Addition Polymerization

Define:

Polymer

Monomer

Polymerization

Alkene: ethene + ethene = polyethylene

Ethane is the monomer

Is the polymers always came from double bonds

A polymer is made by joining together thousands of small, identical molecules. These identical molecules
are called monomers.

2 diff types of polymers

Monomer = alkene

Poly followed by the name of the monomer.

Take 2 carbon atoms and attached it to the chain then put brackets around them and n represent the no
of repeating units (its usually a large number)

Draw the addition polymer from chloroethene

CL-C-C

Condensation Polymerisation: Polyesters and Polyamides

Monomers are not alkenes

When these monomers react we lose molecules like water.

We start with 2 diff monomers in the same functional group

Ethane diol + hexane diol = ester and water

Reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol produces an ester plus water

Polyesters –dicarboxylic acids + diols

(Review of esters)

No, of water molecules produced :

Polyamides

Monomers: dicarboxylic acids + diamine

No. of water molecules produced:

The critical discussion:

This is where adding an initiator like benzoyl peroxide comes in (see
a video of this on Youtube). Breaking the weak O-O bond (homolytic
fission, as the two oxygen atoms have equal electronegativities)
creates two benzoyl free-radicals.

A “dot” beside an atom shows the presence of an unpaired electron

there, which is what radicals are so reactive, they try to find
another radical to pair up with, generating a covalent bond.

These benzoyl radicals then eliminate CO2 forming phenyl radicals.

Because stable molecules turn into reactive radicals, this is referred
to as an initiation step, it initiates the formation of radicals.

The process repeats many times. Each step uses a radical and
generates one.
This process continues until either the monomer is all consumed, or
else a termination step occurs – in practice, thousands of
monomers are joined before this happens. The concentration of
radicals is so low that collisions between a radical and a monomer
molecule are much more frequent than collisions between two
radicals. Termination steps use up all the radicals, so the reaction
stops (hence the name termination); in the next equation R· refers
to a non-specific radical.
Ester Linkages:

We have seen a number of common "functional groups" from organic chemistry.

Functional groups are just collections of atoms that we frequently see, so that it
becomes useful to recognize them. Organic compounds, by definition, are carbon-
based compounds, usually derived from living things. However, there are a few
specific classes of organic molecules that are so common in biology that they are
termed "biomolecules". We are going to take a look at them here.

One common group of biomolecules is called "lipids". Lipids can really have lots of
different structures. However, the most common type of lipid is an ester. An ester
contains an O-C=O unit. Sometimes that group is termed an "ester linkage". We can
think of that link as being formed when a carboxylic acid comes together with an
alcohol. The carboxylic acid is shown below, in red; the alcohol is in blue.

This carboxylic acid is a particular kind called a fatty acid. It has a long carbon
chain. When the alcohol oxygen connects to the carbonyl carbon in the fatty acid, the
fatty acid loses its OH group. The alcohol also loses the hydrogen, or proton, from its
OH group. That combination of things lost, H + OH, adds up to a water molecule. So
every time a fatty acid combines with a alcohol molecule to form an ester linkage, a
water molecule is made.

That formation of a water molecule gave rise to an old name for this reaction and
others like it. It was called a condensation reaction. That term, "condensation",
referred to the water or moisture that was formed during the reaction, like the
condensation on the bathroom mirror when you take a shower.
Amide Linkages:

The amide functional group has an nitrogen atom attached to a carbonyl carbon atom.
If the two remaining bonds on the nitrogen atom are attached to hydrogen atoms, the
compound is a simple amide. If one or both of the two remaining bonds on the atom
are attached to alkyl or aryl groups, the compound is a substituted amide.

The carbonyl carbon-to-nitrogen bond is called an amide linkage. This bond is quite
stable and is found in the repeating units of protein molecules, where it is called
a peptide linkage.
Simple amides are named as derivatives of carboxylic acids. The - ic ending of the
common name or the -oic ending of the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) name of the carboxylic acid is replaced with the suffix - amide.