Surface irrigation is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of

years. In surface ( flood, or level basin) irrigation systems, water moves across the
surface of an agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Surface
irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, border strip or basin irrigation. It is often
called flood irrigation when the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the
cultivated land. Historically, this has been the most common method of irrigating
agricultural land and is still used in most parts of the world.

Whatever irrigation method is being chosen, its purpose is always to attain a better
crop and a higher yield. Therefore proper design, construction and irrigation practice
are of utmost importance. Maintenance, the after-care of the system to keep it
functioning as well as possible, is often neglected. This always results in a lower
irrigation efficiency (see also Volume 4), and thus less benefit from the irrigation
system.

It is recommended to give canals, structures and methods a regular check-up and to

repair damage immediately. Maintenance of canals and structures is dealt with in the
Volumes concerning these subjects; maintenance of surface methods is discussed in
the appropriate sections (2.5, 3.6, 4.4). Maintenance of sprinkler and drip systems is
usually described in handbooks supplied by the manufacturers of the systems.

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil through various

systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is usually used in areas
where rainfall is irregular or dry times or drought is expected. There are
many types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire
field uniformly. Irrigation water can come from groundwater, through
springs or wells, surface water, through rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, or
even other sources, such as treated wastewater or desalinated water. As
a result, it is critical that farmers protect their agricultural water source
to minimize the potential for contamination. As with any groundwater
removal, users of irrigation water need to be careful in not pumping
groundwater out of an aquifer faster than it is being recharged.

An adequate water supply is important for plant growth. When rainfall is not sufficient,
the plants must receive additional water from irrigation. Various methods can be used
to supply irrigation water to the plants. Each method has its advantages and
disadvantages. These should be taken into account when choosing the method
which is best suited to the local circumstances.