problems of pipe flow: single, serial, parallel pipes; Multiple reservoir.
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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Introduction

Introduction
Examples of pipe folw

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý General characteristics

General characteristics
Laminar - Turbulent flow

VD In practice:
Re “
ν
Laminar flow: Re ă 2000
Conventional critical Reynolds Transitional regime:
number: 2000 ă Re ă 4000
Rec “ 2300 Turbulent flow: Re ą 4000
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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý General characteristics

General characteristics
Developing flow - Uniform flow

Entrance region Fully developed

flow flow

Boundary layer D
Inviscid core

r
x

(1) (2) (3)

(6) (5) (4)

x6 – x5 x5 – x4

Fully developed Developing

flow flow

#
le 0.06 Re for laminar flow
“
D 4.4 Re 1{6 for turbulent flow

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý General characteristics

General characteristics
Variation of static pressure

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

From energy and momentum equations

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

Friction factor, Darcy-Weisbach equation

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

Laminar flow

« ˆ ˙2 ff
2r
upr q “ Vc 1 ´ du 8Vc r
D τ “ ´µ “µ 2
dr D
∆pD 2
ˆ ˙
τw “ 8µV {D
Vc “
16µ` 4τw 64
f “ 2
“ ... “
Vc ρV {2 Re
V “
2
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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

Turbulent flow - Velocity

ū ´ r ¯1{n
u “ ū ` u 1 “ 1´
Vc R

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

Turbulent flow - Velocity

Eddy viscosity model:

d ū 1 1 d ū
τ “ ´µ ´ ρouĚ
movon “ τlam `τtur τ“ η on
dr lo loomo dy
Reynolds stress
again, to be modeled
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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

Turbulent flow - Empirical formula for f

From experiments:
$ ´ ¯ 64
’
’ Laminar: f “ f Re, /// , λ“
’ ´D Re
&TRansitional: f “ f Re, 
’
’ ¯
’
f: D ´ ¯
’
’ Turbulent, smooth pipe: p “ 0q f “ f Re, ///
’
’
’
’ ´ ¯ D
%Turbulent, rough pipe: f “ f ///Re,
D

$
0.316
$
’
’ &Blasius p “ 0, Re ă 105 q : f “
’
ˆ Re 1{4
’
’
&Equations: ˙
Ñ 1 {D 2.51
%Colebrook : ? “ ´2.0 log
’ ` ?
’
’
’ f 3.7 Re f
’
%Moody chart

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

Turbulent flow - Moody chart

0.1
0.09 Wholly turbulent flow
0.08

0.07 0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03

0.05
0.02
0.015
0.04
0.01
0.008
0.006
f 0.03 ∋
__
0.004 D
0.025
0.002

0.02 0.001
0.0008
Laminar 0.0006
flow
0.0004
0.015

Smooth 0.0002

Transition range 0.0001

0.00005
0.01
0.009

0.008 0.00001
2(103) 4 6 8 2(104) 4 6 8 2(105) 4 6 8 2(106) 4 6 8 2(107) 4 6 8

103 104 105 106 107

ρ VD
Re = _____
µ

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Head loss due to friction

Head loss due to friction

Turbulent flow - Chezy equation

Manning roughnessn p„ q:

$
ˆ
Q
˙ &K “ 1 R 2{3 A module lưu lượng
’
hf “ L n h
K D
%Rh “
’
4

Notes:
n is equivalent roughness, it is NOT .
Chézy formula is ONLY for long and rough pipes.

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Local loss

Local loss
Local loss coefficient

hL ∆p ` ˘
K“ 2
“ 2
“ f hình học
V {2g 1{2ρV
V2
hL “ K
2g

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Total head loss

Total head loss

= friction loss + local loss

tTotal head lossu “ tfriction lossu ` tLocal lossu

hloss “ hf ` hL

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Total head loss

Total loss
Energy grade line EGL - Hydraulic grade line HGL

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Total head loss

Head loss in pipe

EGL - HGL

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Total head loss

Head loss in pipe

EGL - HGL

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Total head loss

Head loss in pipe

EGL - HGL

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Problems in pipe flow

Problems in pipe flow

Single pipe

Select two sections for applying the energy equation:

p1 Vs 2 p2 Vs 2
z1 ` ` α1 1 `hb {´ht “ z2 ` ` α2 2 ` h`
γ 2g γ 2g

Serial pipes - Different pipe diameter:

Single pipe - Constant pipe diameter: Vj
ÿ Li Vi ÿ
˙  hl “ fi ` Kj
Di g g
ˆ ř
L ÿ V i j
h` “ f ` K
D g
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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Problems in pipe flow

Problems in pipe flow

Parallel pipes

n
ÿ
Q“ Qi
i

h`,1 “ h`,2 “ . . . “ h`,i “ . . . “ h`

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 Uniform flow in pipe - PGS.TS. Nguyễn Quốc Ý Problems in pipe flow

Problems in pipe flow

Multiple reservoirs

Flow direction in pipe 2? Energy balance between eI and eB :

eI ą eB : . . .
eI “ eB : . . .
eI ă eB : . . .
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