Ronak S Sutariya

Branch :Computer
Sub: Elements Of Electrical Engineering
Enrollment No: 151290107052
Topic : A. C CIRCUITS
 Rotating Vector Description
The
The coordinate
coordinate of of the
the emf
emf atat any
any instant
instant is is the
the
value
value of
of EEmax
max
sin
sin θ.
θ. Observe
Observe for
for incremental
incremental
angles
angles in
in steps
steps of of 45
450.. Same
Same is is true for ii..
true for
0

E E = Emax sin θ

θ 1800 2700 3600

450 900 1350

Radius
R = E=max
Emax
 Effective AC Current
The average current imax I = imax
in a cycle is zero—
half + and half -.
But energy is expended,
regardless of direction.
So the “root-mean- I2 I
I rms = =
square” value is useful. 2 0.707

The rms value Irms is The effective ac current:

sometimes called the
ieff = 0.707 imax
effective current Ieff:
 AC Definitions
One effective ampere is that ac current for
which the power is the same as for one
ampere of dc current.
Effective current: iieffeff == 0.707
Effective current: 0.707 iimax
max

One effective volt is that ac voltage that

gives an effective ampere through a
resistance of one ohm.

Effective voltage: VVeffeff == 0.707

Effective voltage: 0.707 VVmax
max
Pure Resistance in AC Circuits
R Vmax Voltage
A V
imax Current

a.c. Source

Voltage
Voltage and
and current
current are
are in
in phase,
phase, and
and Ohm’s
Ohm’s
law
law applies
applies for
for effective
effective currents
currents and
and voltages.
voltages.

Ohm’s law: Veff = ieffR

 AC and Inductors
i
I Inductor I i Inductor
0.63I Current Current
Rise 0.37I Decay

τ Time, t τ Time, t

The voltage V peaks first, causing rapid rise in i

current which then peaks as the emf goes to zero.
Voltage leads (peaks before) the current by 900.
Voltage and current are out of phase .
 A Pure Inductor in AC Circuit
L Vmax Voltage
A V
imax Current

a.c.

The
The voltage
voltage peaks
peaks 90900before
0
before the
the current
current peaks.
peaks.
One
One builds
builds as
as the
the other
other falls
falls and
and vice
vice versa.
versa.

The reactance may be defined as the nonresistive

opposition to the flow of ac current.
 Inductive Reactance
The back emf induced L
by a changing current
A V
provides opposition to
current, called inductive
reactance XL. a.c.
Such losses are temporary, however, since the
current changes direction, periodically re-supplying
energy so that no net power is lost in one cycle.

Inductive reactance XL is a function of both the

inductance and the frequency of the ac current.
Calculating Inductive Reactance
L Inductive Reactance:
A V X L = 2π fL Unit is the Ω
Ohm's law: VL = iX L
a.c.

The voltage reading V in the above circuit at the

instant the ac current is i can be found from the
inductance in H and the frequency in Hz.

VL = i (2π fL) Ohm’s law: VL = ieffXL

 AC and
Capacitance
Qmax q Capacitor i Capacitor
I
0.63 I Rise in Current
Charge 0.37 I Decay
τ Time, t τ Time, t

The voltage V peaks ¼ of a cycle after the current

i reaches its maximum. The voltage lags the
current. Current i and V out of phase.
 A Pure Capacitor in AC
Circuit
C Vmax Voltage
A V
imax Current

a.c.

The
The voltage
voltage peaks
peaks 90900after
0
after the
the current
current peaks.
peaks.
One
One builds
builds as
as the
the other
other falls
falls and
and vice
vice versa.
versa.

The
The diminishing current ii builds
diminishing current builds charge
charge on on C
C
which
which increases
increases the
the back
back emf
emf of
of VVCC. .
 Capacitive Reactance
Energy gains and C
losses are also
A V
temporary for capacitors
due to the constantly
changing ac current. a.c.
No net power is lost in a complete cycle, even
though the capacitor does provide nonresistive
opposition (reactance) to the flow of ac current.

Capacitive reactance XC is affected by both the

capacitance and the frequency of the ac current.
Calculating Inductive Reactance
C Capacitive Reactance:
A 1
V XC = Unit is the Ω
2π fC
a.c. Ohm's law: VC = iX C

The voltage reading V in the above circuit at the

instant the ac current is i can be found from the
inductance in F and the frequency in Hz.

i
VL = Ohm’s law: VC = ieffXC
2π fL
 Series LRC Circuits
VT Series ac circuit
A
a.c.
L R C

VL VR VC

Consider
Consider an inductor LL,, aa capacitor
an inductor capacitor C C,, and
and
resistor R
aa resistor R all
all connected
connected in in series
series with
with an
an
ac
ac source
source.. The
The instantaneous
instantaneous current
current and
and
voltages
voltages can
can bebe measured
measured with with meters.
meters.
 Phase in a Series AC Circuit
The voltage leads current in an inductor and lags
current in a capacitor. In phase for resistance R.
V V = Vmax sin θ
VL
θ 1800 2700 3600

VR 450 900 1350

VC

Rotating phasor diagram generates voltage

waves for each element R, L, and C showing
phase relations. Current i is always in phase with
VR.
 Impedance in an AC Circuit
Impedance
VT = i R 2 + ( X L − X C ) 2
XL - XC Z
φ Impedance Z is defined:
R
Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2

Ohm’s law for ac current V = iZ VT

T or i =
and impedance: Z
The
The impedance
impedance isis the
the combined
combined opposition
opposition to
to ac
ac
current
current consisting
consisting ofof both
both resistance
resistance and
and reactance.
reactance.
 Power in an AC Circuit
No
No power
power is
is consumed
consumed by by inductance
inductance or or
capacitance.
capacitance. Thus
Thus power
power is
is aa function
function of
of the
the
component
component ofof the
the impedance
impedance along
along resistance:
resistance:
Impedance In terms of ac voltage:
XL - XC Z PP == iV
iV cos
cos φφ
φ
R In terms of the resistance R:
P lost in R only PP == ii22RR

The fraction Cos φ is known as the power factor.

 The Transformer
A transformer is a device that uses induction
and ac current to step voltages up or down.
An
An ac ac source
source ofof emf
emf Transformer
EEpp is
is connected
connected to to a.c.
primary
primary coilcoil with
with NNpp R
turns.
turns. Secondary
Secondary has has
NNssturns
turns and
and emf
emf ofof EEss.. Np Ns

Induced
Induced ∆Φ ∆Φ
EP = − N P ES = − N S
emf’s
emf’s are:
are: ∆t ∆t
 Transformers (Continued):
Transformer ∆Φ
EP = − N P
a.c. ∆t
Np Ns ∆Φ
ES = − N S
R ∆t

Recognizing that ∆φ/∆t is the same in each coil,

we divide first relation by second and obtain:

The
The transformer
transformer
EP N P
=
equation:
equation: ES NS
 Transformer Efficiency
There is no power gain in stepping up the voltage
since voltage is increased by reducing current. In
an ideal transformer with no internal losses:

Ideal Transformer An ideal

a.c. transformer:
Np Ns iP ES
EP iP = ES iS or =
R is EP

The
The above
above equation
equation assumes
assumes nono internal
internal energy
energy
losses
losses due
due to
to heat
heat or
or flux
flux changes.
changes. Actual
Actual
efficiencies
efficiencies are
are usually
usually between
between 90
90 and
and 100%.
100%.
 Summary
Effective current: iieffeff == 0.707
Effective current: 0.707 iimax
max

Effective voltage: VVeffeff == 0.707

Effective voltage: 0.707 VVmax
max

Inductive Reactance: Capacitive Reactance:

1
X L = 2π fL Unit is the Ω XC = Unit is the Ω
2π fC
Ohm's law: VL = iX L Ohm's law: VC = iX C
 Summary (Cont.)
VL − VC
VT = V + (VL − VC )
2 2 tan φ =
R VR

X L − XC
Z = R + (X L − XC )
2 2 tan φ =
R

VT 1
VT = iZ or i = fr =
Z 2π LC
 Summary (Cont.)
Power in AC Circuits:
In terms of ac voltage: In terms of the resistance R:
PP == iV
iV cos
cos φφ PP == ii22RR

Transformers:

EP N P
= EP iP = ES iS
ES NS
THANK YOU