KNOWING ONESELF
Factors that affect the formation of Attitude
A. Overview of the self
Self- what an individual sees, perceives, and defines
oneself apart from others. “What makes a person
different from others.”
B. Dimensions of the Self
1.) Physical Dimension (soma)- pertains to what makes
us an organism. It involves our whole being as an
organism right from our cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems. It obviously refers to our physical body.
2.) Psychological Dimension (psyche)- everything that
involves the mind of a person; thoughts, feelings,
behaviours, and ideas.
3.) Spiritual Dimension- pertains to our faith and
devotion to a particular divine being or our belief
system. Some say that this is the fundamental
component of the self, because once you lost track of it,
you will have a hard time pulling yourself together.
C. Kinds of Self
Actual Self - Who you actually are in the present time.
How you feel, look, and act now.
Ideal Self – How we aspire to be. Aspirations may be
influenced by parents or experiences.
Negotiation – When there is harmony between the
actual and ideal self.
Incongruence – When there is contradiction between
the two.
D. Overview on Attitude
Attitude – the way we feel, we think that is being
manifested on the way we act/do. (not innate; clean
slate)
E. Components of Attitude
1.) Affect – emotions directed to the self, the
environment, and the way we feel.
2.) Cognition – the way we think or our thoughts
(judgement)
3.) Behavior – action form or the manifestation of the
attitude. (observable part of the attitude.
F.
1.) Social – social norm; dictates what is right/wrong.
Society tells us what to do. Family= very first society.
2.)Learnings (Classical Conditioning) – Ivan Pavlov.
Conditioned by the circumstance
3.) Operant Conditioning- B.F. Skinner. method
of learning that occurs through rewards and
punishments for behavior.
G. Self-concept & Self-esteem
1.) Self-concept: our cognition to ourselves/what we
think. Fact about yourself.
2.) Self-esteem: judgement of yourself. Attitude
towards yourself. Feelings toward THAT fact.
H. Psychosocial Development by Erik Erikson
*identity vs. confusion! Know your strengths &
weaknesses (through SWOT)
I. James Marcia’s Development of Identity
*crisis and commitment upheaval where choices are
examined.
1.) Identity Diffusion- no exploration, no commitment,
no paths, no goals, avoids discomfort and acquires
pleasure.
2.) Identity Forclosure- low degree of exploration, high
commitment. Passively accepts the identity assigned to
them.
3.) Identity Moratorium- high degree of exploration,
low commitment. Explore & experiment w/ different
values, beliefs, and principles.
4.) Identity Achievement- high exploration, high degree
of commitment. Achieved through an active exploration
and examination & strong commitment to a particular
set of beliefs, values…
DEVELOPING THE WHOLE PERSON K. Overview on Emotions

A. Overview on Wholeness *conscious mental reaction. Strong feeling directed

toward a specific object.
* a transcendental life goal, a lifelong pursuit
L. Components of Emotions
B. Theories in Holistic Development
1.) Cognitive- evaluation of the event
*Recognition of a person’s uniqueness. Awareness of
one’s potential, strive self-actualization 2.) Physical-arousal of response. Physiological

* Gestalt theory- psychological distress are caused 3.) Behavioral- outward expression of emotion
significantly by the split self.
M. Moral Development
C. Aspects of Holistic Development
*understanding what is right and wrong
1.) Physical: body and its functioning.
N. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
2.) Cognitive: patterns of thinking (reasoning, learning,
remembering, solving problems) * page 10 ng book

3.) Socio-emotional: how emotions will respond to

different life experiences.

4.) Spiritual: how one looks up to someone bigger tha

us; divine. Religious affiliations / spiritual practices.

D. Physical Development

* Adolescence period, hormonal change, taking care of

the body. Eat, fit & strong, avoid abuse.

E. Physical Changes

( see lecture)

F. Cognitive Development

*as children grow their mind grow as well. Repetition,

organization, mnemonics.

G. Neurobiological Development

H. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

* lecture tabeng

I. Cognitive Skills

J. Socio-emotional Development

‘motus anima’ the spirit that moves us

*components: physical, cognitive, behavioural