Lecture 7 - Reinforced Concrete - Slab (Direct Design)

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
SLABS
(DIRECT DESIGN METHOD)
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
CE 512
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

DESIGN OF AND ANALYSIS OF SLABS
DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
• INTRODUCTION
• DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLABS
• DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS BY THE ACI CODE
• COLUMN AND MIDDLE STRIPS
• SHEAR RESISTANCE OF SLABS
• DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS
• DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
INTRODUCTION
• Slabs are classified as being one way or two way

• When slabs are supported by columns arranged generally in rows so that the
slabs can deflect in two directions, they are usually referred to as two-way
slabs.
• If the ratio of length to width of one slab panel is larger than 2, most of the
load is carried in the short direction to the supporting beams and one way
action is obtained in effect. Otherwise, it is a two way slab.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF TWO WAY SLABS
• Flat Plates
• Concrete slabs that are carried directly by columns without the use of
beams or girders.
• Commonly used where spans are not large and loads not particularly
heavy

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
INTRODUCTION
• Flat Slab
• Beamless but incorporates a thickened slab region (drop panel) in the
vicinity of the column and often employs flared column tops (column
capitals). Both are devices to reduce stresses due to shear and
negative bending around the columns.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
INTRODUCTION
• Grid or Waffle Slab
• Voids are formed in a rectilinear pattern through use of metal or
fiberglass form inserts to reduce the dead load of solid slab construction.
• Inserts are omitted near the columns, so a solid slab is formed to resist
moments and shears better in these areas.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
INTRODUCTION
• TWO WAY SLAB WITH BEAMS

• When the loads or spans or both become quite large, the slab thickness
and column sizes required for flat plates or flat slabs are of such
magnitude that it is more economical to use two-way slabs with beams,
despite the higher formwork costs.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
INTRODUCTION
• ONE WAY SLAB WITH BEAMS
• The loads are being carried by the slab in the direction perpendicular to
the supporting beams

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLABS

• For purposes of analysis and design, unit strip of a slab cut out at right
angles to the supporting beams may be considered as a rectangular
beam of unit width, with a depth h equal to the thickness of the slab and a
span 𝑙𝑎 equal to the distance between supported edges.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• The reinforcement ratio can be determined by dividing the area of one bar
by the area of concrete between two successive bars, the latter area
being the product of the depth to the center of the bars and the distance
between them, center to center.
• The reinforcement ratio can also be determined by dividing the average
area of steel per foot of width by the effective area of concrete in a 1 ft
strip.
• The average area of steel per foot of width is equal to the area of one bar
times the average number of bars in a 1 ft strip
• Effective area of concrete in a 1 ft strip is equal to 12 times the effective
depth, d.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• Using Grade 60 reinforcement, 𝑤𝑐 = 145 𝑝𝑐𝑓
• Using Grade 60 reinforcement, 𝑤𝑐 = 90 𝑡𝑜 115 𝑝𝑐𝑓

• multiply the tabulated values by 1.65 − 0.005𝑤𝑐 ≥ 1.09
• For 𝑓𝑦 ≠ 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑦
• multiply the tabulated values by 0.4 + 100,000
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE REINFORCEMENT

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
• Example 1:
A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with its supports and consists of
two equal spans, each with a clear span of 15 ft. The service live load is 100
psf and 4,000 psi concrete is specified for use with steel with a yield stress
equal to 60,000 psi. Design the slab, following the ACI Code.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS BY THE ACI CODE
• METHODS FOR DESIGNING TWO WAY SLABS

• DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
• involves a single-cycle moment distribution analysis of the structure
based on (a) the estimated flexural stiffnesses of the slabs, beams (if
any), and columns and (b) the torsional stiffnesses of the slabs and
beams (if any) transverse to the direction in which flexural moments
are being determined
• EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD
• a portion of a structure is taken out by itself and analyzed. The same
stiffness values used for the direct design method are used for the
equivalent frame method. This is very satisfactory for symmetrical
frames as well as for those with unusual dimensions or loadings.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
COLUMN AND MIDDLE STRIPS

• After the design moments have been determined
by either the direct design method or the
equivalent frame method, they are distributed
across each panel. The panels are divided into
column and middle strips and positive and
negative moments are estimated in each strip.
• The part of the moments assigned to the column
and middle strips may be assumed to be uniformly
spread over the strips.
• A similar analysis must be performed in the
perpendicular direction. The resulting analysis will
result in moments in both directions.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
SHEAR RESISTANCE OF SLABS

• For two-way slabs supported by beams or walls, shears are calculated at a
distance d from the faces of the walls or beams.
• For flat slabs and flat plates supported directly by columns, shear may be
the critical factor in design. In almost all tests of such structures, failures
have been the result of shear or perhaps shear and torsion. These
conditions are particularly serious around exterior columns.
• Two kinds of shear must be considered in the design of flat slabs and flat
plates. These are beam shear and punching shear
• For beam shear analysis, the slab is considered to act as a wide beam
running between the supports. The critical sections are taken at a distance
d from the face of the column or capital.
• For punching shear, the critical section is taken at a distance d/2 from the
face of the column, capital, or drop panel

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• If shear stresses are too large around interior columns, it is possible to
increase the shearing strength of the slabs by as much as 75% by using
shearheads.
• A shearhead consists of four steel I or channel shapes fabricated into cross
arms and placed in the slabs are used.
• Shearheads increase the effective 𝑏𝑜 for two-way shear, and they also
increase the negative moment resistance of the slab.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• The main advantage of shearheads is that
they push the critical sections for shear
farther out from the columns, thus giving a
larger perimeter to resist the shear
• The code states that the critical section for
shear shall cross the shearhead arm at a
3 𝑐
distance equal to 4 𝑙𝑣 − 21 from the
column face.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• Another type of shear reinforcement permitted in slabs by the code
involves the use of groups of bent bars or wires.
• When bars (or wires) are used as shear reinforcement, the code (11.11.3.2)
states that the nominal two-way shear strength permitted on the critical
section at a distance d/2 from the face of the column may be increased
from 4 𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑜 𝑑 to 6 𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑜 𝑑

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

• Requiring the designer to either
• compute deflections and make sure they are within certain limitations
or
• use certain minimum thicknesses as specified in the code.
• SLABS WITHOUT INTERIOR BEAMS

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• Values selected from the table, however, must not be less than the
following values
• Slabs without drop panels 5 in.
• Thickness of those slabs with drop panels outside the panels 4 in.
• To be classified as a drop panel, a panel must
• extend horizontally in each direction from the centerline of the support
no less than one-sixth the distance, center to center, of supports in that
direction and
• project vertically below the slab a distance no less than one-fourth the
thickness of the slab away from the drop panel.
• The stiffness of slabs with edge beams is expressed as a function of ∝𝑓
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
∝𝑓 =
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• where:
𝐸𝑐𝑏 - the modulus of elasticity of the beam concrete

𝐸𝑐𝑠 - the modulus of elasticity of the column concrete
𝐼𝑏 - the gross moment of inertia about the centroidal axis of a section
made up of the beam and the slab on each side of the beam
extending a distance equal to the projection of the beam above or
below the slab (whichever is greater) but not exceeding four times
the slab thickness
𝐼𝑠 - the moment of inertia of the gross section of the slab taken about
ℎ3
the centroidal axis and equal to 12
times the slab width, where the
width is the same as for ∝

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• Example 1:
Using the ACI Code, determine the

minimum permissible total thicknesses
required for the slabs in panels 3and 2
for the floor system shown. Edge beams
are used around the building perimeter,
and they are 12” wide and extend
vertically for 8” below the slab, as
shown. They also extend 8” out into the
slab as required by ACI Code. No drop
panels are used, and the concrete in
the slab is the same as that used in the
edge beams. 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• SLABS WITH INTERIOR BEAMS
𝛽 - used to take into account the effect of the shape of the panel on
its deflection
∝𝑓𝑚 - used to take into account the effect of beams (if any)
- If there are no beams present (as is the case for flat slabs) will be
equal 0.
• For ∝𝑓𝑚 ≤ 0.2, the minimum thicknesses are obtained as they were for slabs
without interior beams spanning between their supports.
• For 0.2 ≤∝𝑓𝑚 ≤ 2.0, the thickness may not be less than 5 in. or
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 0.8 +
200,000
𝑕=
36 + 5𝛽 ∝𝑓𝑚 −0.2
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
• For ∝𝑓𝑚 > 2.0, the thickness may not be less than 3.5 in. or
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 0.8 + 200,000
𝑕=
36 + 9𝛽
• where:
𝑙𝑛 - the clear span in the long direction, measured face to face, of
(a) columns for slabs without beams and (b) beams for slab with
beams
𝛽 - the ratio of the long to the short clear span
∝𝑓𝑚 - the average value of the ratios of beam-to-slab stiffness on all
sides of a panel

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• For panels with discontinuous edges, the code requires that edge beams
be used, which have a minimum stiffness ratio αf equal to 0.8, or else that
the minimum slab thicknesses, as determined by the previous equations be
increased by 10%.
• Should the various rules for minimum thickness be followed but the resulting
slab be insufficient to provide the shear capacity required for the particular
column size, column capitals will probably be required.
• Beams running between the columns may be used for some slabs where
partitions or heavy equipment loads are placed near column lines

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• Example 1:
The two-way slab shown has been assumed
to have a thickness of 7”. Section A–A in
the figure shows the beam cross section.
Check the ACI equations to determine if
the slab thickness is satisfactory for an
interior panel. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖,
and normal-weight concrete.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
LIMITATION OF DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

1. There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction.
2. The panels must be rectangular, with the length of the longer side of any
panel not being more than two times the length of its shorter side lengths
being measured c to c of supports.
3. Span lengths of successive spans in each direction may not differ in length
by more than one-third of the longer span.
4. Columns may not be offset by more than 10% of the span length in the
direction of the offset from either axis between center lines of successive
columns.
5. The unfactored live load must not be more than two times the unfactored
dead load. All loads must be the result of gravity and must be uniformly
distributed over an entire panel.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
LIMITATION OF DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

6. If a panel is supported on all sides by beams, the relative stiffness of those
beams in the two perpendicular directions, as measured by the following
expression, shall not be less than 0.2 or greater than 5.0.
∝𝑓1 𝑙2 2
∝𝑓2 𝑙1 2

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN SLABS

• The total moment, 𝑀𝑜 , or the static moment that is resisted by a slab
equals the sum of the maximum positive and negative moments in the
span.
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛 2
𝑀𝑜 =
8
where:
𝑙𝑛 - the clear span measured face to face of the supports in the
direction in which moments are taken
- may not be taken to be less than 65% of the span 𝑙1 measured
center to center of supports
𝑙2 - length of the span transverse to 𝑙1 , measured center to center of the
supports.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• For interior span, the total static moment is apportioned between the
critical positive and negative bending sections according to;
• Negative factored moment
𝑀𝑢 = 0.65𝑀𝑜
• Positive factored moment
𝑀𝑢 = 0.35𝑀𝑜
• For end spans, the apportionment of the total static moment among the
three critical moment section (interior negative, positive and exterior
negative depends upon the flexural restraint provided for the slab by the
exterior column or exterior wall and depends upon the presence or
absence of beams on the column lines.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• Conditions of Edge Restraint to Critical Sections in an End Spans:
a) Exterior edge unrestraint (supported by a masonry wall)
b) Slab with beams between all supports
c) Slabs without beams (flat plate)
d) Slab without beams between interior supports but with edge beam
e) Exterior edge fully restrained (monolithic concrete wall)

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• Apportionment of moments to column strip and middle strip
∝𝑓1 𝑙2 𝑙2
%𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 75 + 30 1−
𝑙1 𝑙1
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
∝𝑓1 𝑙2 𝑙2
%𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙 = 100 − 10𝛽𝑡 + 12 1−
𝑙1 𝑙1

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

• 𝛽𝑡 is the ratio of the torsional stiffness of an edge beam section to the
flexural stiffness of a width of slab equal to the span length of the beam
center to center of supports
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐶
𝛽𝑡 =
2𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
• where:
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑠 = where 𝑏 is the width between panel centerlines on each side of
12
the beam
𝐶 pertains to the torsional rigidity of the effective transverse beam which
is defined as the largest of the following:
1. A portion of a slab having a width equal to that of a column, bracket or
capital in the direction in which moments are taken

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

2. The portion of the slab specified in 1 plus that part of any transverse
beam above and below the slab
3. The transverse beam defined in the figure below.
𝑥 𝑥 3𝑦
𝐶= 1 − 0.63
𝑦 3
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
∝𝑓1 𝑙2 𝑙2
%+ = 60 + 30 1.5 −
𝑙1 𝑙1

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS

∝𝑓1 𝑙2
• In the preceding three equations, if 𝛽𝑡 > 2.5, use 2.5, and if > 1.0, use 1.
𝑙1
• The code requires that the beam be allotted 85% of the column strip
∝𝑓1 𝑙2
moment if ≥ 1.0.
𝑙1
∝𝑓1 𝑙2
• If 0 < 𝑙1
< 1.0, the moment allotted to the beam is determined by linear
interpolation from 85% to 0%.
• The part of the moment not given to the beam is allotted to the slab in the
column strip.
• Finally, the code requires that the portion of the design moments not
resisted by the column strips, as previously described, is to be allotted to the
corresponding half middle strip.
• The middle strip will be designed to resist the total of the moments assigned
to its two half middle strips.
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
DESIGN OF AN INTERIOR FLAT PLATE

• DESIGN STEPS:
1. Estimate the slab thickness to meet the code requirements.
2. Determine the depth required for shear.
3. Calculate the total static moments to be resisted in the two directions.
4. Estimate the percentages of the static moments that are positive and
negative, and proportion the resulting values between the column and
middle strips.
5. Select the reinforcing.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
DESIGN OF AN INTERIOR FLAT PLATE
• Example 1:
Design an interior flat plate for the structure
as shown. Assume a service live load equal
to 80 psf, a service dead load equal to 110
psf (including slab weight), fy =60,000 psi, fc’
=3000 psi, normal-weight concrete, and
column heights of 12 ft.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
PLACING OF LIVE LOADS

• The code states that if a variable unfactored live load does not exceed
three-fourths of the unfactored dead load, or if it is of a type such that all
panels will be loaded simultaneously, it is permissible to assume that full live
load placed over the entire area will cause maximum moment values
throughout the entire slab system.
• For other loading conditions, it may be assumed that maximum positive
moment at the midspan of a panel will occur when three-fourths of the full
factored live load is placed on the panel in question and on alternate
spans.
• It may be further assumed that the maximum negative moment at a
support will occur when three-fourths of the full factored live load is placed
only on the adjacent spans.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY SLABS WITH BEAMS

• Example 1
Determine the negative and positive
moments required for the design of the
exterior panel of the two-way slab with
beam structure shown in the figure. The
slab is to support a live load of 120 psf and
a dead load of 100 psf, including the slab
weight. The columns are 15 in.×15 in. and
12 ft long. The slab is supported by beams
along the column line with the cross
section shown. Determine the slab
thickness and check the shear stress if fc’
=3000 psi and fy =60,000 psi.
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
TRANSFER OF MOMENTS AND SHEARS BETWEEN SLABS
AND COLUMNS
• Moments that are transferred will cause shear stresses of their own in the
slabs.
• Shear forces resulting from moment transfer must be considered in the
design of the lateral column reinforcement
• When columns are supporting slabs without beams (i.e., flat plates or flat
slabs), the load transfer situation between the slabs and columns is
extremely critical.
• if there is no spandrel beam, all of the total exterior slab moment has to
be transferred to the column. The transfer is made by both flexure and
eccentric shear, the latter being located at a distance of about d/2 from
the column face.
• The code states that for moment transfer between the slab and edge
column, the gravity load moment to be transferred shall be 0.3Mo (where
Mo is the factored statical moment).
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
AND COLUMNS
• When gravity loads, wind or earthquake loads, or other lateral forces cause
a transfer of an unbalanced moment between a slab and a column, a part
of the moment equal to 𝛾𝑓 𝑀𝑢 shall be transferred by flexure.
• This transfer is to be considered to be made within an effective slab width
between lines that are located one and a half times the slab or drop panel
thickness outside opposite faces of the column or capital.
1
𝛾𝑓 =
2 𝑏1
1+3
𝑏2
𝑏1 = 𝑐1 + 𝑑
𝑏2 = 𝑐2 + 𝑑
DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
AND COLUMNS
• where:
𝑏1 - length of the shear perimeter perpendicular to the axis of bending
𝑏2 - length of the shear perimeter parallel to the axis of bending
𝑐1 - width of the column perpendicular to the axis of bending
𝑐2 - column width parallel to the axis of bending
• The remainder of the unbalanced moment, referred to as 𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑢 by the code,

is to be transferred by eccentricity of shear about the centroid of the critical
section.
𝛾𝑣 = 1 − 𝛾𝑓

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
AND COLUMNS
• The combined stresses are calculated by the expressions to follow

𝑉𝑢 𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑢 𝑐𝐴𝐵
𝑣𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝐵 = +
𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑐
𝑉𝑢 𝛾𝑣 𝑀𝑢 𝑐𝐶𝐷
𝑣𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝐷 = −
𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑐
• For the interior column part
𝑎3 𝑏𝑎2 𝑎𝑑 3
𝐽𝑐 = 𝑑 + +
6 2 6
• For the edge column part
2𝑎3 𝑎𝑑 3
𝐽𝑐 = 𝑑 − 2𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑐𝐴𝐵 2 +
6 6

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
AND COLUMNS
• Example 1:
For the flat slab shown, compute the negative
steel required in the column strip for the exterior
edge indicated. Also check the slab for moment
and shear transfer at the exterior column; fc’ =3000
psi, fy =60,000 psi, and LL=100 psf. An 8-in. slab has
already been selected with d=6.75 in.

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF SLABS
OPENINGS IN SLAB SYSTEMS

• Openings can be used in slab systems if adequate strength is provided and
if all serviceability conditions of the ACI, including deflections, are met.
1. If openings are located in the area common to intersecting middle strips, it
will be necessary to provide the same total amount of reinforcing in the
slab that would have been there without the opening.
2. For openings in intersecting column strips, the width of the openings may
not be more than one-eighth the width of the column strip in either span.
An amount of reinforcing equal to that interrupted by the opening must
be placed on the sides of the opening.
3. Openings in an area common to one column strip and one middle strip
may not interrupt more than one-fourth of the reinforcing in either strip. An
amount of reinforcing equal to that interrupted shall be placed around
the sides of the opening.
4. The shear requirements of the code must be met.

Lecture 7 - Reinforced Concrete - Slab (Direct Design)

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Lecture 7 - Reinforced Concrete - Slab (Direct Design)

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

• Slabs are classiﬁed as being one way or two way

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

• TWO WAY SLAB WITH BEAMS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLABS

• Using Grade 60 reinforcement, 𝑤𝑐 = 90 𝑡𝑜 115 𝑝𝑐𝑓

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS BY THE ACI CODE

• METHODS FOR DESIGNING TWO WAY SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

COLUMN AND MIDDLE STRIPS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

SHEAR RESISTANCE OF SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

SHEAR RESISTANCE OF SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

SHEAR RESISTANCE OF SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

SHEAR RESISTANCE OF SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

𝐸𝑐𝑏 - the modulus of elasticity of the beam concrete

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

Using the ACI Code, determine the

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEPTH LIMITATIONS AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

LIMITATION OF DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

LIMITATION OF DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN SLABS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN SLABS

DISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS IN SLABS