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The mediastinum. The histology of the esophagus. Fertilization and cleavage.
Posted in Thorax by Sahaja on December 9, 2008

The mediastinum. The histology of the esophagus. Fertilization and cleavage.

Inf Mediastinum

Sup Mediastinum

Anatomy: The mediastinum.

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Superior Mediastinum:

Borders:

ant = manubrium of sternum

post = T1-T4
lat = mediastinal pleura, 1st rib
sup = thoracic inlet
inf = line b/w sternal angle –> Intervertebral disk b/w T4,T5

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Superficial Dissection of Superior Mediastinum

Layers/Contents:
1. Thymus – in youth only, mostly adipose in adults

lymphoid organ
gradually replaced w/ fat as an adult
produces T cells throughout life, but does T cell education during youth
Blood Supply = ant IC & ant mediastinal br of int thoracic a, internal thoracic and inf thoracic v

2. Veins and phrenic n

L & R brachiocephalic v – formed by union of subclavian and internal jugular v = angulus venosus, combine to form
SVC
L is 2x as long as left b/c has to cross many structure in midline to get to SVC – receives thoracic duct
R rec R lymphatic duct
SVC - will desc to enter R atrium @ 3rd cc, rec blood from all structures above diaphragm, except lungs and heart, is
lat to trachea and asc aorta
Inf thyroid v
Int thoracic v
Phrenic n - supply diaphragm, SS, runs b/w subclavian a and origin of brachioceph v, will desc and run in front of root
of lung on both sides

3. Arteries and vagus n (remember that vagus will run behind root of lung, and phrenic in front)

arch of aorta - originates @ 2nd R sternocostal joint @ level of sternal angle, and starts to desc @ 2nd L sternocostal
joint
Brachiocephalic trunk – 1st branch of arch, ant to trachea and behind v – @ R SC joint, becomes R common carotid
and subclavian a
L common carotid a - asc in carotid triangle
L subclavian a - runs behind L SC joint, w/ L common carotid
L & R vagus n

4. Trachea and Esophagus

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The mediastinum. The histology of the esophagus. Fertilization and cleavag... http://anatomytopics.wordpress.com/2008/12/09/the-mediastinum-the-hist...

Trachea – see topic # 8, divides @ sternal angle into R & L main bronchus
Esoph – fibromuscular tube that leads from pharynx –> stomach, runs b/w trachea and vertebral column, thoracic duct
is left to it, runs down to pass thru esophageal hiatus in diaphragm

5. Prevertebral structures

Prevertebral M (see topic #4, ex/ longus capitis, longus colli, rectus anterior)
Post IC a/v/n
S.S trunk, white and gray branches
Azygos system
Thoracic duct (more on that in topic #16)

Deep Dissection of Superior Mediastinum

Inferior Mediastinum:

Inf Mediastinum – divided into ant, middle, posterior

Borders:

ant = sternum, ribs

post = vert column
lat = mediastinal pleura
sup = line b/w sternal angle and intervertebral disk b/w T4,T5
inf = diaphragm

Anterior Mediastinum – b/w sternum and ant side of pericardium, larger in infants b/c of size of thymus

int thoracic a/v

ant IC a/v

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Transverse thoracic m
Parasternal lymph nodes
sternocardial ligaments
Areolar CT

Middle Mediastinum – w/in pericardium, see pericardium topics/heart

heart
last part of SVC
last part of IVC
Asc aorta
pulmonary trunk
terminal part of 4 pulmonary v
phrenic v
pericardiophrenic a/v
bronchiol a/v
bifurcation of trachea
R & L main bronchi

Posterior Mediastinum – post side of pericardium –> vertebral column

Step by Step showing of layers of Post mediastinum : http://home.comcast.net/~WNOR/thoraxlesson5.htm

1. thoracic part of desc aorta – continuation of desc aorta, begins from inf border of T4, and desc thru post mediastium, till
it goes thru aortic hiatus of diaphragm @ about midline

surrounded by thoracic aortic plexus

behind root of lung, pericardium and esophagus

Branches of thoracic aorta:

has parietal and visceral branches
Parietal:

post IC – 3rd – 11th IC spaces

subcostal
sup phrenic – anastomose w/ musculophrenic, pericardiophrenic from int thoracic a

Visceral:

bronchial – 1 R, 2 L
pericardial – post wall of pericardium
esophageal – 4-5 br
mediastinal – supply lymph nodes and minor structures

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2. Azygos system –
On R side:

Azygos v - runs to R of T4-T12, arches of root of R lung –> empty into SVC

receives R post IC v, mediastinal v, esophageal v, R bronchial v

anatomosis w/ vertebral venous plexus
originates below diaphragm as asc lumbar v –> asc on R side of vertebrae –> diaphragm –> then called azygos v

On L side:
Hemiazygos v – collects L lower post IC v (7-12 IC v)

Hemiazygos crosses midline @ T6-T7 , joins azygos v –> SVC

Accessory hemiazygos v - collects L upper post IC v (1-6 IC v), rec bronchiol v on L side

joins hemiazygos v or runs sup to join brachiocephalic v

3. Esophagus:

pass post and R to arch of aorta

just behind L atrium
goes thru esoph hiatus of diaphragm @ T10
has impressions on it made by aortic arch, L bronchus, diaphragm

4. Vagus n – desc lat to esoph on both sides

L & R recurrent laryngeal n -

R recurrent laryngeal hooks around R subclavian a,
L recurrent laryngeal desc and hooks around arch of aorta
Each contribute to esophageal and pulmonary plexus on each side, R vagus n also gives br to cardiac plexus
forms ant/post vagal trunk after diaphragm b/c will run ant/post to esophagus in this area, instead of lateral

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Br of vagus n:

recurrent laryngeal n
pulmonary plexus
esophageal plexus
cardiac n
Vagus runs w/ esophagus in inf mediastinum

5. Thoracic duct – details in topic # 16

6. Posterior mediastinal & paraaortic l.n

7/8. .erves of Post mediastinum:

Thoracic part of S.S trunk – cont w/ cervical & lumbar SNS trunk
Greater/Lesser/Least splanchnic n – supply viscera below diaphragm, have presynaptic fibers from 5th -12th SNS
ggl, synapse w/ ggl in abdomen

9. Other structures:

4-11th post IC a/v

4-11th IC n
Subcostal a/v/n

Histology of the esophagus.

Embryology: Fertilization and cleavage.

Fertilization:

occurs in ampulla of uterine tube, close to ovary

@ ovulation, sperm again are motile (they sit in the ovarian tube)
Before fertilization = sperm has to go through a few reactions:
Capacitation – epithelial interaction b/w sperm and mucosal surface of tube –> glycoprotein coat removed,
plasma protein removed from plasma membrane over head of sperm
Acrosome reaction – after binding to zona pellucida, zona proteins induce the release of enzymes to help the
penetration

Phases of Fertilization:

Penetration of Corona Radiata:

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The mediastinum. The histology of the esophagus. Fertilization and cleavag... http://anatomytopics.wordpress.com/2008/12/09/the-mediastinum-the-hist...

aided by action of sperm & uterine tube mucosal enzymes

Penetration of Zona pellucida:

Zona = glycoprotein shell around egg

The Zona induces acrosome reaction –> release of enzymes = acrosin
Permeability of zona pellucida changes when head of sperm come in contact w/ oocyte
sperm contact w. cell membrane of secondary oocyte = cortical reaction –> release of cortical granules from oocyte
cytoplasm –> this inhibits sperm penetration
zona pellucida & oocyte membrane = impermeable to other sperm

Fusion of sperm & oocyte:

both membranes bind and then breaks down near the fusion area
the entire sperm enters the cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
mitochondria and tail degenerate
sperm nucleus = male pronucleus
secondary oocyte completes meiosis II –> mature ovum
ovum nucleus = female pronucleus

Cleavage

series of mitotic divisions = blastula = 2 cell –>4 –> 8 of blastomeres = totipotent

formation of morula by undergoing compaction
tight junctions form between cells in outer cell mass
inner cell mass is connected via gap junctions
this separates inner and outer cell mass from each other

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